Nutria fur

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Plucked, biton-dyed nutriam coat
(Düsseldorf, approx. 2002)

The fur of the swamp beaver , also known as the beaver rat or nutria , is always traded as nutria in the tobacco industry (as the fur of "the" nutria, in contrast to the animal, "the" nutria). The original home of the swamp beaver is South America, after being released from breeding and deliberately released into the wild to obtain fur in the first half of the 20th century, it is now at home in Germany and large parts of Europe, Asia and North America.

In Spanish, "nutria" refers to the fur of the otter (see → otter fur ).

As a rule, nutria pelts are plucked and / or sheared (without the bristly guard hair).

Pointed Nutri, natural color. Left fur cut open in the back, right in the dewlap.
Colored skins
Nutria plucked (Samtnutria) and colored

Nutria fur

The coat length is around 43 to 63 cm, the barely hairy tail is 30 to 45 cm long. The hair color of the Wild Nutria is dark brown, occasionally gray or reddish brown; the long, coarse awning tips are often yellowish. The lower hair is dark gray-brown to black-brown, bluish-black. In contrast to almost all other fur animals, the nutria fur is qualitatively better in the dewlap than in the back, and in contrast to other fur animals, the mammary glands are also located on the back. Compared to other types of fur, the middle of the fur is only slightly darker than the sides. On some parts of the dewlap you can notice an ombré-like lightening that can go up to light gray-whitish between the ears, for example.

So that the fuller belly area comes into its own after processing, the peeled-off fur was usually cut open in the back.

Fur structure : There are 3 types of awns in terms of hair: 1 guide hair, 3 awns with awn gradually merging into the shaft and 19 awns with sharply defined awns per 10 mm². The awn is 1.5 to 3.3 cm long on the back (according to Franke / Kroll up to 8 cm!), On the stomach 2.5 to 3.3 cm. The undercoat is particularly dense on the sides of the fur and 12 to 15 mm long. The 15 to 18 mm long woolen hair on the back only reaches a density of 40% on the belly side. On average there are 150 hairs on one cm². Similar to the beaver, the guide hairs in the back of the nutria fur are not evenly distributed, but are usually grouped in islands or stacks.

Hair structure : The lowest part of the hair base is light colored, almost white. Then a silver-colored zone appears, which within a few millimeters is shaded into medium to dark gray and finally brown-gray. The wool ends are medium to dark brown gray and give the hair base the color. The guard hairs show an increasing degree of cornification from the base to the tip. The awn cross-section is bean-like to oval; the wool hair cross-section is round to almost round. The particularly fine wool hair is slightly curled. The awn portion in the fleece is very differentiated, there are soft, very elastic forms and also longer, glassy, ​​incorrectly colored types. The specially trained in Nutria guard hair are yellowish, but tinted yellow to orange in color, in the majority and show on the hair end of the annular agouti -Contrast.

Leather structure : The nutria fur has a markedly porous structure. The long awns sit deep in the dermis and, especially in the back, often protrude into the subcutaneous connective tissue. In the back fabric, the leather is several millimeters thick, in the dewlap it is much thinner and more spongy.

The durability coefficient for plucked as well as for awny hides was given based on general experience as 40 to 50 percent. Another, unspecified list sets the shelf life at 35.5 percent and places it at the 25th position of an incomplete shelf life scale, which traditionally begins with the fur of the sea ​​otter , which is assumed to be the most durable , and here with the hare fur in the 41st position ends. An American study classified the nutria fur based on hair examinations, contrary to practical experience, only at 25 percent.

When fur animals are divided into the fineness classes silky, fine, medium-fine, coarse and hard, the nutria hair is not classified, with the indication that the upper hair is harder, but the undercoat has an extremely soft texture.

Wild nutrias

As a result of excessive hunting, the nutri populations in their South American homeland, from the equator to Patagonia, were severely decimated. While around 10 million skins came onto the world market from there in 1910, there were only around 200,000 in 1930. Protection and protection laws in individual states have resulted in noteworthy exports from South America coming onto the market again today .

