Badger skin

American (silver) badger skins

Actress Monna Delza with badger muff and collar (ca.1902)

As roof skins , the skins of a plurality of designated part zoological not closer related species. The fur of the silver badger , also known as the American badger or prairie badger , is sold in tobacco shops and processed into furs by furriers . This is hardly true of the European badger and the other tradition, which because of their coarser and less dense hair for fur purposes are usually regarded today as unsuitable. Honey badger skins are rarely offered.

For also used skins of the sun badger see → Pahmi for which fell moderately unused stink badger see in → Skunk fur .

Silver badger

The distribution area of the silver badger , also American badger or prairie badger , extends from northern Alberta in Canada to Mexico. The best skins with silky hair and beautiful silver come from Saskatchewan and the neighboring regions in the northwest of the USA and Canada.

Carcajoufell is the trade name for origin from Labrador in old furrier manuals . However, Carcajou is the French name for the wolverine .

The fur is silky soft and dense (in contrast to the coarse fur of the European badger , which is usually hardly usable for fur purposes). The color is white to yellowish-white with fine, gray-black ringed outer hair. The head and face are gray-brown with vivid white markings and a white stripe along each cheek and over the top of the head almost to the base of the tail. The belly is white to yellowish white. The legs are darker, mostly dark brown or black. The overall appearance is much lighter than that of the European badger. The fur is 42 to 72 centimeters long, the tail 10 to 15.5 centimeters. Details about the change of coat do not seem to be known.

On the back and on the flanks, the hair can reach a length of 10 centimeters. The hair base is yellowish, followed by a black zone and a white tip. This arrangement results in the silvery-gray, name-giving color. The under hair is up to 5 centimeters long on both sides of the back line.

Western Canadian , Northwestern, and Northern Sections of the United States supply badger skins with a very pale band. The real difference, however, lies in the distribution of the hair, which is very dense in this Canadian type and gives the fur the appearance of particular looseness, the coats of the other sections have less full hair.

Western United States are dark cream in color, always yellow-brown; they are rated significantly lower than the finer varieties. They appear very flat because of the lower hair density and the tendency towards stiffer and coarser hair.

Southwestern have all the undesirable characteristics of the western variety in an even stronger expression and without the finer appearance. That is why they are not in great demand in retail. The top hair tips are short and the hair is therefore not suitable for the work technique of sharpening other types of fur. Many of the hair tips have a glassy, almost transparent appearance due to the lack of color pigments.

The quality grades are first, second and low grades, some companies also sorted the low grades into third and fourth.

The first (Ones) have a fully developed winter coat with thick hair and light color.
Second (twos) are pelts immediately after winter or shortly before. The fur blanket is thinner and the color has a yellow tinge.

Size: The sorting according to size does not have the same meaning for badger skins as it is for other types of fur and is only rarely done, with the exception of perhaps the very small skins, which are usually included in the next lower quality. Nevertheless, Bachrach gives the following size comparison:

Furrier range of bleached silver badger skins

Comparative sizes of silver badger skins
	Sizes				colour	nature
	XL	L.	M.	S.
Canadian	76	62	58	52	light cream colored	silky
Northwestern USA	76	62	58	52	light cream colored	silky
Western USA		57	50	43	brown cream	medium coarse
Southwest USA		57	50	43	dark cream color	rough

The durability coefficient for the silver badger skin is estimated at 60 to 70 percent. An American source even cites 70 to 80 percent, both of which are unusually good values for long-haired fur , similar to those for raccoon fur , which is also particularly hard-wearing . When fur animals are divided into the fineness classes silky, fine, medium-fine, coarse and hard, the hair of the European badger is classified as coarse, that of the American silver badger as fine.

The badger skins of the American tradition are almost always open, not peeled off, traded. In 1988 the annual fur attack was given as 30,000 to 40,000 pelts, of which 2,000 to 3,000 came from Canada.

breed

Coat made of sheared and dyed European red fox skins, application of natural-colored badger and red fox (Regensburg 2014)

Around the 1930s, the first silver badgers were raised on farms for fur. The skins were offered as "silver badgers" according to the species. However, there were no regular successes without the causes being fully clarified. When the fur prices fell, breeding was quickly given up.

