Raccoon fur

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Designer Rachel Zoe in a Persian coat with a raccoon skirt (2012)

In the fur trade had until after the Second World War, the old name for the raccoon , Schupp , plural scales obtained when fur designation therefore still occasionally shed fur or short scales . This article treats raccoon fur as a commodity.

Raccoon fur is an important trimming material in the tobacco industry, especially in times when fur fashion prefers long-haired skins . It is one of the most durable long hair pelts.

The furs sold as "Finnraccoon", "Russian", also "Chinese Raccoon" ("Russian" or "Chinese Raccoon") do not come from raccoons . They are fur from the raccoon dog , also known as "Tanuki" or, due to the greater similarity to the fox fur, as "Sea Fox". The use of the addition “Raccoon” for a completely different type of fur is likely to lead to confusion, only the name Raccoon always designates the raccoon.

The original range of the raccoon is the west and south of Canada over the USA to Mexico. Several small forms live on the islands off Mexico and Florida. Since the middle of the 20th century it has also been present in mainland Europe, the Caucasus and Japan, after escaping from enclosures or being abandoned there. In the 1920s, in addition to breeding other fur animals, raccoons were also raised in Germany. It turned out to be unprofitable. The pelts of these released or escaped animals are of lower hair quality than those from North America.

hide

  • Two North American raccoon skins

  • Two colored skins

The hair is, especially in winter, fine to medium-fine, shiny and dense. The brown undercoat is not too dense and becomes too thin on the sides; it is denser in northern forms than in southern forms. The overall impression of the raccoon fur is gray, lightening towards the underside. The color ranges from yellowish-gray to brownish-gray, dark-gray and black-gray to almost blue-black ("trunk bears", rare). The dark guard hair tips on the back create a pepper-salt effect. The variability of the coat color is considerable, white mutations also occur.

Special features are the white-rimmed black mask that extends over the eyes and muzzle and the curled tail with five to seven rings, the tip is always dark. The raccoon reaches a size of up to 61 cm, and the tail is about 20 to 25 cm. Several small forms live on the islands off Mexico and Florida.

The dense youthful fur is yellowish gray with an indicated face mask, the tail is not yet recognizable curled. The long annual hair change requires a much shorter and thinner summer coat.

The durability coefficient for the raccoon fur was given based on general experience as 50 to 60 percent. An American study classified the naturally colored raccoon fur on the basis of hair examinations to 65 percent, the colored to 50 percent. When the fur animals were divided into the hair fineness classes silky, fine, medium-fine, coarse and hard, the raccoon hair was classified as medium-fine.

Trade, history

1801 were named as the use of raccoon skins, scallops, hussar hats and muffs , " the tails are worn around the neck ". Larger amounts of fur were first used in Europe, especially for trimmings. The continent of origin, North America, only followed later, when coat fashion emerged.

  • Raccoon motorists pelts

  • France, 1898

  • USA, 1906

Around 1895 around 750,000 pelts came onto the American market, two thirds of which went to Leipzig, from where they were exported to Russia, where they were then made into fur linings for men's coats.

As early as the 1920s, measures to protect raccoons began in America after the populations had plummeted due to overexploitation . This also led to a noticeable increase in stocks.

In 1936, in what was then the Soviet Union, beginning in the Kyrgyz region, raccoons were released along with other fur animals for “fur farming in the wild”, which increased considerably in East Asia . In 1954, raccoons were hunted in Russia to use their pelts.

Exuberantly processed raccoon coat from a Recklinghausen furrier (approx. 1952)
" Foot sack . Made of gray felt, edged with scale tails. Lined with great lambskin . ”Coat collar also raccoon (shed) (Stöckig & Co., approx. 1912)

In Europe , raccoons began to be bred for use as fur for the first time in Norway before the First World War (1914–1918); in Germany this began in the 1920s. The breeding goal was mostly to get the darkest possible, almost black coat. Around the time of the outbreak of the Second World War (1939–1945), the establishment of guard bear pens was advertised in Germany. After raccoon breeding in Germany had proven to be unprofitable for many breeders, some of the remaining animals were released into the wild here too, including as early as 1927 near the Edersee .