In 1929/1930 Argentine nutrias were released in the Soviet Union . In 1987, 36,000 nutria pelts from Mongolia were offered at Russian auctions, 3,500 more than in the previous year.

In the 1930s, the USA began breeding nutria for fur production. When it was found that keeping nutria was not profitable, the animals were released. In 1988 there were already substantial amounts of nutrients in 41 states in the USA and in three Canadian provinces. In 1988 Kroll / Franke said, "The number of fur attacks in the United States is 1.2 million (mostly from Louisiana ) and the trend is increasing".

Cap and trim made of plucked nutria fur (Leipzig 1966)

a) South America

  • Argentina
Province of Buenos-Aires :
Silky; Gray undercoat with red-brown tips on the ground. Hair length in the back 17 to 19 mm, on the belly 10 to 13 mm. About 40% of the Argentine volume comes from here, the best quality is Madariaga .
Isla (confluence of the two rivers Paraná-Uruguay and La Plata):
Silky undercoat than Buenos Aires, slightly smaller pelts. Hair on the shaft gray, brown-gray tips; better than the provincial goods. Hair height more even, less than 20 mm.
Rivers ( Rios or Corrientes ) (from the provinces of Entre Ríos , Corrientes , from parts of Santa Fe , Formosa and Misiones ):
Silky like the skins from Islas, the same size as those from the province of Buenos Aires. Greyest Argentine quality, gray on the hair base, gray and gray-brown tips. The flattest quality, but very dense and, in comparison from back to dewlap, very evenly long hair.
Southern goods (from the southern provinces of Rio Negro, Neuquen, Mendoza, Chubut, Santa Cruz):
This is where the largest nutria pelts come from, they are about the size of breeding stock. The dewlap is pearl gray, the back gray, the tips are gray-brown. The length of the back hair is 22 to 26 mm, that of the dewlap hair 18 to 20 mm; the hair is very thinning.
Camp of a nutria hunter on the Uruguay River (before 1911)
Uruguay
Montevideo
Flat in hair, nice color
Paraguay
Gran Chaco
Less dense under hair; slightly discolored; thin and unstable leather
Brazil
Very flat-haired, at least no deliveries before 1988.

To promote the local economy, Argentinian nutria are not allowed to be exported raw, they have to be refined in the country. For years, the fur finishing there was of very poor quality, the leather was often hard, not fast and not very tear-resistant. In the meantime, the refinement is no longer inferior to the European ones, new innovative cords and colors are also coming from there onto the world market.

The number of fur on South American wild goods in 1988 was around two million (mostly from Argentina).

The best, particularly dark, South American nutria pelts were traded as “Flores bags” until after the First World War . These were skins that had been stripped off as a whole, cut open between the hind paws and then stretched over willow branches and dried. Thicker, slightly lighter and coarser in the hair were the "Parana bags", "Montevideo bags" were thick in the leather, full-haired, quite brown, with a lot of badly colored pelts. The term "island goods" was later used for the best skins. "Lagoon goods" were rated about a third worse than "island goods" in terms of quality. In the meantime, South American nutrias are mostly traded without any additional distinction between provenances. But the difference between the South and North American varieties was mostly only known to the raw fur wholesalers. Today the skins are almost only sold as ready-made panels, already plucked, sheared and mostly also dyed.

Blanket and pillow made of nutrias, apprentice work (Wiesbaden approx. 1987)