Badger fat was said to have a healing effect when used externally, and it was still available in German-speaking countries in particular in rural pharmacies until recently. Badger, especially badger ham, was also considered particularly tasty in Europe. In 1911 Brass mentioned that the badger, called Sze Hue by the Chinese, literally translated as "pig dog", has a very thick layer of fat and is eaten there . As is common, badgers are to be “bred en masse” in China as a delicacy. Details about this breed as well as the fur utilization do not appear to be public. The fur of farm-bred badgers is apparently still not known in the European tobacco trade.

processing

The processing of the fur essentially corresponds to that of the fox fur or other long-haired types of fur. For jackets and coats, the skins are generally placed lengthways or across, one above the other and next to one another, with the hair down, in accordance with current usage. American badger skin is also left out by the furrier if it is fashionable , a technical technique in which each skin is cut into strips and sewn to the length of a jacket or coat, a change in area in favor of the length while at the same time narrowing the skin. Dense hides are also suitable for gallooning , a working technique in which the hide surface is enlarged by the use of leather or fabric hidden or visible by the hair, as well as for air gallooning, the area enlargement by a mesh-like cutting of the leather.

Badger hair shaving brush

Initially, the skins were used to make sleeves and fur stoles , later collars, trimmings and fur necklaces. 1988 is named for use primarily for coats and jackets . Since before 2000, the silver badger skin has mainly been used again for trimmings, rarely also for fur blankets . Cut into narrow strips, very effective trimmings can be made from the fur.

Badger hair was used in large quantities to make shaving brushes before the invention of the dry razor . High-quality brushes are still made from badger hair today. Long hair with silver tips is particularly valued for this. Toothbrushes are still rarely made from badger hair.

As with other types of fur, if possible, all of the fur residues that fall off during processing of the core fur, such as sides, heads, paws and tails, are used when an appropriate attack occurs. The center of fur scraps recycling has long been the Greek Kastoria (see there) and, somewhat less known, the nearby town of Siatista . There, the pieces of fur are sewn together to form so-called "bodies" so that they can then be further processed by furriers into clothing and inner linings. See the main article → Fur scraps .

European badger

Badger skin from the southern Westerwald

Collar made of badger skin (carter badger) ( Salzkammergut 2009)

The distribution area of the European badger extends across Europe and eastward to the Volga, the Caucasus and Afghanistan.

The length of the fur, referred to by the hunters as “rind”, is between 64 and 88 centimeters, the tail length between 11 and 18 centimeters, females are on average smaller. The often thinner tail of male animals is often stronger and interspersed with white hair. The skins of the females are slimmer with a narrower, flatter head. The black and white drawing of the head is characteristic of the badger. This is predominantly white on the top, including the lips and chin. From the corners of the mouth, however, black stripes run straight up and then on both sides of the muzzle backwards, widening over the eyes and the white-rimmed ears to the nape of the neck, where they become lighter and run into the silvery gray of the top and flanks . The flanks can have a straw yellow color.

The individual hairs on the upper side are light and only darkly colored on the third located at a distance from the end. The outer hairs sometimes reach a length of 11, on the flanks up to 12 centimeters. The entire underside including the throat and the underside of the neck is black-brown with a particularly brownish tone on the stomach. On this and in the groin area, the hair growth is sometimes quite thin, so that the leather shines through. Badgers in the first year show the clearest contrasts in color, older badgers are becoming increasingly lighter. Albinos , melanistic , reddish and yellowish specimens are known as color mutations . There is a change of hair from winter and summer fur.

As a fur supplier, European badgers are of little or no importance. The use takes place primarily as hunting trophies and decorative skins, occasionally for walking and traveling rugs , rugs , covers for bags, hunting bags and similar items. In some areas were under the name Fuhrmann ceiling as a very fat skins with nose and claws to protect the horse collars at Fuhrmann horses covered with roof ( "Fuhrmann badgers"). From the best and largest Central European furs and blankets and covers were for knapsack ( knapsack worked), rarely wear. In 1852 it is also mentioned that a fairly significant part, especially American badger skins, was exported to Russia, where it was used by various nomadic peoples to cover their rifles, quivers and other implements .

In popular belief, badger fat, but also badger skin, has a healing effect. Hildegard von Bingen says: " Shoes made of badger leather are healthy for feet and legs and protect against the plague ". The firm and stiff leather makes the fur particularly suitable for easy-to-make insoles. The hunter's hat and the collar of his dog should be sewn from badger skin, which makes them virtually invulnerable. The use of the badger skin for the horse collar should also take place because of these magical abilities. In 1929 a fur magazine compared the individual fur prices with the prices 60 years earlier. While European land foxes, for example, had become 900 percent more expensive (the now extremely rare chinchilla fur was at the top with an increase of 14,900 percent), land badger skins were the only variety that had remained the same in price. With the advent of the automobile, the use of fur for collars was no longer an issue.