In contrast to many other long-haired furs, raccoon fur is particularly hard-wearing. Perhaps that is why it also plays a role in men's fashion from time to time. Initially referred to as the "travel coat", it lost its importance when the railways were heated. After the invention of the motor vehicle, it was re-created as the “ motorist's coat ”, as an infallibly waterproof chauffeur dress and because of its practical coloring . American college students discovered it for themselves in the twenties / thirties; as a raccoon short coat it was considered a status symbol (raccoon-coat-collegiate fashion). In the American football stadiums around 1936, " galaxies of raccoon coats worn by both sexes " could be seen.

When around 1910, especially the lower-quality but lighter varieties , were still being made into men's fur in Canada and in the western United States, the use of travel fur had long since ceased in Europe by that time . Here they were mostly only dyed skunk colored or left natural, processed into fur stoles , sleeves and the like. After the raccoon became a noble fur , some old travel fur that had served well for thirty years and still looked in good condition was trimmed or dyed and then reprocessed, provided that the leather was still suitable .

In the earlier days, when beaver pelts were fashionable, they made a good imitation of the expensive beaver fur with shorn or plucked upper hair ("Schopp-Biber"). In Leipzig, high-shorn raccoons were dyed in such a way that the skins with the hard, now bluish guard hairs took on a sea otter-like appearance. That was a huge export success to Russia around 1890, "not enough material could be procured". Wealthy Russian merchants, higher officials and the land nobility preferred to wear raccoon fur with a green coating. Its price was relatively high at between 300 and 400 rubles, so that the purchase required a high income. The pelts were also suitable as seal furs if they were plucked and additionally dyed on the surface (blinded) and provided with white tips. With the so-called "lace" the silver fox fur was actually imitated, why it was used to imitate the seal fur is perhaps no longer understandable today. Sheared, they were a major trade item in America in the 1940s.

Raccoon trims on a men's jacket (2008)

Due to the Second World War , the raccoon hunt had declined to such an extent that it was sometimes perceived as a nuisance in North America. As a result of the increased adjustment, more skins came back onto the market, but there was hardly any need for them. That changed suddenly in the mid-1950s when Walt Disney made his raccoon trapper hat with the curled tail, at least worn in the film, popular in Europe with the television series about the legendary American politician and frontierman Davy Crockett (in the previous silent film Davy Crockett from 1916 it was still a fox hat). The title song of the series began in English: "From the coonskin cap on the top of ol 'Dan ..." - "From the raccoon hat, on top of the old Dan ...". The American Ed Bauer Pelz Company offered in its accessories catalog "for trappers, raccoon hunters and outdoorsmen" in 1971 the raccoon hat, for men and boys with a tail, for women and girls without a tail, for 17.50 dollars each. In fact, the winter hat with the tail hanging on the side was probably once a popular headgear among colonial pioneers.

→ Photo of Fess Parker in the TV series "Daniel Boone" with his raccoon hat (1966)

The demand for raccoon fur was about the same as fox fashion. It declined to the extent that interest in long hair generally declined. Until the 1980s, raccoon pelts were mainly made into women's coats, with the interruptions in which fashion neglected long hair.

Around 2000 the demand for long-haired pelts rose again, especially for collars and trimmings, especially for Chinese customers also for fur jackets. For the on average more delicate Asian woman, raccoon was too bulky and heavy as clothing, raccoon was considered a "difficult article" there. In North America, too, the fur with its very good wearing properties enjoyed little appreciation at the time, probably because of the considerable domestic attack and the meanwhile also urban habitat. Raccoon fur was applied to women's boots for a few years, and in 2015 the trade was looking for new uses.

The raw fur is now mainly delivered round, with the hair facing inwards, sometimes also open. In 1936 it was still said that the heavy and long-haired types should actually be round, the lighter grades should be cut open. The lighter skins are produced in larger quantities and require greater care when sorting into the various commercial classes.