b) North America

The quality of the descendants of the originally released or escaped North American Nutrias (see above) is very different, but less badly colored or stained skins should arise. Hunting began only after the populations had increased by leaps and bounds.
In 1973, thirteen swamp beavers from Argentina were released in the coastal area of Louisiana . In less than twenty years they had spread over most of the swampy areas and became a nightmare . The skins had at the time a low value, the animals destroyed rice and sugarcane fields and marshes , and they made for the decline of the fur is also used for agricultural purposes muskrat population responsible. In the beginning, catching nutria was very difficult for various reasons, despite the support of the Ministry of Nature Conservation and Fisheries, not least because of the low price of fur. After the German market for this article had been opened up, in 1962 the nutria fur yield in Louisiana with 913 thousand exceeded the result for muskrat with 633 thousand considerably.
In North America, the nutria skin has hardly been able to establish itself and the German market now only takes in insignificant quantities. So in 2010, the pages published by the Texas Tech University Museum said that if the price of nutria pelts remained this low, population growth could become a problem. In 2008 Louisiana paid a $ 5 premium for each frozen nutri tail delivered with the aim of catching 400,000 animals in the wetlands. In 2013 the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries advertised up to six positions for trappers to catch nutria. It is unclear to what extent the skins of the animals caught there are currently on the market.
The skins from North America are slightly smaller and lighter brown than those from South America.
20 to 30% of the total is the so-called "Western", the rest "Eastern", including the "Centrals". The thick-haired Westerns are well suited for deep shearing, the Eastern are more used in Hochschur (with shorn upper hair).
USA skins often have so-called "pinholes", small holes made by a plant that can devalue the skins by up to 90%.

Raw material defects in wild nutria fur:

  • Bite marks, scars
  • greased skins
As a result of inadequate or incomplete discounting , the removal of natural fat deposits, fat oxidation damage then occurs. In addition, the fur becomes more sensitive to the effects of heat when drying: The hot fat leads to greasy spots in the rawhide.
  • so-called "burned spots"
Even if the skins are fat-free, high temperatures can create a kind of glue in the fiber structure of the rawhide.
  • stunted skins
If the damp fur is stored for too long, the animal protein breaks down.
  • Deduction damage
Individual interfaces or entire areas can be exposed down to the scar skin, so that in some cases even the hair roots are exposed. Particularly in the dewlap, this leads to insufficient leather durability.

Practical experience with raw wild nutria skins results in the following qualifications: up to 5 percent damaged skins, very good quality; up to 10 percent, good to mediocre quality; up to 15 percent moderate to poor quality; over 15 percent, poor quality.

Farm Nutrias

Nutriagehege in Markkleeberg GDR (1949)
Furrier assortments at VEAB, the raw material collection point of the GDR (approx. 1951)

As early as the first decades of the 19th century, the nutri stocks in South America had declined so much that a hat maker in Buenos Aires had the idea of ​​setting up a nutri farm. Nothing is known about the outcome of the company. Elsewhere, the year 1890 is given for the establishment of a nutria farm in France. Around 1930, a heyday of the velvety seal fur fashion , the planned nutria breeding began (Europe, North America, South America - including Argentina, the Soviet Union). When interest soon turned to other types of fur, this was mostly given up again. After the Second World War , nutria breeding increased again considerably in some countries, including Germany, and at least commercial breeding no longer exists here. Currently, most of the goods come back from wild catches in South America.

Breeding and seizure

"Mutation Nutria"
Unexpected color mutation, breeding, GDR (ca.1951)

Most of the nutrias were bred in Poland. While there were only 59,000 skins in 1959, 2.2 million came from there in 1988. The GDR also delivered considerable numbers. What is striking about the largely nationalized GDR economy is the high private share of the nutria production volume with 73.4% in 1967. 19.5% came from state-owned and 0.6% from cooperative companies.

The marsh beaver is a pure herbivore, the meat is very tasty and also very tender. As a luxury food, it is therefore highly valued by the native population in South America as well as by breeders in West and East. Long after breeding for fur purposes was no longer worthwhile in western Germany, there were holdings there with only a few animals, mostly for personal consumption only.

On average, the farmed pelts are around 20% larger than wild pelts. The leather is stronger and the undercoat is more woolly than with pelts from the wild.

As with minks and foxes, new varieties of color were also bred for the nutria. The main breeding colors are standard, black, beige, Greenlander, white, silver, Greenland silver, pastel, gold and Cuba (brown). The beige-colored skins are mostly traded simply as " Mutation snutria ". However, in 1967 the International Nutria Association decided on the following new names: "Blue Sapphire" for white; “Champagne Rose” for light beige; "Rayon de Lune" and "Faon Tahitien" for darker beige; "Topaze" for light gold; "Ambre Doré" and "Or de Desert" for darker shades of gold. Gray tones should be referred to as "Perl Grise". As recently as 1972, the end prices for mutation nutrias showed a multiple in value compared to the standard nutrias because of the much higher raw hide price and the more difficult range due to the lower quantity.