The firm and stiff hair is used to make shaving brushes and toothbrushes, to a considerable extent in the past. The so-called "badger's beard" from the back hair is used as a hat decoration for the hunter. From about shortly before 1900, when silver fox fur was traded at exceptionally high prices until the 1930s, badger hair was used to "lace", also known as "silver", in particular for Alaskan-colored red fox fur, in order to give it a silver fox-like appearance to lend. With this technique rubbed fox skins could be made a little more attractive again; it also had a good effect on beaver pelts that were shaved slightly . The glued-in hair method was so successful that in the 1930s it became an important branch of the fur finishing industry ; every long-haired type of fur that could be dyed black was also processed with a pointed tip. The use of badger hair for collars for vain pugs, mentioned in 1949, is particularly unusual . Small bits of badger skin are a popular fly fishing bait because of the layered hair . - In addition to the skins of other animal species, shagreen leather can also be made from badger skin .

In times when the badger skin was particularly favored by fashion, the trade is turning to the finer qualities of the European and Asian varieties. An old Russian trade standard, not quite as differentiated as for types of fur that are more frequently used for clothing, as well as the at times quite considerable trade offer point to uses for clothing purposes. He classified according to

Origin : Siberian, Central Asia, Russian and Caucasian
Varieties : full-haired, less full-haired and half-haired
Sizes : large, medium and small

as well as the degree of damage.

In 1960, 15 subspecies were distinguished from the Russian badger species, which can be divided into three groups according to the color of their fur:

The first group has 7 to 8 subgroups. What they have in common is the black-brown or completely black stripe on the head that extends behind the eyes and sometimes ends here; A light strip, not large, extends over the forehead and neck. The skins dyed in this way come from central Russia, but also from the Crimea and the mountains of Central Asia.
The second group includes 6 subspecies with a brown-gray stripe on the head that extends behind the eyes and sometimes ends here. The dark streak does not surround the ears, but runs above them. The light head stripe is short, only reaches the neck and does not spread around the neck. The skins in this group are smaller than those in the first color group. They come from Siberia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Central Asia and the Altai Mountains .
The third group has only one subspecies in Russia, on the lower Ussuri . The skins are even smaller, with a dark head of a dirty gray color and a dark back color.

According to Bachrach, pelts from the countries of the Levant (e.g. eastern Mediterranean region) and certain areas of China were particularly suitable for fur processing . But they never reached more than 5 to 10 percent of the price of the rest of the goods.

Asiatic badger

Eurasian badger skin

The distribution area of the Asian badger extends east of the Volga through Central Asia, Mongolia and China to the Korean Peninsula . In the west it borders on the distribution area of the European badger. Between the upper Volga and the Kama there is an area where both species occur together. The Asian badger is only found west of the Volga in the Schiguli Mountains .

The Asian badger is about 50 to 70 centimeters long, slightly smaller than the European badger. The tail length is between 13 and 20 centimeters. The fur is very similar to the European badger, but is overall lighter and shows a lighter, finer mark on the head. In the Siberian-Chinese habitat, the extent of the facial stripes is reduced compared to the European badger. In the Amur and Japanese badgers , it almost disappears in the dark basic color of the face. The general body color of these East Asian badgers is also very dark. The physique is stocky, the legs and tail are short. The coarse and dense coat is quite long on the top, short, black and less dense underneath. The head shows a characteristic stripe pattern, with two narrow black-brown stripes running over the eyes to the ears on a white background. The tips of the ears are white. The nose is long and trunk-shaped. The leather of the Japanese badger skin is softer than that of the American badger.

When the fur animals are divided into the hair fineness classes silky, fine, medium-fine, coarse and hard, the hair of the Japanese badger is classified as coarser.

The species is hunted in China, Russia and Mongolia. In a 1974 Leningrad auction, 3,000 Korean badgers were offered once . The species is not considered threatened by the IUCN.

While the Korean badger was of little importance for the fur industry - its hair is mostly used for making brushes - the skins of the Japanese badger were either natural or skunk, sable, and Virginian-iltis-colored and made into women's collars, trimmings and trimmings. The best non-American badger skins are the Oshius from the Japanese island of Honshū . They have soft and dense hair, the southern Kiuschius are short and coarse-haired. Korean badgers, on the other hand, are lighter, coarser and thinner.