Most farm attempts have been abandoned.

sorts

Galonized Raccoon Reversible Coat (1983)

According to the origin, the trade initially divides the skins into two main types, Canada and the United States . Most of the skins are supplied by the USA. Mexicans are of very poor quality, the South American ones are not traded.

The lighter varieties (coat goods) come from south of the Mason-Dixon line , which is around 40 ° north latitude. British Columbia supplies the largest skins, Wisconsin the finest and silkyest . Weaker goods used to be traded as western coon.

Origin :
a) Canada (YF = York Fort, NW = Northwest, CANAda)

Hudson's Bay : very large, very soft, but almost shaggy, gray-brown to gray. Delivery low.
British Columbia : largest variety. Dark gray with a blackish tinge. Lead-gray dewlap with a whitish sheen.

b) United States

Wisconsin : big, smoky , silky; bright, but pure in color. Best variety (as with Skunkfell ).
Michigan : smaller, smoky, silky; partly good dark.
Minnesota : alsoin tradeas Northwestern ; big, smoke, coarser; less pure in color.
Arkansas , Kentucky : Big, Gross ,; bright color.
South Georgia , Florida : Large, Coarse; weaker in the hair, long tail, swamp yellow, shoulders spotted orange-yellow.
Texas - Mexico : large, coarse; pointed, narrowly curled tail, rust-red between the rings; dark brown feet.
Mississippi Delta / New Orleans : medium-sized, very coarse; thin, very pointed head.
Colorado : medium in size; light blue gray.
California : small; bright color.
New Madrid : Very different sizes. The largest varieties about 45 × 45 cm. Semi-smoke, well covered, good color; partly flat. It is the best color next to Wisconsin (as is the case with skunk and opossum fur).

Commercially available sizes : Ex ex large (over 61 cm), ex large (56 - 61 cm), large (54 - 56 cm), large medium (46 - 54 cm), medium (43 - 46 cm) and small (38 - 43 cm).
Auction range :

Types : I, II, III, IV, damaged, slightly and badly damaged, pieces.
Sizes : exexlarge, exlarge, large, medium, small.
Colors : exdark, dark, dark pt. Medium, medium, medium & pale, expale, pale.
Grades are generally sorted:
Northern : good to very good
Western : medium quality
Southern : coarse, stuffy; weak in the hair (little undercoat).

The raw hides were mostly stretched or nailed in a square shape, with the following features:

Louisiana : almost square, but in southern Louisiana the head and paws protruded beyond the square
Centrals : rectangular
Western : almost rectangular with a protruding head
Coasts : Trapezoidal, with protruding side gussets
Northwest : open, partly closed (rounded off)

processing

Instructions for a raccoon boa made of two skins that cannot be left out (1895)

Not only when raccoons are processed into large-scale clothing, the furrier or fur designer has to decide whether he wants to process the skins full-skin, i.e. leave them in their natural form, or leave them out . The processing since the 1990s clearly prefers the full-skin variant with the rustic look and significantly lower production costs, not only for men's fur. At the time of long hair fashion for fur coats and jackets, like many types of fur, raccoon fur was mainly left out. The fur is cut into very narrow strips that are sewn together the length of the garment. Each fur becomes a strip the length of the coat or jacket, including the sleeve, stole, etc.

  • Jacket made of air-galonized, bleached raccoon (2005)

  • Air-galloped, bleached raccoon. Leather side

Black colored raccoon skins with gold and silver tips (2018)

By Galonieren , the sewing narrow strips of leather, not only raccoon skins are made easier and loosened hair. In air gallooning , the skins are only cut and pulled apart like a net. A working method is mentioned as early as around 1890 in which narrow, natural-colored, black or colored raccoon stripes are sewn onto ribbons and processed into clothing, making the often heavy furs light and pliable. A similar, otherwise fur-saving method, especially for noble foxes , is still used today, particularly with fur linings .