Trade, processing

In its natural state, the nutria fur is very unattractive because of its long, not beautifully colored awns. The fact that when plucking the guard hairs always break off and ugly-looking "stumps" remain in the fur, initially prevented it from spreading more widely. It was not until around 1880 that the top hair was removed using a sweat process during dressing with the so-called " rumbling " that the consumption increased "tremendously". The internal procedures of the rumble, the removal of the awns, were initially closely guarded secrets of some companies. A Leipzig company even had it patented under the DRP no. 383,797. Guard hairs are removed today by sweating, rumbling, plucking and shaving. Mutation nutria usually remain unrefined except for a slight re-shearing of the guard hair.

Whenever fur fashion prefers velvet looks, you will remember this particularly pleasantly warming fur thanks to its smoke hair structure. To bring the hitherto dull undercoat full effect, it requires various processes such as napping, Maschinieren (removing the Grannenreste) and ironing with a "chandelier" (acidic rinse aid, in 1900 still referred to as "Nutriawasser").

As with beaver fur, there are various stages of refinement in nutria today:

  1. Grannennutria
    The natural fur with long guard hair, possibly colored, as a very rustic fur. The raw fur qualities with weaker under hair are preferred ("upper hair"), also for
  2. Pointed Nutria
    The awn is sheared to an even height. A relatively new type of refinement that expanded after the Second World War. With the refinement of the pointed nutria, people began to move away from cutting open nutria pelts in the back. The furrier achieves a better fur yield with the dew-cut, which also results in color refinements that point in the direction of mutation nutria . In the case of high shear heights, or if the processor attaches importance to a smooth appearance of the goods when making coats or jackets, the back cut gives a better image, for lower shear heights the dew cut brings more favorable results.
  3. Natural or velvet nutria, plucked nutria
    This is the classic refinement for beavers and nutria, which is now also used for mink among others. The unsightly awn is plucked completely, leaving the soft, dense undercoat of the same color. For this, the fur is always cut open in the back.
    The process of the special finishing necessary for plucked nutria skins is much more difficult, lengthy and involves a lot of manual work, and the usable skin area is usually less.
    Australian wool researchers found in studies (1946–1948) that a treatment with ferrous salts causes the wool hair to darken. Italian refiners used this for the first time for the process known as “ reinforcing ” for fur , with which off-colored skins can be leveled and light-colored skins can be darkened.
  4. Further processing
    Nowadays, the pelts that are assembled into panels are usually sheared after plucking, which makes the fur even lighter and makes the otherwise often conspicuous fur connecting seams less visible. Snow pots, in which the tips of the hair are lighter than the underhair, as well as imaginative shear patterns give the coat, which is actually quite even in length and color, a new look.

Most of the South American harvest was delivered directly to consumer countries for decades, including to the Leipzig smoking center on and around the Brühl and later to Frankfurt / Main, the fur trade center around Niddastraße . Leipzig was known for the very good quality of the finishing.

South America divided the raw assortment into size classes:

small 35-55 cm
medium size 55-70 cm
large 70-80 cm
extra large a little over 80 cm ("Elephants")

The German farm goods (raw) sorted Leipzig :

small 24-36 cm
medium-sized 36-48 cm
large 48-65 cm
extra large a little over 65 cm

In Frankfurt / Main the skins were only classified into small, medium and large by eye.

Reddish (discolored) skins, for example “Chileans”, were covered with a brownish covering color (“ aperture ”) to improve the color expression . Particularly brown, strong qualities were dyed as seal imitations until the price increase around 1918.