Honey badger

The distribution area of the honey badger, also called ratel, includes large parts of Africa and Asia. In Africa they are native to almost the entire continent, from Morocco and Egypt to South Africa. In Asia, its range extends from the Arabian Peninsula to Central Asia (Turkmenistan) and to India and Nepal.

The fur of the honey badger is characterized by its striking black and white color. The upper part, from the top of the head over the back to the base of the tail, is white-gray in color. From this are sharply delineated the lateral and lower parts of the body, including the face and limbs, which are colored black. The fur sides are black. In African forest regions, for example in the north of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there are also completely black individuals. The skins of young animals are red-brown on the upper side. The coat is short, the legs and tail are relatively short. The hair is quite long but coarse, the undercoat not very dense. The leather is extraordinarily strong, the thick skin hangs very loosely on the animal's body. The head is broad with a short, pointed snout. The head body length is 60 to 77 centimeters, the tail length 20 to 30 centimeters; the skins of females are smaller than those of males.

When the fur animals are divided into the hair fineness classes silky, fine, medium-fine, coarse and hard, the hair of the honey badger is classified as hard.

The skins were hardly traded in the past either.

facts and figures

Yupik woman wearing headgear using badger skin ( Alaska 2009)

Detailed trade figures for North American tobacco products can be found at
- Emil Brass: From the realm of fur (1911) in the internet archive : http://archive.org/details/ausdemreichederp00bras

The skins used on ceremonial occasions, mentioned several times in the Old Testament as Tahash , are often interpreted as seal or badger skins ( Luther ).

Up to around 1910 , around 15,000 to 20,000 Japanese badger skins were sold annually, valued at around 1 mark each.

In 1913 , one kilogram of common badger's hair cost 104 marks at the Leipzig bristle fair. Badger hair is used in the so-called fur sharpening, a small art of furrier that is carried out in the Leipzig maintenance department by particularly efficient companies.

In 1925 the Japanese badger had become so rare that only 1,000 to 2,000 pelts were sold annually, while the price had risen to 6 marks and more.

In 1925 the total annual volume of European badger skins is 80,000 to 100,000.

In 1928 , the New York price of a hide was $ 49 to $ 50.

Around 1930 , German fur breeders had high hopes for the breeding of the animal because of the high market value of the fur and the rapid decline in the silver badger in the wild. In 1933 the magazine “Der Deutsche Pelztierzchter” asked about the status of the development. One came to the sobering result that, although the offspring were successful in isolated cases, no sustainable breeding success could be reported. Even from the North American homeland of the silver badger, no breeding results relevant to the fur trade had become known.

In 1934 , 26,347 badger skins worth 50,000 rubles were exported from Russia.

Between 1958 and 1968 the number of badger skins in the Mongolian People's Republic increased from 1,486 to 3,254; the average number of skins over these eleven years was 2,386.

According to the American Fish and Wildlife Service , the yield of silver badgers in 1961/62 was 3882 pieces, and in the 1962/63 season 2843 pieces.

In 1974/75 the silver badger fur was 35,000.

annotation

↑ The specified comparative values ( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The figures are not unambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of durability in practice, there are also influences from fur dressing and fur finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case . More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis.
The division was made in steps of 10 percent each. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.