The larger and heavier skins are mainly made into collars and trimmings, the lighter goods also into jackets and coats. The mostly more or less yellowish pelts are often "beautified" ( reinforcing ) before processing , the darker middle of the fur is also usually darkened (groaning), also to make the yellow neck disappear, where the groaning is not or only weakly visible is. One part of the skins is bleached to a beige shade, another colored, or for light colors, bleached and then dyed.

After sheared or plucked furs have become popular again, as in the times of seal fur fashion , raccoon fur is occasionally sheared again. The recommended shear height was around 12 to 14 millimeters.

In 1965, the fur consumption for a fur board with 20 to 30 pelts sufficient for a raccoon coat was specified (so-called coat "body" ). A board with a length of 112 centimeters and an average width of 150 centimeters and an additional sleeve section was used as the basis. This corresponds roughly to a fur material for a slightly exhibited coat of clothing size 46 from 2014. The maximum and minimum fur numbers can result from the different sizes of the sexes of the animals, the age groups and their origin. Depending on the type of fur, the three factors have different effects.

As with almost all types of fur, the raccoons also use the pieces of fur that fall off during processing, from which the lighter and less thick-haired belly strips are made by fur sewers who specialize in processing leftovers . These semi-finished products are then further processed, preferably to make inner linings. The main place for the recycling of the fur residues in Europe is Kastoria in Greece and the smaller town Siatista, which is nearby . Hood trimmings or boas are made from the tails, and they also serve as key or bag tags.

numbers

Detailed trade figures for North American tobacco products can be found at

Emil Brass : From the realm of fur. 1st edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1911.
Emil Brass: From the realm of fur . 2nd improved edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1925.
Emil Brass: From the realm of fur. 1911
Milan Novak et al, Ministry of Natural Resources: Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America . Ontario 1987, ISBN 0-7778-6086-4 . (engl.)
Milan Novak et al, Ministry of Natural Resources: Furbearer Harvests in North America, 1600-1984. Appendix to the above Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America . Ontario 1987, ISBN 0-7729-3564-5 . (engl.)
  • In November 1743 , the Hudson's Bay Company exported 5 sheds to London (compared with 6760 coat beavers, 9520 parchment beavers and 8830 beavers and 1640 cubs).
Engraved Shell: Two Raccoon Dancers ( Spiro Mounds Culture, Oklahoma )
  • Import of scales (= raccoon skins) to London 1763 to 1891 (after Henry Poland, London)
year number
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
1763 39,000
1764 37,000
1765 54,951
1766 101,066
1767 56,750
1768 38,316
1769 117,307
1770 52.504
1771 43,025
1772 51.503
1773 37,468
1774 40.157
1775 14,568
year number
1776 72,538
1777 198,500
1778 173,000
1779 125,000
1780 19,700
1781 85,000
1782 80,500
1783 95,000
1784 173,600
1785 96,000
1786 105,000
1787 145,000
1788 114,000
1789 161.180
1790 161,000
1791 178,000
1792 182,000
1793 187,000
1794 130,000
1795 125,000
1796 130,500
1797 109,000
1798 185,000
1799 130,000
1800 108,000
year number
1801 95,000
1802 145,000
1803 150,000
1804 180,000
1805 124,000
1806 125,000
1807 80,000
1808 123,000
1809 47,000
1810 39,000
1811 28,000
1812 1,000
1813 -
1814 3,000
1815 19,000
1816 45,000
1817 15,000
1818 15,000
1819 30,000
1820 15,300
1821 143,000
1822 151,622
1823 79,390
1824 42,834
1825 52,634
year number
1826 83,257
1827 76,405
1828 79,415
1829 110,340
1830 172,470
1831 209.497
1832 347,552
1833 363.288
1834 219.164
1835 274,651
1836 273.510
1837 204.106
1838 177.017
1839 250,100
1840 283,088
1841 357.200
1842 340.200
1843 392.474
1844 420,759
1845 406.709
1846 486,767
1847 423.757
1848 423,519
1849 434,878
1850 507.142
year number
1851 551.140
1852 560,544
1853 507.061
1854 485.022
1855 497,347
1856 437.038
1857 475.909
1858 467,522
1859 581.025
1860 611.018
1861 527.054
1862 476.317
1863 475,637
1864 489.021
1865 437.763
1866 383,346
1867 526.881
1868 285.735
1869 384,805
1870 418.405
1871 406.749
1872 457.686
1873 458.933
1874 395.178
1875 439,789
year number
1876 584,863
1877 525,344
1878 382.074
1879 546.104
1880 660.269
1881 632.270
1882 566.269
1883 401,536
1884 710.929
1885 595.101
1886 486.201
1887 399.352
1888 360.298
1889 579,551
1890 705.559
1891 549.180
Import list for raccoon skins of the Hudson's Bay Company to London in the years 1752–1910 (after Henry Poland, London).