In 1988, as a major supplier called the world market for Mutationsnutria: Poland with about 500,000 pelts, the DDR of about 200,000, about 100,000 France, the Federal Republic of approximately 50,000, 40,000 Korea. About the CSSR and the USSR it was said that everything is probably consumed in one's own country. The attacks from Italy, Austria and the Benelux countries were not known. Particularly large and dark mutations, so-called “criaderos”, come from Argentina.

history

Old fur baler (Fort William Historical Park, USA)
Early advertisement for hats made from nutria hair in New York (1843)

In the second half of the 19th century, only nutria hair was mainly used. Brass wrote in 1911: “In 1864, Lomer stated the number of nutria skins brought to Leipzig at 50,000 pieces worth 50,000 thalers ... The majority of nutria was then used to make felt for hat-making purposes, only a small part was used in the tobacco industry. "-" ... and 50 years ago the pound of nutria hair at the time of the main need for beaver hair cost 30  Mk . At that time about ½ million pelts came annually. ”By 1910 about 1 million nutria pelts were used for felting purposes and the same number for fur processing. - In Borsalino hats you will often find the note “nutria”.

Brass also mentions that around this time all skins were dyed with upper hair for furrier purposes and were incorrectly referred to as "monkey skins" in this condition , a name that had survived until modern times (1911), a name originally used by the English hatters ("monkey skins"). In the post- Biedermeier period , the furriers made almost exclusively “monkey vests” from the then still incompletely untangled, shaggy-looking skins. By "rumbling" and "ironing", the refiners then put the fur to other uses. It was not until shortly before the First World War that the velvet look of nutria, in addition to types of fur such as seal, muskrat and rabbit, was further optimized and rationalized by machining.

In 1911 Paul Cubäus reported in The Whole of Skinning :

"The pelts come in large bales from Buenos Ayres as material for hat makers, and in the past, where many bales were often compressed for years with hydraulic presses and stored in the heat of the sun, they could not be used for fur because the goods were almost hardened. and it was often difficult to tear the skins from one another.

The beaver, which was becoming so very expensive, had a cheap surrogate looked for, and it was thus possible to induce the shippers and collectors to treat them more carefully, as a result of which now the nutria, under which name it is now on the market (until then mostly 'Koipu') , in used in large quantities for furrier purposes. It is still to be complained that the goods are sorted too poorly; you shouldn't prepare the small skins at all, but have them cut for the hat maker. "

Nutria fur, cut for a trim (1895)

At first the skins were delivered in boxes and bales by weight. The buyers complained that stones were sometimes hidden on the bottom of the box and in the bales, which caused considerable damage as the goods were delivered after prepayment. The supplier then changed, but there were always grounds for complaint. It was only when a few experts from Leipziger Brühl settled in Buenos Aires that order came to the fur exports. Nutria were now sold at dozen prices, sorted according to original offers, until around 1910 individual prices were made for the goods according to size and quality. When the price of nutria had risen so high that even the ladies in Buenos Aires could hardly afford the fur, the furs were hoarded at the Brühl. However, the price changed overnight and the skins could not even be sold at half price. As recently as the 1950s, when a colleague had problems at the Brühl, the saying goes, “he has nutria”.

About the arrival of nutria fur in fur fashion, Dr. Fritz Schmidt:

“In the beginning it was made into lining and was strongly favored by fashion in this regard. At that time, gentlemen who had achieved a corresponding position, in the last two decades of the last century (= 1880 to 1900) and around the turn of the same century, bought furs with nutria lining and otter collar. It was also used a lot for officer's and sports fur. "

During the Second World War, warming fur linings made from plucked nutrias were very popular for combination suits of the German Air Force.

It was not until 1902 that the South American governments began to take numerous measures to counter the impending extinction of the nutrias. They issued periodic fishing bans, the "nutriadores" (nutria hunters) were only allowed to catch in the cold season, from May to September. The main fishing season is in the winter months from July to September.

The main hub, as for many other South American fur types, was Buenos Aires. Nutria pelts from Paraguay and Uruguay also came here. They were stored there in so-called "barracas", storage rooms in which the skins were also sorted. Sorting raw nutria requires a great deal of experience. In addition to quality and color, it is important to recognize “raw” pelts due to poor drying in the leather. The sale of nutria pelts in Buenos Aires has always been "hands-free" and only rarely by auction.

Outdated trade names for the nutria fur addition monkeys coat (Lomer, 1864), Rakonda (1841 derived from English Raccoon = Coon), American otter skin (Waldeyer, 1884), South American beaver , sea rat , monkey , Coypu or Coipu .

Reversible velvet nutri jacket, hair on the outside. Plucked, sheared and dyed (2008).

processing

The material-appropriate processing of the plucked nutria skins was seen as one of the most difficult tasks of the furrier. While the coat as a whole is relatively even in terms of hair height, the length of the hair falls off a lot towards the pump , the rear end of the coat. If the skins are now placed on top of each other, you will notice that the hair on the head is also getting shorter, but in contrast to the pump, very abruptly. Sorting and cutting the skins so that they fit next to each other and on top of each other with as much precision as possible in terms of color and hair length was considered the very high art of skinning.

Any differences in hair length are particularly noticeable because in the classic nutri-processing the coat is worked “downside”, so to speak “upside down”, with the hair beating upwards.

Today the problem is unnecessary, nutria is almost always sold in bars, plucked and then shaved to an even hair height.

The thinner side of the fur (the back in the case of natural nutria) is sometimes not used, otherwise the often bald mammary glands are cut out.

In 1965, the fur consumption for a skin board sufficient for a nutri coat was given as 26 to 34 skins (so-called coat “body”). A board with a length of 112 centimeters and an average width of 150 centimeters and an additional sleeve section was used as the basis. This corresponds roughly to a fur material for a slightly exhibited coat of clothing size 46 from 2014. The maximum and minimum fur numbers can result from the different sizes of the sexes of the animals, the age groups and their origin. Depending on the type of fur, the three factors have different effects.

Today it is used for all types of clothing (coats, jackets, linings, trimmings, etc.).

  • Sheath processing from plucked nutria fur

  • Two methods of removing the mammary glands

  • Four different seam suggestions for stacking (putting on) the skins

  • On the left the straight attachment seam, on the right serrated, on the
    right a method for omitting the jacket length (lengthening by cutting and sewing)

  • Shift seam to smudge the attachment

  • Left coat made of plucked nutria. Women's rights activists in the USA (around 1903)

  • Hochschur nutria men's coat (Germany around 1984)

  • Patagon Nutria (Tiefschur) men's coat, (Germany, 1987)

  • Nutria, sheared with sea ​​fox (2020)

facts and figures

  • 1890 The first nutria farm was established in France.
  • 1918–1928 Decline in the attack in South America before the measures to preserve the nutria stocks:
Export from South America (1 kilogram = 4 to 5 skins)
1918 333,694 kg 1921 251,850 kg 1924 137,675 kg 1927 54,652 kg
1919 181,173 kg 1922 123,145 kg 1925 80,183 kg 1928 27,998 kg
1920 76,238 kg 1923 157,401 kg 1926 57,652 kg
  • 1927 Kirner founded the first German nutria farm with breeding animals imported from Argentina and France.
  • 1929 In Germany numerous nutriapension breeding emerged.
  • 1930 The amount of wild nutria pelts had fallen from 2 million at the end of the 19th century to 200 thousand.
  • 1931 The first official census of noble fur animals in German breeding by order of the Reich Minister for Food and Agriculture resulted in the population of 1926 Nutrias, 8593 silver foxes, 7019 mink , 932 raccoons and 1508 Karakul sheep ( Persians ).
  • 1937 The total population in Germany was 49,955 noble fur animals in 1,434 farms, of which 7337 nutrias, 10,863 silver foxes, 376 blue foxes, 14,588 mink and 1,791 raccoon dogs .
  • 1939 Around 100,000 nutria skins, 35,000 mink skins and 50,000 silver fox skins were produced in Germany.
  • In 1942 a fur trader in New York received a nutria fur of unusual size. After dressing and plucking, the hide was forty inches long, or nearly three feet. It was considered to be the largest abnormality to date.
  • Before 1944 , the maximum price for nutria skins was:
large 125 RM; medium 70 RM; small 35 RM.
  • 1948 38,480 Nutrias, 2,386 noble foxes and 2,678 mink were kept in the area of ​​the later GDR;
in the area of ​​the later Federal Republic of 27,396 nutrias, 7264 noble foxes and 3479 minks.
  • 1952 Start of nutria breeding in Hungary.
  • 1958 99,282 nutrias, 4769 noble foxes and 58,196 mink were kept in the GDR.
  • 1965 The fur animal population of nutrias in the GDR was around 150,000 nutrias, 5000 noble foxes and 90,000 minks.
  • In 1966 the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic had one of the largest swamp beaver farms, the “Karajanka” sovkhos, with an annual production of more than 40,000 pelts. The breeders had produced a mutation they named "Azerbaijani white".
  • 1968 The population of the GDR was 75,684 nutrias, 268,685 mink, 3369 noble foxes and 1349 chinchillas.
1,120,942 wild nutrias were hunted in the USA.

annotation

  1. ↑ The specified comparative values ​​( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The figures are ambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of shelf life in practice, there are also influences from tanning and finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case. More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis. The division was made in steps of 10 percent each. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.

See also

Commons : Clothing and Other Nutria Skin Products  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files
Commons : Nutriafelle  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Nutria fur processing  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Literature, individual references

  1. ↑ a b c d Anton Ginzel: Nutria . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. XVII / New Series 1966 No. 3, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin a. a. Pp. 123-127
  2. ↑ a b c Prof. Dr. sc. nat. Dr. med vet. hc Heinrich Dathe, Berlin; Dr. rer. pole. Paul Schöps, Leipzig with the collaboration of 11 specialist scientists : Pelztieratlas , VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 122–125
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Anton Ginzel: Hair and leather from nutria pelts . In: Rund um den Pelz , No. 10, Rhenania-Fachverlag, Koblenz October 1976, pp. 57–59
  4. ^ Joh. Sartorius, Anton Ginzel: Nutria once and now . In: Die Pelzwirtschaft , No. 1, CB-Verlag Carl Boldt, Berlin January 31, 1973, pp. 16-17.
  5. ↑ Dr. Paul Schöps; Dr. H. Brauckhoff, Stuttgart; K. Häse, Leipzig; Richard König , Frankfurt / Main; W. Straube-Daiber, Stuttgart: The durability coefficients of fur skins in Das Pelzgewerbe , Volume XV, New Series, 1964, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin, Frankfurt / Main, Leipzig, Vienna, pp. 56–58
  6. ^ John C. Sachs: Furs and the Fur Trade , Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd., London, 3rd edition, undated (1950s?), Pp. 76–78, 137 (English)
  7. ↑ Editor: The durability of fur hair . In: Der Rauchwarenmarkt no. 26, Leipzig, June 28, 1940, p. 12. Primary source: American Fur Breeder , USA (Note: All comparisons set the sea otter fur to 100 percent) → Comparison of durability .
  8. ↑ Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The fineness of the hair - the fineness classes . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. VI / New Series, 1955 No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 39–40
  9. ^ A b c d Christian Franke, Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel's Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 , 10th revised and supplemented new edition, Rifra-Verlag Murrhardt
  10. ↑ Greg Linscombe, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, USA: Nutria fur as a resource of the United States (Paper presented at the International Conference NUTRIA '87 in June 1987 in SFR Yugoslavia). In Brühl , VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, 1st issue January / February 1988, pp. 34–36
  11. ^ William B. Davis, David J. Schmidly: The Mammals of Texas. nsrl.ttu.edu, accessed February 20, 2008
  12. ↑ nutria.com The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Retrieved February 20, 2008
  13. ^ Todd Masson: Louisianna opens refuge to Nutria . nola.com (English) Retrieved January 28, 2013
  14. ↑ Bernhard Grzimek (Ed.): Grzimeks Tierleben, Säugetiere 2 , Weltbild Verlag Augsburg, p. 420 (primary source Rengger)
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ulf D. Wenzel: Das Furztierbuch. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Cologne 1990, p. 26
  16. ↑ Horst Keil: The trade in raw fur hides in the GDR . Central control center for information and documentation of the Institute for the collection and purchase of agricultural products, Berlin (Hrsg.) 1967, p. 30 (The total ratio of the breeding of noble fur animals in 1964 in the GDR was: 54.2% in socialist companies, in private companies and for “working single breeders” 43.8%). → Table of contents .
  17. ^ A b c Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and fur , 1970, FC Mayer Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-95
  18. ↑ Without an author 's name : New nutria names . In: Die Pelzwirtschaft , No. 4, April 1967, p. 214.
  19. ↑ A. Ginzel: Mutationsnutria . In: Die Pelzwirtschaft No. 9, CB-Verlag Carl Boldt, Berlin September 28, 1972, p. 87.
  20. ^ A b c Emil Brass : From the realm of fur , 1911, 1st edition, published by the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin, p. 262, 610–612
  21. ↑ Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods , XX. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1950. pp. 62–66
  22. ^ Anton Ginzel: Treasures in the Deep . In Die Pelzwirtschaft No. 11, December 9, 1987, CB Verlag Carl Boldt, Berlin, p. 12
  23. ↑ a b Paul Cubaeus, "practical furriers in Frankfurt am Main": The whole of Skinning. Thorough textbook with everything you need to know about merchandise, finishing, dyeing and processing of fur skins. A. Hartleben's publishing house, Vienna, Pest, Leipzig. 2nd revised edition, 1911.
  24. ^ Anton Ginzel: The surface form of the nutria . In: All about fur , issue 11, Rhenania-Fachverlag, Koblenz November 1977, p. 4
  25. ^ Anton Ginzel: Reinforcing . In: Pelz International , Issue 1, Rhenania-Fachverlag, Koblenz January 1982, p. 24
  26. ↑ Niddastrasse on Commons
  27. ↑ a b Paul Schöps / Leipzig; in connection with Herbert Grüner, Frankfurt / Main; Kurt Häse, Leipzig; Fritz Schmidt , Überlingen / Bodensee: Fellwerk of the swamp beaver (nutria) . In The Fur Industry , Volume IX / New Series, 1958 No. 5
  28. ↑ Alfred Erler: South American tobacco products . In: Rauchwarenkunde. Eleven lectures on the product knowledge of the fur trade . Verlag Der Rauchwarenmarkt, Leipzig 1931, p. 49
  29. ↑ Arthur Hermsdorf: News . In: Philipp Manes : The German fur industry and its associations 1900-1940, attempt at a story . Berlin 1941 Volume 4. Copy of the original manuscript, pp. 396–397 ( → table of contents ).
  30. ^ Friedrich Jäkel: The Brühl from 1900 to the 2nd World War , 2nd continuation. In: Rund um den Pelz , February 1966, p. 86
  31. ^ Dorothee Backhaus: Breviary of fur . Keysersche Verlagsbuchhandlung Heidelberg - Munich, 1958, pp. 114–115 (→ table of contents) .
  32. ↑ Friedhelm Biermann: The swamp beaver and its breeding . CB-Verlag Carl Boldt, Berlin, p. 11.
  33. ^ FA Brockhaus: General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. Published by JS Ed and IG Gruber, Leipzig 1841. Third Section OZ, keyword "Fur"
  34. ^ Author collective: Der Kürschner. Technical and textbook for the furrier trade. 2nd revised edition. Published by the vocational training committee of the Central Association of the Furrier Handicraft, JP Bachem Publishing House, Cologne 1956, p. 158.
  35. ↑ Paul Schöps u. a .: The material requirements for fur clothing . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. XVI / New Series 1965 No. 1, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin a. a., pp. 7-12. Note: The following measurements for a coat body were taken as a basis: Body = height 112 cm, width below 160 cm, width above 140 cm, sleeves = 60 × 140 cm.
  36. ^ Nutria breeding in Argentina . In: Die Pelzkonfektion , Volume 6, No. 7, July 1930, Leipzig, p. 32
  37. ↑ Unspecified by the author: Nutria of unusual size . In: Der Rauchwarenmarkt , No. 23/24, Leipzig June 5, 1942, p. 8
  38. ^ Friedrich Malm, August Dietzsch: The art of the furrier. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig 1951, p. 51.
  39. ↑ signed PdSU: 40,000 nutria furs from the Azerbaijani SSR . In Brühl , September / October 1966, VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, p. 7