References

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Friedrich Lorenz: Rauchwareenkunde. 4th edition. Volk und Wissen publishing house, Berlin 1958, pp. 101-103.
^ Christian Heinrich Schmidt: The furrier art . Verlag BF Voigt, Weimar 1844, pp. 9–10 (Note: Werner notes the designation Carcajo n [!] Fell 70 years later for the American tradition in general)
^ ^A ^b H. Werner: The art of furrier . Publishing house Bernh. Friedr. Voigt, Leipzig 1914, pp. 74-75.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1986, pp. 180-184.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Max Bachrach: Fur. A Practical Treatise. Prentice-Hall, New York 1936, pp. 430-436. (engl.)
↑ Paul Schöps, H. Brauckhoff, K. Häse, Richard König , W. Straube-Daiber: The durability coefficients of fur skins. In: The fur trade. Volume XV, New Series, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig / Vienna 1964, pp. 56–58.
^ David G. Kaplan: World of Furs . Fairchield Publications, New York 1974, pp. 155-156. (engl.)
↑ ^a ^b ^c Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The fineness of the hair - the fineness classes. In: The fur trade. Vol. VI / new series, 1955 No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig / Berlin / Frankfurt am Main, pp. 39–40 (note: fine (partly silky); medium-fine (partly fine); coarse (medium-fine to coarse)).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Christian Franke, Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel's Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 . 10. Revised and supplemented new edition. Rifra-Verlag, Murrhardt, pp. 17, 61.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and fur . FC Mayer Verlag, Munich 1970, pp. 299-301.
^ D. Johann Heinrich Moritz Poppe: Johann Christian Schedels new and complete wares lexicon. Second part M to Z, fourth thoroughly improved edition. Verlag Carl Ludwig Brede, Offenbach am Mayn 1814, p. 263 Keyword "Dachs"
↑ Emil Brass : From the realm of fur. 1st edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1911, p. 523.
^ Earnest G. Neal: The Natural History of Badgers. Croom Helm, London / Sidney 1986, ISBN 0-7099-1831-3 , p. 29. (English)
↑ ^a ^b ^c Paul Cubaeus (practical furriers in Frankfurt am Main): The whole of Skinning. Thorough textbook with everything you need to know about merchandise, finishing, dyeing and processing of fur skins. A. Hartleben's Verlag, Vienna / Pest / Leipzig 1891, pp. 307, 320.
↑ Heinrich Hanicke: Handbook for furrier . Published by Alexander Duncker , Leipzig 1895, pp. 30–31.
↑ Alexander Lachmann: The fur animals. A manual for furriers and smokers . Baumgärtner's Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1852, p. 129.
↑ Ida Pohl-Sennhauser: Rat's Tail and Snail Slime: Superstition or Forgotten Folk Medicine? Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-205-77702-1 , pp. 196–197.
^ Leopold Hermsdorf: The changes in value in the tobacco industry over the last 60 years. In: The tobacco market. No. 118, Leipzig, October 3, 1929.
↑ P. Larisch: The furrier craft (Larisch and Schmid) . III part, second, improved edition. Self-published, Berlin without year (first edition 1903) pp. 52–54.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XX. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1950. Keywords "badger", "badger", "badger hair"
↑ ^a ^b Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XXI. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1951. Keyword “Russian fur industry”, pp. 63, 66.
^ Ferdinand Wagner: The badger in the Soviet Union (according to Soviet sources). In: The fur trade. Vol. XI / New Series, No. 4, Hermelin-Verlag, Berlin et al. 1960, p. 200.
↑ Friedrich Kramer: From fur animals to fur . Arthur Heber & Co, Berlin 1937, p. 76.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Emil Brass: From the realm of fur . 2nd, improved edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1925, pp. 621–628.
↑ Old Testament. Exodus 25.5, cf. the parallel passages Exodus 35: 7 and 23
↑ Johann Lund, Heinrich Muhlius, Johann Christoph Wolf: The Jewish sanctuaries or the thorough description of the Levitical priesthood presenting the Stiffts hut, after the manufacture, equipment, transfer as much in the desert as in the land of Canaan: even where such finally remained. 1738, p. 18. Google Books
^ Hermann Deutsch: The modern skinning. Manual for the furrier, dyer, bleacher, cutter and garment maker . A. Hartleben`s Verlag, Vienna / Leipzig 1930, p. 53.
↑ To the status of the silver badger breeding. In: The German fur breeder. No. 17, 1933, pp. 376-379.
↑ P. Kirner: A small contribution to the chapter on badger breeding . In: The German fur breeder. No. 17, p. 380
↑ Berta Krack: Again: Breeding successes with silver badgers . In: The German fur breeder. No. 22, p. 478.
↑ N. Dawaa, M. Not, G. Schünzel: About the fur animals of the Mongolian People's Republic. In: The fur trade. New series vol. XXI No. 1, 1971, p. 12.

[Anmerkung1-6] The specified comparative values ( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The figures are not unambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of durability in practice, there are also influences from fur dressing and fur finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case . More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis.
The division was made in steps of 10 percent each. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.

[Lorenz-1] Friedrich Lorenz: Rauchwareenkunde. 4th edition. Volk und Wissen publishing house, Berlin 1958, pp. 101-103.

[Chr._H._Schmidt-2] Christian Heinrich Schmidt: The furrier art . Verlag BF Voigt, Weimar 1844, pp. 9–10 (Note: Werner notes the designation Carcajo n [!] Fell 70 years later for the American tradition in general)

[Werner-3] A ^b H. Werner: The art of furrier . Publishing house Bernh. Friedr. Voigt, Leipzig 1914, pp. 74-75.

[Pelztieratlas-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1986, pp. 180-184.

[Bachrach-5] Max Bachrach: Fur. A Practical Treatise. Prentice-Hall, New York 1936, pp. 430-436. (engl.)

[Haltbarkeitskoeffizient-7] Paul Schöps, H. Brauckhoff, K. Häse, Richard König , W. Straube-Daiber: The durability coefficients of fur skins. In: The fur trade. Volume XV, New Series, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig / Vienna 1964, pp. 56–58.

[Kaplan_World-8] David G. Kaplan: World of Furs . Fairchield Publications, New York 1974, pp. 155-156. (engl.)

[Feinheit-9] Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The fineness of the hair - the fineness classes. In: The fur trade. Vol. VI / new series, 1955 No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig / Berlin / Frankfurt am Main, pp. 39–40 (note: fine (partly silky); medium-fine (partly fine); coarse (medium-fine to coarse)).

[Fränkel-10] Christian Franke, Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel's Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 . 10. Revised and supplemented new edition. Rifra-Verlag, Murrhardt, pp. 17, 61.

[Schmidt_Pelztiere-11] Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and fur . FC Mayer Verlag, Munich 1970, pp. 299-301.

[Schedel-12] D. Johann Heinrich Moritz Poppe: Johann Christian Schedels new and complete wares lexicon. Second part M to Z, fourth thoroughly improved edition. Verlag Carl Ludwig Brede, Offenbach am Mayn 1814, p. 263 Keyword "Dachs"

[Brass_1911-13] Emil Brass : From the realm of fur. 1st edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1911, p. 523.

[14] Earnest G. Neal: The Natural History of Badgers. Croom Helm, London / Sidney 1986, ISBN 0-7099-1831-3 , p. 29. (English)

[Cubaeus-15] Paul Cubaeus (practical furriers in Frankfurt am Main): The whole of Skinning. Thorough textbook with everything you need to know about merchandise, finishing, dyeing and processing of fur skins. A. Hartleben's Verlag, Vienna / Pest / Leipzig 1891, pp. 307, 320.

[Hanicke-16] Heinrich Hanicke: Handbook for furrier . Published by Alexander Duncker , Leipzig 1895, pp. 30–31.

[17] Alexander Lachmann: The fur animals. A manual for furriers and smokers . Baumgärtner's Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1852, p. 129.

[18] Ida Pohl-Sennhauser: Rat's Tail and Snail Slime: Superstition or Forgotten Folk Medicine? Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-205-77702-1 , pp. 196–197.

[19] Leopold Hermsdorf: The changes in value in the tobacco industry over the last 60 years. In: The tobacco market. No. 118, Leipzig, October 3, 1929.

[Larisch/Schmid-20] P. Larisch: The furrier craft (Larisch and Schmid) . III part, second, improved edition. Self-published, Berlin without year (first edition 1903) pp. 52–54.

[Pelzlexikon_XVII-21] Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XX. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1950. Keywords "badger", "badger", "badger hair"

[Russische_Pelzwirtschaft-22] Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XXI. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1951. Keyword “Russian fur industry”, pp. 63, 66.

[23] Ferdinand Wagner: The badger in the Soviet Union (according to Soviet sources). In: The fur trade. Vol. XI / New Series, No. 4, Hermelin-Verlag, Berlin et al. 1960, p. 200.

[Kramer-24] Friedrich Kramer: From fur animals to fur . Arthur Heber & Co, Berlin 1937, p. 76.

[Brass_1925-25] Emil Brass: From the realm of fur . 2nd, improved edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1925, pp. 621–628.

[26] Old Testament. Exodus 25.5, cf. the parallel passages Exodus 35: 7 and 23

[27] Johann Lund, Heinrich Muhlius, Johann Christoph Wolf: The Jewish sanctuaries or the thorough description of the Levitical priesthood presenting the Stiffts hut, after the manufacture, equipment, transfer as much in the desert as in the land of Canaan: even where such finally remained. 1738, p. 18. Google Books

[Deutsch-28] Hermann Deutsch: The modern skinning. Manual for the furrier, dyer, bleacher, cutter and garment maker . A. Hartleben`s Verlag, Vienna / Leipzig 1930, p. 53.

[29] To the status of the silver badger breeding. In: The German fur breeder. No. 17, 1933, pp. 376-379.

[30] P. Kirner: A small contribution to the chapter on badger breeding . In: The German fur breeder. No. 17, p. 380

[31] Berta Krack: Again: Breeding successes with silver badgers . In: The German fur breeder. No. 22, p. 478.

[Pelzgewerbe_1971-1-32] N. Dawaa, M. Not, G. Schünzel: About the fur animals of the Mongolian People's Republic. In: The fur trade. New series vol. XXI No. 1, 1971, p. 12.