The list, which began in 1752, lists scale skins for the first time in 1777.

Year: 1777 1778 1779 1780
Number: 307 300 416 289
Year: 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800
Number: 300 430 - 540 488 401 840 660 502 406 604 - 347 664 1,075 733 867 910 2,209 1,979
Year: 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820
Number: 2,329 1,635 1,522 890 1062 1,500 1,013 1,173 1,152 1,071 101 168 96 46 70 - 22nd 87 - 300
year 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 837 1838 1839 1840
Number: 350 290 64 51 78 153 138 79 107 - 177 372 210 713 522 1,900 585 273 1,115 1,034
Year: 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860
Number: 1,175 1,820 1,898 1,763 1,467 1,305 1,140 2,091 1,289 1,442 1,712 1,633 1,481 1,052 1,978 1,370 1.929 2.140 1,959 2,560
Year: 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1867 1877 1878 1879 1880
Number: 2,871 3,376 3,980 2,384 4,150 4,832 24,783 5,811 4,887 2.411 2,967 1,630 3,582 3.114 7.193 2.147 999 506 607 813
Year: 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900
Number: 534 803 354 142 124 325 239 217 153 172 130 195 130 564 514 1,344 5,951 2652 13,260 9,067
Year: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910
Number: 1,820 910 662 397 264 281 602 - - 140
Raccoon fur stretched out to dry in front of a truck, South Dakota (ca.1938)
  • In 1855 1200 raccoon skins (scales) worth a total of 180 were exported to London from the lands of the Hudson's Bay Company; from Alaska, Oregon, Canada etc. etc. 482,072 pieces worth 65,240 ₤.
  • In 1875 , the Hudson's Bay Company sold 7,154 units worth 1,240. From Alaska, Canada, Oregon and the Northwestern states, bought from retailers and sold in London, it was 341,077 pieces valued at ₤ 58,650.
  • Between 1905 and 1907 the average annual production of raccoon skins (scales) was 600,000 pieces.
  • In 1911 in London, the Hudson's Bay Company's skins were sold for 197 skins (previous year: 266 skins):
I st Canada 7.0 ₤, NW & c. = 8.9 ₤ - II nd Canada 4.3 ₤, NW & c. 6.9 ₤ - III rd Canada 2.3 ₤, NW & c. 3.6 ₤
  • At that time the value of a fur in Germany was around 3 to 20 marks, for natural black fur 20 marks or more were paid. In March 1911 , a lot of raccoons sold for 60 English shillings each, a record price at least until then.
  • In 1925 a delegation of German experts from the USA reported:
With smooth raccoon coats, where the skins are simply placed on top of each other, a good “cutter” cuts material for about 4-5 coats in a day. [...] A company whose specialty is the exclusive production of shed coats, which in America are also worn by men with the fur side out, processes around 150,000 pelts per year. The skins cost around 7-7½ dollars to buy. A coat of the best quality with a vertical stripe [= with a vertical stripe] , worked around the bottom with a horizontal stripe, costs 400 dollars in wholesale. A similar coat, left out - fur material 30-32 pelts - $ 375. A coat for a young girl, not left out, the skins simply stacked, containing about 23-24 skins, was priced at $ 235. A kid's coat (10 year old) was $ 175. Most of the buttons were made of leather; Buttons made of fur or fancy buttons are rarely used. For men's coats, we find prices ranging from $ 150-400, depending on the quality. A comparison with the prices of about 12 years ago, when such a coat cost 40-45 dollars, shows an increase in prices by about ten times.
  • 1929 : “The four major fur types in the United States are muskrat, skunks, raccoons, and opossums. "
  • In an official report for the USA: around 1,542,000 for the 1961/62 season and 1,129,000 raccoon skins for 1966/67 . A year later, in 1967/68 , there were 878,234 wild catches, mainly from Ohio, Iowa and Missouri (" Ohio, Iowa, Missouri leaders ").
  • In 1980 the annual incidence was around 4 million pelts, of which around 100,000 came from Canada.
  • In 2012 , at the North American Fur Auction in February, 68,294 American raccoon skins were offered. Average sales ranged from $ 3.41 (Section III), the next $ 13.15 (Eastern Semi Heavy) and $ 22.48 (Western Northern), depending on the quality and origin. The top lot fetched $ 130 per hide and went to the Greek fur processing center in Kastoria.

annotation

  1. ↑ The specified comparative values ​​( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The numbers are ambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of durability in practice, there are also influences from fur trimming and finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case . More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis.

    The division was made in steps of 10 percent each. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.

See also

Commons : Raccoon Pelts  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Raccoon Skin Clothing  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Raccoon Fur Processing  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files
Wiktionary: Raccoon fur  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e Christian Franke, Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel ´s Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 . 10. Revised and supplemented new edition. Rifra-Verlag, Murrhardt, pp. 81-83.
  2. ^ Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps et al.: Pelztieratlas . Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1986, pp. 157–158.
  3. ↑ Paul Schöps, H. Brauckhoff, K. Häse, Richard König , W. Straube-Daiber: The durability coefficients of fur skins. In: The fur trade. Volume XV, New Series, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig / Vienna 1964, pp. 56–58.
  4. ↑ Editor: The durability of fur hair . In: Der Rauchwarenmarkt Nr. 26, June 28, 1940, p. 12. Primary source: American Fur Breeder , USA.
  5. ↑ Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The fineness of the hair - the fineness classes. In: The fur trade. Vol. VI / New Series, No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig / Berlin / Frankfurt am Main 1955, pp. 39–40.
  6. ↑ Gerhard Heinrich Buse: The whole of the action, or complete handbook of the most excellent action knowledge: for prospective merchants, brokers, manufacturers, young people eager to act and teachers in action schools, drafted in an appropriate order by Gerhard Heinrich Buse. Complete handbook of commodities: which the commodities a. the fur trader, b. the leather dealer, c. ... contains . Hennings, 1801, p. 90 ( google.com [accessed August 2, 2013]).
  7. ^ A b Ernst Häse, Richard König , Fritz Schmidt : The raccoon. In: The fur trade. Volume VI / New Series, No. 3, Hermelin-Verlag Leipzig / Berlin / Frankfurt am Main 1955, pp. 84–90.
  8. ^ Richard Davey: Furs and Fur Garments. In: The International Fur Store and The Roxburghe Press. London 1895 ?, p. 85.
  9. ↑ a b c d e Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and fur. FC Mayer Verlag, Munich 1970, pp. 311-315.
  10. ↑ Editor: Settlement of raccoons. In: The fur trade. Vol. XV new series, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al. 1964, pp. 232–233 (with a detailed list of Russian raccoon reintroductions to 1958)
  11. ↑ Herbert Kühtz: The breeding of raccoons . Verlag FC Mayer, Munich 1923, pp. 9, 13ff.
  12. ↑ Kurt Allner: The raccoon and its breeding . FC Mayer Verlag, Munich 1939.
  13. ↑ Heinrich Hanicke: Handbook for furrier. Published by Alexander Duncker, Leipzig 1895, pp. 42, 82–83.
  14. ^ H. Werner: The furrier art. Publishing house Bernh. Friedr. Voigt, Leipzig 1914.
  15. ^ A b c Max Bachrach: Fur. A Practical Treatise. F Prentice-Hall Verlag, New York 1936, pp. 305-313. (engl.)
  16. ↑ Anna Municchi: Ladies in Furs 1900–1940 . Zanfi Editori, Modena 1992, ISBN 88-85168-86-8 , pp. 53-57. (engl.)
  17. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Emil Brass: From the realm of fur . Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1911, pp. 323–375 (statistics), 563–666
  18. ↑ Alexander Tuma jun: The practice of the furrier . Published by Julius Springer, Vienna 1928, p. 348.
  19. ^ Francis Weiss : Youth memories of an old fur man. In: Marco. Announcements from the company Marco Pelz GmbH.Pelzindustrie KG, season 1974 , p. 41. Note: Francis Weiss mentions “Schopp-Biber” as a commercial item around 1900.
  20. ^ Philipp Manes : The German fur industry and its associations 1900-1940, attempt at a story . Berlin 1941 Volume 4. Copy of the original manuscript, p. 398 ( → table of contents ).
  21. ↑ Without an author's name: The fur coat as a symbol of class . In: Der Rauchwarenmarkt No. 40, October 2, 1936, p. 5.
  22. ^ A b David G. Kaplan: World of Furs . Fairchield Publications, New York 1974, p. 189. (Eng.)
  23. ↑ Photo, Davy Crockett with a fox hat .
  24. ↑ Chagrin: Fur fashionable review. In: Ermine fur models. No. 9-10, Hermelin-Verlag, Berlin et al. 1955, p. 34.
  25. ↑ Bauer's 1971-72 Supply Catalog for Trappers - Coon Hunters - Outdoorsmen . Ed Bauer Fur Co, Smithboro, Illinois, catalog back.
  26. ^ R. Turner Wilcox: The Mode in Furs . Charles Scribner Son's, New York and London, 1951, p. 83 (English).
  27. ↑ Editor: North American Fur Auctions (NAFA) . In: Pelzmarkt Newsletter No. 5, Deutscher Pelzverband, Frankfurt am Main, May 15, 2015, p. 2.
  28. ^ Jury Fränkel: Rauchwaren-Handbuch . Self-published, 1960, pp. 69-70.
  29. ↑ George R. Cripps: About Furs . Daily Post Printers, Liverpool 1913, p. 74 ( table of contents ).
  30. ↑ Rudolf Hockeborn: In great demand again today: raccoon . In: Die Pelzwirtschaft issue 9, September 1968, CB-Verlag Carl Boldt, Berlin, p. 8.
  31. ↑ Jochen Sager: Troubles . In: Die Pelzwirtschaft 11/1989, CB-Verlag Carl Boldt, December 5, 1989, p. 4.
  32. ↑ Paul Schöps among others: The material requirement for fur clothing . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. XVI / New Series 1965 No. 1, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al., Pp. 7-12. Note: The information for a body was only made to make the types of fur easier to compare. In fact, bodies were only made for small (up to about muskrat size ) and common types of fur, and also for pieces of fur . The following dimensions for a coat body were taken as a basis: body = height 112 cm, width below 160 cm, width above 140 cm, sleeves = 60 × 140 cm.
  33. ↑ Internet archive : http://archive.org/details/ausdemreichederp00bras
  34. ↑ Max Nasse: America's fur industry - results of a study trip by German furriers and fur manufacturers. Berlin 1925, pp. 38-39.
  35. ^ Kurt Nestler: Tobacco and fur trade . Dr. Max Jänecke Verlagbuchhandlung, Leipzig 1929, p. 69.
  36. ↑ NAFA Auctions, February 2012 Day 5, accessed on February 5, 2016 ( Memento from September 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive )