Wild cat fur

Award-winning cape made of ocelot cat with mink (1982)

As wild cat skins of well zoological than be in the fur trade, along with the fur wildcat animal designated (Felis silvestris), especially the skins of wild cats Klein called. These are often summarized under the term leopard cat according to the coat pattern , which zoologically only the Bengal cat is entitled to. The term tiger cat is also misleading, as the skins usually do not have any tiger- like horizontal stripes, but rather spots, which in some species can be pronounced as longitudinal bands. In the past, the various wild cat skins were more or less often processed into furs . Above all, this includes:

In Asia:

Bengal cat

in Africa

in North, Central and South America

Andean cat

Mountain cat

Colocolo , pampas cat

Little spotted cat

Long-tailed cat , peludo

ocelot

Tiger cat , ocelot cat

Jaguarundi

Spread over several continents

Since many species are threatened with extinction, all cats were included in Appendix I or II of the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species (abbreviated to WA, CITES) (except for the domestic cat ). All types of cats, including domestic cats, are protected to varying degrees by laws and regulations, and the fur is therefore subject to trade restrictions or a trade ban. In 1988 it was said: “Of all these small cats, mostly only small batches come onto the market. There is hardly a tobacco specialist who can classify all types according to their origin, especially since the relatively small quantities are sorted together according to their fur structure etc. The deliveries will decrease more and more as more and more species were and are being placed under protection ”. At the moment, only a few small cats in Europe process Chinese leopard cat skins.

Apart from fantasy names, the skins were usually only sold under the term "wild cats" in the past, often together with the designation of origin (e.g. African, Asian or South American tiger cat), the European wild cats also as "wooden cats". Above all, pelts from Mongolia were also marketed as “manula” (see under Manul ). Further names were tiger cats and samacha for the Indian pipe cats.

The durability coefficient for small wild cats is given as 50 to 60 percent. In particular, if the skins are not pelted at the time of maturity, they shed heavily.

Explanation of the protection history (the information is only used as an aid to determining the scope of protection established by the legislator; in case of doubt, the relevant legal texts and their appendices are binding!):

"Initial listing" means initial protection according to a legally binding set of rules ( WA , for the EU : EU species protection regulation , for Germany: BNatSchG , therein reference to BArtSchV or to Annex IV FFH ).

"Maximum protection" means the earliest point in time of protection according to one of the three sets of rules (Annex I WA, C Part 1 of Regulation (EEC) No. 3626/82 or according to Annex A to Article 8 paragraph 3 letter a) of Regulation (EC) No. . 338/97 ).

"Particularly protected according to BNatSchG" means since when a species has been considered "particularly protected" under German law.

The World Conservation Union ( IUCN , abbreviation for International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources - translated “International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources”) is an international non-governmental organization. Among other things, it creates a red list of endangered species .

history

As with all fur animals, the skins of captured small cats have always been used for clothing and jewelry purposes. In the Middle Ages until the beginning of modernity , it was mainly fur lining in the bell-shaped coats of the affluent middle class, Schauben called. Often the screw was also adorned with a wide fur collar trim that reached down to the hem. The fur-covered scabbard was mainly carried by men, and adorned with valuable types of fur, it was also a symbol of class. At the time of the advent of muffs , trimmings made of one and the same type of fur were also made from wild cat skins.

Around 1900, after the invention of the fur sewing machine and the introduction of ready-made clothing, fur was also worn with the hair on the outside, no longer just as a collar or trimmings . Even in the 1920s, spotted cat skins were hardly noticed. 1930 was then named for South American tiger cat skins as a use "for sports coats and blankets". Until the time after World War II , ocelot in particular was increasingly used for women's clothing to such an extent that there was a risk of extinction. Since it seemed almost impossible to monitor compliance with protective laws in the confusing wilderness of South America, it was decided to implement an absolute and obviously successful trade ban for all South American cat species. The threat no longer comes from hunting.

Late medieval trimmings made from the fur of small wild cats
Adolf von Kleve (before 1500)
The Persian Sibyl (1530s)
Triptych (detail, 1532)
Portrait of a Man with a Book ( Ambrosius Benson 1495–1550)
Unknown gentleman (around 1563-1570)

processing

The raw hides are usually delivered in bag form, with the hair facing outwards.

Chinese cat skins, in particular, are often preassembled as tablets in wholesalers. The tradable wild cat skins are processed into all kinds of clothing, such as jackets, coats, fur linings , trimmings, fur blankets and small parts. A small part of the skins is colored, usually only so strong that the natural markings are clearly preserved. Skins without a drawing were occasionally provided with an artificial cat skin pattern by printing (see Fig. Pipe cats ). Cat skins were rarely sheared or used without the plucked upper hair. The fur residues that arise during processing are also put together into panels. The main location in Europe for this is the fur processing center around the city of Kastoria in Greece with the nearby town of Siatista . From there and in large numbers from China, the pieces of fur boards go back to the fur-processing countries, where they can be further processed into inner linings or vests, for example.

For items of clothing, the pelts are either placed on top of each other with the haircut down, or longer strips that look like a single, long fur are produced by so-called incision. The resulting transverse seams are made in a serrated shape to make them as invisible as possible to the eye on the hair side. With the slightly larger peludo (long-tailed cat) , as with the ocelot fur, a freehand cut point adapted to the fur pattern is occasionally used for more individual processing. Cross processing of the skins also occurs.

In 1965 the fur consumption for a peludos coat (so-called coat “body” ) was given as 16 to 26 skins, for a South American ocelot cat coat with 30 to 36 skins; for a “Chinese ocelot” coat with 22 to 28 skins and for “ other Asians ” with up to 40 skins. A board with a length of 112 centimeters and an average width of 150 centimeters and an additional sleeve section was used as the basis. This corresponds roughly to a fur material for a slightly exhibited coat of clothing size 46 from 2014. The maximum and minimum fur numbers can result from the different sizes of the sexes of the animals, the age groups and their origin. Depending on the type of fur, the three factors have different effects.

Hairiness

The hair of the wild cat species is mostly evenly distributed, in the middle of the back, the grunt , the guard hair is slightly protruding, in the Pampas cat it is significantly longer. In any case, a characteristic of most types of cat fur is a comb-like grunt, which can be recognized when the fur is pinched. The upper hair of the wild cats is classified as fine to coarser, partly hard, brittle, mostly shiny, weaker and stronger in growth. The undercoat is mostly soft. The summer skins are sometimes stuffy.

The wildcat species usually have more rigid hair than the coarsest varieties of the domestic cat and the lynx cat . The guard hairs are particularly brittle, in many species they strive more apart, so they do not lie in one direction. The electrical charge is noticeable; sparks sometimes spray when the skin is passed over. This property was also assumed to be the cause of “the tried and tested healing effect on rheumatic complaints” from the fur of the house and wild cats.

The color ranges from monochrome to multi-colored piebald. Many species have a speckled pattern, sometimes also a striped pattern, and are effectively drawn.

Asia

Bengal cat

Bengal cat skins, China
Bengal cat fur, China

With the considerable confusion that prevailed in the classification of small cats, some geographic breeds have been given special names. The fur name of the Bengal cat is usually leopard cat, also Chinese wild cat. Other names of fur are jewelry cat, dwarf cat, Chinese cat, Chinese tiger cat, small spotted wild cat.

Occurrence: Southeast Asia , in the Amur region , Korea and China as far as India's front and rear . In the Greater Sunda Islands , Hainan , Formosa ( Taiwan ) and the Philippines .

Due to the occurrence in different areas - some subspecies are distinguished - the color and density of the coat vary considerably. The color ranges from pale yellow to gray-yellow with red and brown to black spots, some of which are arranged in longitudinal rows. The chin and throat are whitish, there is a white spot on the ears. The front paws are webbed. The length of the head body shows considerable differences in size between northern and southern subspecies, it is 36 to 85 centimeters, the tail length 15 to 44 centimeters.

The northernmost form of the Bengal cat has particularly thick and long hair, and the hair of the Siberian species is particularly thick. In the northern form there are about 7000 hairs on the back, 1950 hairs per square centimeter on the belly. There are 30 wool hairs for every guard hair. On the back, the hair grows up to about 2 inches long. In the north of the range, in contrast to the tropical areas, there is a clear difference between summer and winter fur.

The Chinese leopard cat tablets were "a popular item" in fur fashion. Up until the 20th century they were still delivered in leopard cat crosses and robes instead of the fur boards that were better suited for the production of western clothing. These had a shape from which the simply cut Chinese garments could be made with little effort. A distinction was made between shipments from Tientsin and Shanghai . The Tientsin unloading was more prominent and bluer (technically speaking for darker) and more distinctive in the drawing, the Shanghai unloading was paler and more yellow. A special feature of the latter were the sometimes red belly sides, some of which were also processed. Even before 1950, very few skins came on the market because the Chinese government had issued very strict export regulations. Any plaque that did not measure within the specified 24 x 48 inch was rejected.

In 1986, fur quality was stated as "of no great importance for the fur industry". In the Far East, the annual fur count had dropped from 1,000 to 2,000 pelts in the 1930s to 100 to 300 pelts. In North America, traded, spotted cat furs as were from Russia Dimkafuchs (Dimka fox) offered. Dimka means smoke blue in Russian and describes the natural color of these skins. After the pelts were dyed in easily sold fox colors, the wild cat pelts were marketed as dimka foxes.

Protection status:

Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis : Only the populations of Bangladesh, India and Thailand of the subspecies are listed in Appendix A European Community (EC) and are strictly protected. This subspecies was protected as Felis bengalensis bengalensis since June 20, 1976 under Appendix I of the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species (WA). The other populations were since April 24, 1977 under the family Felidae spp. in Annex II WA and have been protected in Annex B since June 1, 1997 of EC Regulation 750/2013.

Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis : The subspecies has been protected in Appendix A since June 1, 1997.

First listing since May 24, 1977; specially protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Borneo golden cat

Occurrence: Borneo .

The very rare Borneo golden cat , also Borneo cat , is a dwarf island shape, it is closely related to the Temminck cat .

There are two color variants, a more common reddish-brown and a dark gray, sometimes almost black. The coat has no pattern, except for a black stripe on the cheek. The belly side is lighter, as is the underside of the tail. Borneo golden cats reach a head body length of 53 to 70 centimeters, a tail length of 32 to 39 centimeters.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) classified the species as "Endangered" in 2003.

Protection status:

Felidae spp. protected according to the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species (WA) Appendix II; according to EC regulation 750/2013 appendix B.

Catopuma badia , particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act (BNatSchG).

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Fish cat

Also spotted cat or pike cat.

Occurrence: South of the Himalayas from Nepal to Assam , rear India , including Tanintharyi Division , Thailand , Ceylon , Sumatra , Jawa Barat (West Java) and Middle Java .

The coat of the fish cat is shaggy and without shine, earth gray, brownish on the back, the dewlap is a little lighter. The trunk is covered with black spots of different sizes, has darker stripes over the shoulders and in the neck, which merge into elongated spots on the sides and legs. The relatively short tail has several rings. The length of the head body ranges from 57 to 78 centimeters, making it about twice as large as that of the house cat . The head is long and narrow. The fish cat has less webbed feet than the bengal cat. Their tail is relatively short at 20 to 30 centimeters.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) classified the species as "Endangered" in 2010.

Protection status:

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention, Appendix II; according to EC regulation 750/2013 appendix B.

Prionailurus viverrinus , specially protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: first listing since April 24, 1977; specially protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Gobi cat

Also gray cat.

Occurrence: Northwest China Border .

The Gobi cat has long, thick hair, the tail is also densely hairy with four or five black rings and a black tail tip. The fur color is brown-yellow, the underside of the belly is lighter. There is a pale red-brown area of fur under the ears. The body is very compact, the legs are relatively short. The undersides of the paws are very hairy. The trunk is about 80 centimeters long, the tail 35 centimeters.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed them in 2010 as "Vulnerable".

Protection status:

Felidae spp. protected under the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species Appendix II; according to EC regulation 750/2013 appendix B.

Felis offers , specially protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Manul

Manulfell

Also manul cat, pallas cat.

Occurrence: From Transcaucasia and northern Iran via Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , northern Pakistan , Ladakh , Tibet and Xinjiang to southern Siberia and Mongolia (often), the eastern borders of the settlement are not known .

The manul has a different color and markings from all cats, it is not like any other species. The hair color is brown to grayish, sometimes reddish, the underside is lighter. A reddish and a gray color phase are distinguished. The dewlap and the paws are orange. It has some black horizontal stripes that are not always easy to see in thick hair. The ringed tail is black on the top and brown on the underside. The head body length is 50 to 65 centimeters, the tail length 21 to 31 centimeters.

The fur is extremely long-haired, dense, silky and soft. It's durable and warm. On the back 9000 hairs grow on a square centimeter, on the belly only 800 hairs. In the back fur there is 10 wool hairs for every awn hair, on the belly 6. The hair length in the back is 7 centimeters, on the belly 4.5 centimeters. Details about the hair change do not seem to be known.

The amount of fur was given as low in 1986, it has always been very dependent on the weather. Severe winters decimated the stocks considerably. The skins were mostly processed by the local population themselves. The main supplier of manulphins was Mongolia, but even there the annual volume fell from 50,000 skins at the beginning of the 20th century to less than 1,000 skins. In Russia before 1986 the annual volume was 400 to 500 pieces.

The Manul ( Otocolobus manul ) has been classified as “Near Threatened” by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) .

Protection status:

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention, Appendix II; according to EG regulation 750/2013 appendix B and especially protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Felis manul , specially protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Marble cat

Also Marmelkatze.

Occurrence: mountain forests in the back of India from Sikkim , Bhutan , Assam , Burma , Thailand , Malacca to Sumatra and Borneo .

The coat of the marble cat is similar to the clouded leopard fur . It varies from lively ocher brown to gray brown, the ventral side from light to dark gray. The coat pattern has ozelotähnliche on dots whose inner surface is as bright when Ozelot. The ears have a white spot. The marble cat is slightly larger than the house cat, the head body length is about 45 to 62 centimeters, in addition there is a 36 to 55 centimeter long, bushy tail.

The very attractive skins were only rarely available on the market and were almost unknown in the fur industry. Most of them were used by the locals.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) classified the species as "Endangered" in 2008.

Protection status:

Felidae spp. , protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I; according to EG regulation 750/2013 appendix A and especially protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Felis marmorata , strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: initial listing and maximum protection since June 20, 1976. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Rust cat

Occurrence: South India and the Middle East , Ceylon .

The color of the rust cat is dirty gray to brownish, it got its name from the rust-brown patches of fur. It looks very similar to the Bengal cat, but its spots are less clear and make a more blurred impression. The spots are arranged in longitudinal rows on the flanks, some of them also distributed over the whole body. The head body length is 35 to 48 centimeters, the tail length 15 to 30 centimeters, making it one of the smallest wild cats.

The rust cat is classified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as "endangered" ("Vulnerable").

Protection status:

Prionailurus rubiginosus , protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I; according to EC regulation 750/2013 appendix A and strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act. While the Indian population is listed in Appendix I of the Washington Convention on Species Protection (absolute protection), all other occurrences are in Appendix II.

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species Appendix II and the EC Regulation 750/2013 Appendix B; specially protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1974. Maximum protection since June 28, 1979. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Asiatic golden cat

Also Temminck cat, Indian golden cat.

Occurrence: Tibet , Nepal , Sikkim , Assam , back India , Malay Peninsula , South China , Sumatra .

The hair of the Asiatic golden cat is long and dense, sometimes reddish or slate gray, generally without spots, only occasionally with small black spots on the always darker back. In some regions, Asian golden cats have more or less visible spots or stripes. There are two black stripes on the cheeks that reach over the eyes, each bordered by a white stripe. The ears are black behind with a central gray spot. The Asian golden cat is more than twice as big as the house cat, its head body length is 66 to 105 centimeters, the tail is about 40 to 57 centimeters long. In China, golden cats have been spotted with spots like the leopard , which resemble large bengal cats .

Protection status:

Catopuma temminckii ( felis temmincki ), protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I; according to the EC regulation 750/2013 appendix A and strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: first listing since June 20, 1976, maximum protection since June 20, 1976. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Asiatic wild cat

Indian steppe cat

Also steppe cat, desert cat.

The fur of the Asiatic wildcat is occasionally sold as a lynx cat .

Occurrence: Trans Caspia ( Turkestan , up to the Gobi ), East Persia, Afghanistan , northern India ( Punjab , Rajasthan up to Naypur ). Occasionally west of the lower Volga (south of the Astrakhan area ). The exact limits are unknown. The limit of distribution between the European wildcat and the Asian wildcat is formed by the Caucasus.

The hair of the Asiatic wildcat is gray-yellow to brown, the dewlap is light gray or white. It differs from the similar African wildcat in its dotted rather than striped fur pattern. The different sized, round black spots are spread over the whole body. The very long tail has a black tip; the undersides of the paws are black. The hair of the steppe cat is shorter than that of the forest wildcat, but varies depending on its individual age and season. The guard hair is 51 millimeters long in summer, the wool hair with a length of 35 millimeters is about 20 millimeters shorter than that of the wild cat. Similar to the lynx, it has a small, fine brush on the tips of the ears.

In the years 1936 to 1939, the spotted Russian fur variants were in great demand. They were sheared to imitate the popular South American tiger cat skins.

Protection status:

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species Appendix II.

Felis silvestris , protected according to the EC regulation 750/2013 appendix A as well as the FFH guideline EG 2013/17 appendix IV; strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980. Maximum protection since June 1, 1997.

Africa

The skins, known as the African tiger cats, were rarely on the market, they were mostly consumed in the countries themselves.

African golden cat

Zulu with apron made of golden cat or gorse cat tails

African golden cats

Occurrence: Guinea , Sierra Leone , Madingoland (= Kenya , from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Chad ), Liberia , Gold Coast , Cameroon , Congo to the Ituri rainforest . More details about the living area of the African golden cat, which is native to the African rainforest , are not known.

The basic color of the fur is very different, from chestnut brown, fox red, fawn brown, gray brown, silver gray, deep slate gray to black, the most common are red gold and silver gray. The pattern is a little darker and blurred. The inside of the legs, abdomen, cheeks, and chin are white, and the throat and underside are lightly stained. On the top and bottom of the body there are dark brown to black spots, the tail is often clearly curled. The cheeks have two blackish stripes, the face has black spots above the eyes. It is not uncommon for black specimens to appear. Compared to the serval and caracal , the tail is relatively long, the ears smaller and round. The head body length is 65 to 90 centimeters, the tail length 30 to 45 centimeters, males are larger than females.

The hair is either short, close-fitting and almost coarse or quite long, loose and soft. The undercoat is dense and fine, usually it is completely covered by the upper hair. The base of the awns and the undercoat are light to white, only the tips are dark. The guard hairs are 16 to 23 millimeters in length, the undercoat from 10 to 16 millimeters.

Details of the coat quality are not known. The African golden cat fur has no meaning for the fur industry. For some pygmy peoples , the fur and skins of the golden cat belonged to the clothing, the tail of a golden cat is considered a talisman when hunting elephants.

Protection status:

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention, Appendix II; according to EC regulation 750/2013 appendix B.

Profelis aurata , specially protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Serval

Serval loincloth of a Bakamputu dancer, Congo (between 1929 and 1937)

Serval
Left: Serval, above Sierra Leone , below Uganda
right: Serval gorse cat , above Uganda , below Mombasa (Northern Angola )

Also African bush cat, serval cat, sometimes Abyssinian mountain cat. Gorse cat skins and the skins of the Asian civet cat and the fish cat were also falsely traded as servals and servals . They were also wrongly marketed as African tiger cats. The serval gorse cat is a separate species from the family of crawling cats , the skins are shown here, but they are not described here.

Occurrence: Steppe areas in West Africa , South Africa and East Africa as well as in Algeria .

The basic color of the serval is very variable. Skins from dry steppe areas have a lighter color with large spots, from more humid forest areas a dark base color with small, point-like spots, which are even strongly reduced in places (for example the subspecies liposticta ). On the back, the brown to black-brown spots converge to form a wide strip. There are also black spots. The body is slim. The head body length is 70 to 100 centimeters, the tail length 35 to 40 centimeters. The legs are very long; no other species in the cat family has longer legs. The head is small, the ears are large and round.

The serval skin is a bit rough and dry. It is considered less valuable. The number of skins traded supraregionally was low, also because they are an attribute of the chief's dignity in East Africa.

The total population of the serval is classified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as “not endangered” (“Least Concern”).

Protection status:

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention, Appendix II; according to EC regulation 750/2013 appendix B.

Leptailurus serval , specially protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since June 20, 1976. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Pardel roller or stain roller

Leopard roller

The fur of the leopard or spotting roller , which occurs in the forest areas of western and central Africa, is 85 centimeters long, and the tail is 40 to 45 centimeters long. The color is, depending on the area of distribution, dark gray or brownish gray, sometimes also yellowish black or yellowish brown with more or less vivid spots or stripes. The tail is bushy and has 9 to 15 dark rings. The hair is usually dense, soft and short. Three to five dark longitudinal stripes run along the neck. On the back, at the level of the front paws, there are two conspicuous, whitish-yellow spots next to each other. The head is broad, the snout pointed. The ears are small and rounded, with a dark spot behind each ear. The limbs are short and strong.

The populations have declined in some places, but overall the species is widespread and according to the IUCN “not endangered” (least concern).

Black-footed cat

Also Karrookatze.

Occurrence: Only known from the Kalahari , Bechuanaland and Karoo .

The contrasting coloration of the black-footed cat varies between sand-colored, dark ocher yellow to brown-red, in winter paler and grayer. The belly is light gray to white. The drawing consists of pale, brown to deep black spots arranged in longitudinal rows. The name black-footed cat is a bit misleading, because only the soles of the feet with hair pads are black along their entire length. The tail is thin, tapering to a point with transverse rings and a black tip. The black-footed cat is one of the smallest wild cat species in the world. Males grow from head to trunk about 37 to 50 centimeters with a 15 to 20 centimeter long tail; females are smaller, their head body length is 34 to 37 centimeters, the tail 15 to 20 centimeters.

The fur of this very rare animal cannot be used for fur farming.

The black-footed cat, it is considered to be one of the least researched cats, was classified as "vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) only in 2002.

Protection status:

Felis nigripes , protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I; according to the EC regulation 750/2013 appendix A and strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: initial listing and maximum protection since June 20, 1976. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Wild cat coat with nutria (1905)

Middle and South America

Of all the cat species, South American coats were in demand, especially those with an ocelot-like pattern. A distinction was made between a brown variety with medium-length hair and a blue, flatter, particularly well-marked variety.

At the fur market in Buenos Aires , the following origins were differentiated with regard to the Argentine fur market:

a) Patagonia : very large, the best variety

b) Province of Buenos Aires : good in quality

c) Province of Mendoza : small variety

San Luis , San Juan , Cordoba , Northern Territories.

Chilean forest cat

Also Kodkod or night cat.

Occurrence: Forests of central and southern Chile and the adjacent part of Argentina . Also on the islands off the Chilean coast, for example Chiloé .

The color of the Chilean Forest Cat is gray to beige in color , with small black dots and spots. The back of the ears is black with a noticeable white spot. Pure blacklings are more common in this species, in Chiloé and on the Islas Guaitecas blacklings are the main form. Compared to the closely related small spotted cat , it has a significantly narrower face. The Chilean forest cat is - next to the African black-footed cat - one of the smallest of all wild cat species, it has a head body length of 40 to 50 centimeters. The tail is rather bushy and about 20 to 25 centimeters long.

The Chilean Forest Cat is listed as "Endangered" by the World Conservation Union (IUCN).

Protection status:

Leopardus jacobitus ( felis guigna ), protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I; according to the EC regulation 750/2013 appendix A and strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: initial listing and maximum protection since June 20, 1976. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Mountain cat, Andean cat

Also mountain cat.

Occurrence: In the high Andes from the south of Peru over the southwest of Bolivia , in the northeast of Chile and in the north of Argentina .

The fur of the mountain cat is thick and long-haired, the color silver-gray, on the back ash-gray. The drawing shows irregularly distributed ocher-brown to orange-yellow spots. The tail is very long with wide rings. The Andean cat is about the size of a large house cat, with a head body length of 70 to 75 centimeters and a tail length of about 43 centimeters. It is very similar to the Pampas cat that lives in the same region .

The mountain or Andean cat is the rarest type of cat in South America and is listed as “endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Protection status:

Leopardus jacobitus , protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I; according to the EC regulation 750/2013 appendix A and strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: initial listing and maximum protection since June 20, 1976. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Little spotted cat

Little Spotted Cat Jacket (2011)

Spotted cats, left Chaco, right Mendoza

Also bush cat, geoffroy cat (geoffrey cat), salt cat, chaco cat, mendoza cat.

Occurrence: In South America in the northern Chaco ( Bolivia , Paraguay ), Argentina to Tierra del Fuego .

The head body length of the small spotted cat or salt cat is 45 to 70 centimeters, the tail length 26 to 35 centimeters. Pelts from the southern, colder areas are larger than those from the north of the range. The coat is different, similar to the ocelot and the ocelot cat: very long and fine; silver-gray, covered with small, irregularly distributed black spots and elongated stripes on the neck. In the more northern subspecies, rosettes are often found in the shoulder area. On the head, rows of black spots merge into stripes. The basic shade of the northern forms is ocher, to the south it changes from gray to silver-gray in the small spotted cats of Patagonia. The tail is cross-banded. There are black spots. In terms of size, the small spotted cat corresponds to a large male house cat. The head body length is 60 centimeters, plus 30 centimeters of tail.

The coat quality varies in the area of distribution, the southern forms are more valuable. Details about the change of coat do not seem known.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies the small spotted cat as “Near Threatened”.

Protection status:

Leopardus geoffroyi , protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I; according to the EC regulation 750/2013 Annex A strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980. Maximum protection since July 20, 1992.

Long-tailed cat, peludo

Peludo, left Colombia, right Brazil

Adriaan van Blyenburg with peludobesetzter Schaube (1617)
Peludo, ocelot and mink clothing, redesigned into a blanket (2010)

Also tree ocelot, small ocelot, margay, tiger cat (wrongly). The skins of the long-tailed cat were sold as peludos, also as mountain goatelot.

Occurrence: Mexico to Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and northern Paraguay , but mainly in Brazil . The exact limits of the occurrence are not known.

The skins are very similar to the larger ocelot, including that of the smaller ocelot cat . A clear distinguishing feature is the one neck vertebra in contrast to the ocelot with two vertebrae. As a rule, the hair is less tightly attached than in the ocelot.

They reach a head body length of 46 to 79 centimeters, the tail is between 33 and 51 centimeters long. The dark patches of the young only get the light inner courtyards characteristic of old animals later, but they remain darker than the basic color. The basic color is light to sandock-colored, very bright, more gray in northern forms. The middle of the fur shows blackish to black ring spots in the longitudinal direction, the underside with black spots in a transverse pattern. The abdomen, chin and throat, and the inside of the legs are white. The elongated spots on the sides of the body can merge into longitudinal bands. The rounded ears have a white central spot on their black back.

The coat quality is similar to that of the ocelot. Details about the hair change are not available.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies the long-tailed cat as "Near Threatened".

Protection status:

Leopardus wiedii , protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I; according to the EC regulation 750/2013 appendix A and strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since June 20, 1976. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980, maximum protection since January 18, 1990. The subspecies Leopardus wiedii nicaraguae and Leopardus wiedii salvinia have been in Appendix I since June 20, 1976 WA protected. The synonym Felis was used for Leopardus at that time .

ocelot

Mexican ocelot fur
Brazilian ocelot fur

The fur fashion became interested in the ocelot fur very late, not only among the small cat species one of the most attractive furs. In the 1920s it was hardly noticed. In the beginning it only served its purpose as a car cover, it was already said in 1934 that it worked alone as well as in combination such as beaver, nutria or fox and raccoon and now forms the longing of women as the most beautiful piece of clothing. Until the time after the Second World War, ocelot was so popular for women's clothing that there was a risk of extinction. Today the ocelot is strictly protected.

Protection status:

Leopardus pardalis , protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I; according to the EC regulation 750/2013 appendix A and strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since June 20, 1976. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980, maximum protection since January 18, 1990. The subspecies Leopardus pardalis mearnsi and Leopardus pardalis mitis have been in the appendix since June 20, 1976 I WA protected. The synonym Felis was used for Leopardus at that time.

Ocelot cat, tiger cat

Tiger cats, left type Mato Grosso , right Ceara

Ocelot cat coat, severed as part of a model redesign (2009)

Also Ceara, Tigrillo, Oncilla.

Occurrence: Forests from Costa Rica to Peru and southeast Brazil .

The basic color of the ocelot or tiger cat is light to sattocker colored, very bright. The top is patterned lengthways, consisting of blackish or black ring spots. The underside is lighter with black spots in a horizontal pattern. Black specimens are more common. It is slightly larger than a house cat, but one of the smallest South American cats, the head body length is 40 to 50 centimeters, the tail is 30 to 40 centimeters long.

They can be easily distinguished from the skins of the long-tailed cat and the ocelot in that they have no vertebrae in the neck.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies the tiger cat as “endangered” (“Vulnerable”).

Protection status:

Leopardus tigrina , protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I; according to the EC regulation 750/2013 appendix A and strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since June 20, 1976. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980, maximum protection since January 18, 1990. At that time the synonym Felis was used for Leopardus . The subspecies Leopardus tigrinus oncilla has been protected in Appendix I WA since June 20, 1976.

Pampas cat, Colocolo

Back side
Ventral side

The new name of the Pampas cat is Colocolo. Other names are straw cat, mountain cat, Bergozelot, pajonal cat.

Occurrence: Peru , Bolivia , Chile , Argentina (up to the Strait of Magellan ). Declining everywhere.

The hair of the Colocolo is tight, without shine. On the backbone, the hair is longer and forms a mane. The basic color is light gray (silver-gray), it changes depending on the area of distribution to light yellowish-white, sometimes dark brown, gray-brown or gray-yellow. The tail is thick and bushy hairy with reddish brown rings. Sometimes the fur has stippling distributed over the whole body, sometimes only on the sides or underside. The pampas cat has a head body length of about 70 centimeters and a tail length of about 30 centimeters.

The coat was in the fur trade unpopular, but were sometimes batches of the same mixed among the other varieties (before 1925).

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies the Colocolo as “Near Threatened”.

Protection status:

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention, Appendix II; according to EC regulation 750/2013 appendix B.

Leopardus colocolo , specially protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Jaguarundi

Jaguarundi
Various Jaguarundi variants

Occurrence: Texas to Paraguay and northern Argentina .

The fur of the jaguarundi or the weasel cat is short-haired; the coloration is dark red, dark and gray brown (Jaguarundi) and fox red (Eyra). The Mexican species is slightly lighter in color. The markings of other cats are in the Jaguarundi in each hair, which is divided into ring zones of changing colors (banded). The young animals have spots at birth that disappear over time. Both color phases can be found next to each other in the same litter. Overall, the Jaguarundi has a uniform coat color compared to other cats. The animal is slender, the head body length is about 50 to 60 centimeters, the tail is about 50 centimeters long.

The hide was of little value; only a few hides came on the market.

Protection status:

Puma yagouaroundi , strictly protected under the Washington Convention, Appendix I. Populations of Central and North America only; all other populations are listed in Appendix II (specially protected).

According to EC regulation 750/2013 Appendix A and strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act. Only the populations of Central and North America; all other populations are listed in Appendix B (specially protected).

Felidae spp. , specially protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: initial listing and maximum protection since June 20, 1976. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Additional note: Only the populations of Central and North America are protected under Appendix I WA and Appendix A. These have already been protected as subspecies Herpailurus yaguarondi cacomitli , Herpailurus yaguarondi fossata , Herpailurus yaguarondi panamensis and Herpailurus yaguarondi tolteca since June 20, 1976 in Appendix I WA, whereby Felis was initially used as the generic name instead of Herpailurus .

Spread over several continents

Black cat

Specimen of a black cat

Also African wildcat, boot lynx.

Occurrence: In Europe on Sardinia , Sicily , Crete and on the Balearic Islands . In Africa in Algeria to the Cape , except in full deserts and rain forests.

The black cat is very similar in appearance to the (short-haired) house cats. According to the large area of distribution, the basic color varies very strongly. The color tones that give the "Falf" cat its name range from pale light cream to light sand yellow. The ventral side is lighter, whitish or light orange, the chin is white. The spotting is like that of the Asiatic wildcat , sometimes it also has a stripe pattern, but very faded, so that the pattern is sometimes not visible on the fur. The midline of the back is significantly darker. The fur is soft and the hair is often black at the tips with a lighter lower area. The slim fur is slightly larger than that of the house cat, the length from head to tail is about 50 centimeters, the length of the long, thin tail is 25 centimeters. In contrast to the European wildcat , the stripe pattern is less clear, the legs are longer-legged.

Since the wild cat is one of the most common cats, they will be in the red list of the IUCN since 2002 as "not at risk" ( "Least Concern").

Protection status:

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species Appendix II.

Felis silvestris (felis silvestris lybica) , according to the EC regulation 750/2013 appendix A as well as according to the FFH guideline EG 2013/17 appendix IV; strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980. Maximum protection since June 1, 1997.

Pipe cat

Cane cats, right with leopard print

Also swamp curse, swamp cat, jungle cat, Chaus. Was partly in the fur trade as "Samacha".

Occurrence: In Africa on the lower Nile . In Asia in the Near East , Transcaucasia , Turkmenia to India , Burma , Siam , Ceylon .

According to H ALTENORTH , the tube or jungle cat differs outwardly from the wildcats in the narrower sense in that they are more tall, taller , have a relatively shorter tail and around four to eight black rings on the tail, open on the underside, and a black tail tip. The hair of the pipe cat is yellowish brown, partly grayish. Except for the legs and the rings on the tail, she has no stains. The light brown children's fur is more similar to the wild cats, it is drawn with contrasting black stripes and spots until it fades so far that the drawing in the adult animal is only clearly visible on the extremities. In India and Pakistan there are sometimes very black animals. At the end of the ears there are black tufts of hair that are reminiscent of a lynx, hence the name swamp curse. The body size of tube cats in the west and east of their range varies considerably.

The upper hair is long, relatively hard and not very dense. The undercoat is soft and dense. There are around 4000 hairs on a square centimeter of the back in winter fur, and only 1700 hairs on the stomach. For every guard hair there are 12 wool hairs on the back and 4 to 5 wool hairs on the stomach. The guard hair on the back is up to 60 millimeters long, on the belly 50 millimeters, the wool hair 30 or 20 millimeters. The hair is changed twice a year, in Transcaucasia, for example, from February to mid-April and September to early November.

The cane cat fur is considered to be of little value for fur processing.

In 2008, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classified the cane cats as "Near Threatened".

Protection status:

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention, Appendix II; according to EC regulation 750/2013 appendix B.

Felis chaus , specially protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Sand cat

Also Sahara cat, desert cat.

Occurrence: In Africa in the Sahara. In Asia in the Arabian desert.

According to its name, the sand cat has sand-yellow hair with a gray veil. The yellow to gray-brown markings are very weak, almost blurred, somewhat stronger on the head, legs and thighs. The throat and chest are white. The underside of the tail, which is ringed two or three times dark brown to black, is lighter, the tip of the tail black. A reddish-orange stripe runs from the eyes over the cheeks. The front legs are banded slightly dark brown to black at the base, the paws are covered with thick, wiry and matted black tufts of hair. The body hair is of medium length. With a head body length of 45 to 55 centimeters, the sand cat is significantly smaller than the falcon cat or the house cat. The tail length is 30 to 35 centimeters.

The World Animal Welfare Union (IUCN) estimates the population of the sand cat to be less than 50,000 adults and classifies the species as "Near Threatened".

Protection status:

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention, Appendix II; according to EC regulation 750/2013 appendix B.

Felis margarita , specially protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980.

Wild cat

Man with a Wildcat Collar ( Titian , 1514)

European wild cat
European wild cat

Forest wildcat too. The fur of the Russian forest cat was sold as a wooden cat.

Occurrence:

In Europe: Atlantic to Caucasus , Scotland , Corsica , Germany, Russia .

In Asia: In the transition from Russia to Central Asia to the Gobi Desert , Iran , Afghanistan , Balochistan , West Pakistan , Northwest to Central India , here transition to the steppe wildcat.

Forest wildcats and steppe wildcats can be distinguished by their color. Forest wildcats are gray with black-brown to black patterns. The ventral side is yellowish to lightly loose with spots that sometimes combine to form horizontal stripes. Characteristic for all forms of the wild cat are striped patterns on the top of the head and the curling of the tail as well as a lighter underside of the body. There is a narrow, clear eel line on the back. Faint dark longitudinal stripes emanate from the back and the flanks. The rounded tip of the tail is black.

The characteristic of the steppe wildcats is that instead of the tiger-like pattern of the forest wildcat, they have dark spots irregularly distributed over the body. The basic color of forest wildcats is white-gray, cream, sand-colored to straw-yellow, yellow-red or gray-brown on the upper side of the body. The underside is lighter with spots in transverse rows. According to the large distribution area, both subspecies vary considerably. Sometimes the pattern is blurred, sometimes the banding is more prominent. Black colorations are known from different areas of the distribution area.

The hair length and density and the formation of the undercoat depend to a large extent on the climatic living conditions. While the guard hair length of forest cats is 55 to 60 millimeters in winter fur and 45 to 60 millimeters in summer fur, it is only 51 millimeters in steppe cats, for example. The woolly hair of the steppe cat is about 20 millimeters shorter than that of the wild cat. They are even shorter at 35 millimeters in the West African black cats . While there are around 3500 hairs per square centimeter of the steppe cat, there are almost 9000 hairs in the forest cat.

The hair length of the wild cats is almost the same all over their body. This makes the tail appear thick and bushy. Because the hair at the end of the tail does not shorten, it looks choppy. This is how the wild cat can be distinguished from the house cat and from hybrids . The hair is changed twice a year.

A hunting book from the 18th century reports on the use of wild cat fur for weight loss: "Their fur is better for pelting / than the fox hides / while it does not lose the hair / good for lining for corpulent people / because it is supposed to consume." 1767 added the Augsburg animal painter JE Ridinger to a picture of a wild cat family the following verse with a further health benefit: "If the animal is now very harmful / is it more useful than you think / which we should recognize / because as soon as it is rubbed / is with its colorful bellows large traders / because they are not only worn in winter against the severe cold / but also have wonderful powers against rivers ”.

The fur was of little value. It was made into women's and children's fur coats, sometimes valuable, especially in the first half of the 20th century was Sealskin imitates it.

Since the wildcat is one of the most widespread cats, it has been listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as "Least Concern" since 2002.

Protection status: Protected in Germany.

Felidae spp. , protected according to the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species Appendix II.

Felis silvestris ( felis silvestris silvestris ), protected; according to EC regulation 750/2013 Appendix A; according to the Habitats Directive EC 2013/17 Annex IV; strictly protected according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act.

Detailed protection data: First listing since April 24, 1977. Particularly protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act since August 31, 1980. Maximum protection since June 1, 1997.

Numbers and facts

Before 1914 , before the First World War , German companies in Ulaanbaatar (then Urga), Mongolia, sold large quantities of manual fur , which cost around 8 marks. In 1925 , they cost around twice as much .

Before 1925 , at least 8,000 to 10,000 tiger cat skins (old Latin name: Gatos montese ) were sold annually from Argentina. Before the First World War, the skin cost 2 marks, in 1925 around 5 to 6 marks.

Before 1925 were Servalfelle ever " no no regular article of commerce when such come to the market, bring the piece 3 to 8 marks. "

A splendid African shield for a high dignitary who was also a successful hunter. Amhara 19th century. With serval skin (museum information , but according to the skin drawing it is more like a small ocelot skin or peludo skin , both South America)

Body lengths of small wild cats

1963 , body lengths of small wild cats . The dimensions were taken from the literature by W EIGEL . However, they do not always refer to values determined on the carcass, but to some extent to measurements on the fur. It is possible that longer lengths were sometimes measured through previous stretching:

Historical names historical Latin names	Length of head body cm	Tail length cm		Length of head body cm	Tail length cm
Andean cat = night cat = Chilean forest cat Felis guigna Molina, 1782	40-48	17-25	Pampas cat = straw cat = Bergozelot Felis pajeros Desmarest, 1816	50-80	25-30
Mountain cat Felis jacobita Cornelia, 1856	65–80 (85?)	40-47	Pipe cat = swamp bog Felis chaus Güldenstaedt, 1776	60-75	21-33
Pale cat = gray cat Felis habeni Milne-Edwards, 1892	68-85	29-33	Rusty cat Felis rubiginosa Geoffroy, 1831	38-48	20-30
Bush cat = Geoffroy cat Felis Geoffroy D'Orbigny & Gervais, 1843	42-60	25-33	Sahara cat Felis margarita Loche, 1858	40-45	25-28
Black cat Felis silvestris Schreber, 1977, ocreata group (the black cats of Abyssinia are particularly large)	43-70	23-40	Sand cat = Barchan cat Felis thinobia (Ognev, 1927)	46-57	29-35
Fish cat Felis viverrinus Benett, 1833	60-80	25-30	Serval and serval cat Felis serval Schreber, 1776	75-100	20-35
Flathead Cat, Felis planiceps Vigors & Horsfield, 1827	40-50	13-15	Decorative cat = Bengal cat, Felis bengalensis Kerr, 1792	40-55	20-37
Golden cat Felis aurata, Temminck, 1827	80-95	30-40	Black-footed Cat Felis nigripes Burchell, 1822	34-45	14-20
Small-eared tiger, Felis bengalensis emptilura Elliott, 1871	40-55	35-37	Temminck cat = Asian golden cat Felis temmincki Vigors & Horsfield, 1827	65-83	40-50
Manul Felis manul Pallas, 1776	50-65	21-25	Tiger cat = Maracaya = Margay Felis tigrina Schreber, 1777	45–70 (80?)	35-50
Marble Cat = Marble Cat Felis marmorata Martin, 1836	45-58	48-55	Wildcat = forest cat Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777, silvestris group	45-70	26-37
Ocelot Felis pardalis Linnaeus 1758	63-97	27-40	Desert cat = steppe cat Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777, Ornata group	45-70	23-37
Ocelot cat = Oncille Felis pardinoides Gray, 1867	45-55	25-40	Yaguarundi = Eyra = weasel cat Felis yaguaroundi Geoffroy, 1803	50-80	50-60

annotation

↑ The specified comparative values ( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The figures are not unambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of durability in practice, there are also influences from fur dressing and fur finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case . More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis. The division was made in steps of 10 percent each. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.
↑ The information for a body was only given to make it easier to compare the types of fur. In fact, bodies were only produced for small (up to about muskrat size ) and for common types of fur, and also for pieces of fur , especially Bengal cats from Chinese production in the wild cats. The following dimensions for a coat body were taken as a basis: body = height 112 cm, width below 160 cm, width above 140 cm, sleeves = 60 × 140 cm.

supporting documents

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi Christian Franke / Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel ´s Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 . 10. revised and supplemented new edition, Rifra-Verlag Murrhardt, pp. 102-107.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The small cats . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. XXI / New Series, 1962 No. 6, pp. 248-251.

↑ Paul Schöps; H. Brauckhoff, K. Häse, Richard König ; W. Straube-Daiber: The durability coefficient of fur skins . In: Das Pelzgewerbe , Volume XV, New Series, 1964, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin, Frankfurt / Main, Leipzig, Vienna, pp. 56–58.

↑ Legal definition § 7 Paragraph 2 No. 13 BNatSchG, ie. u. a. as listed in Appendix B of the EU Species Protection Regulation. "Strictly protected" in the sense of the BNatSchG is in § 7 para. 2 no. 14 BNatSchG (among others) defined as a species that is specially protected and is also listed in Appendix A to (Art. 8 Para. 3 a)) EC Species Protection Regulation; she therefore enjoys higher protection u. a. With a punishable ban on the marketing of products (skins).

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Wisia-online Federal Agency for Nature Conservation . Last accessed November 12, 2014.

↑ German Encyclopedia or General Real Dictionary of all Arts and Sciences: Kam - Kep, Volume 19 (Google eBook) , p. 356.

^ Alfred Erler: South American tobacco products . In: Rauchwarenkunde. Eleven lectures on the product knowledge of the fur trade . Leipzig 1931, p. 55.

↑ Paul Schöps among others: The material requirement for fur clothing . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. XVI / New Series 1965 No. 1, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al., Pp. 7-12.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialist scientists: Pelztieratlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 208-209.

↑ Richard König : An interesting lecture (report on the trade in Chinese, Mongolian, Manchurian and Japanese tobacco products). In: Die Pelzwirtschaft No. 47, 1952, p. 49.

↑ ^a ^b Arthur Samet: Pictorial Encyclopedia of Furs . Arthur Samet (Book Division), New York 1950, p. 337. (Eng.)

↑ news.google.com: The Pittsburgh Press , Oct. 7, 1932 (advert by Sears, Roebuck & Co.). Retrieved January 15, 2015

↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Last accessed November 19, 2013.

^ Sunquist, M., Sunquist, F. (2002): Wild Cats of the World . University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Pp. 241-245. (engl.)

↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Last accessed November 19, 2014.

↑ Volunteers collect important new information about rare and threatened Pallas cats. In: Biosphere Expeditions. February 26, 2013, accessed February 27, 2013 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialist scientists: Pelztieratlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 301-302.

↑ [1] Last accessed November 21, 2014.

↑ Tej Kumar Shrestha: Wildlife of Nepal - A Study of Renewable Resources of Nepal Himalayas. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 2003, p. 144. ISBN 99933-59-02-5 .

↑ Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XIX. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1950. Keyword “Marmelkatze”.

↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Last accessed November 19, 2013.

^ Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, 2009, ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1 , p. 161.

^ Mel Sunquist and Fiona Sunquist (2002): Wild Cats of the World . The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-77999-8 . Pp. 52-56

↑ Allen, GM (1938): The mammals of China and Mongolia. New York: American Museum of Natural History.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 197-198.

^ Author collective: Der Kürschner. Technical and textbook for the furrier trade. 2nd revised edition. Published by the Vocational Training Committee of the Central Association of the Furrier Trade, JP Bachem Publishing House, Cologne 1956, p. 232.

↑ ^a ^b Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the assistance of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 209-211.

↑ ^a ^b Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the assistance of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 202-203.

↑ Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XXI. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1951. Keyword “Serval”.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Emil Brass : From the realm of fur . 2nd improved edition, publisher of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1925, pp. 772–473 (Yaguarundi), 490-505 (Serval; South American, Asiatic tiger cats).

↑ ^a ^b ^c Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialist scientists: Pelztieratlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, p. 199.

^ Sliwa, A. (2008) Felis nigripes. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Felis nigripes

↑ Sliwa, A. (2004) Home range size and social organization of black-footed cats (Felis nigripes). Mammalian Biology 69 (2): 96-107

↑ Heinrich Dathe, Paul Schöps: Feline predators . In: Das Pelzgewerbe No. 4, 1951, supplement to the magazine Hermelin , Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, p. 12

↑ ^a ^b Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the assistance of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 213-214.

↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/

↑ ^a ^b Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the assistance of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 212-213.

↑ Hans Petzsch: The cats . J. Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen, Basel, Vienna, 1969, pp. 142-143

↑ ^a ^b Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XVIII. Tape. Alexander Tuma publishing house, Vienna 1949. Keyword “Jaguarindi”.

↑ Nobuyuki Yamaguchi, Carlos A. Driscoll, Andrew C. Kitchener & Jennifer M. Ward: Craniological differentiation between European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris), African wildcats (F. s. Lybica) and Asian wildcats (F. s. Ornata): Implications for their evolution and conservation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 83, 47-63, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.2004.00372.x

^ ^A ^b Driscoll, C., Nowell, K. (2010) Felis silvestris . In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2.

↑ Ernst Rühmekorf: keeping and breeding of the swamp curse . In: Das Pelzgewerbe, Vol. XIX New Series, 1968 Issue No. 4, pp. 22–24. Primary source Th. Haltorth: The wild cats of the old world , Leipzig 1953.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialist scientists: Pelztieratlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 200-201.

↑ Mukherjee, S., Groves, C. (2007) Geographic variation in jungle cat (Felis chaus Schreber, 1777) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) body size: is competition responsible? ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 276 kB) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 92: 163–172. @1@ 2

↑ Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and fur . FC Mayer Verlag, Munich 1970, p. 168.

↑ Ingrid Weigel: The body lengths of small cats . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. XIV / New Series, 1963 No. 4 and 5, pp. 135-136.

[Anmerkung1-3] The specified comparative values ( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The figures are not unambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of durability in practice, there are also influences from fur dressing and fur finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case . More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis. The division was made in steps of 10 percent each. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.

[Anmerkung2-10] The information for a body was only given to make it easier to compare the types of fur. In fact, bodies were only produced for small (up to about muskrat size ) and for common types of fur, and also for pieces of fur , especially Bengal cats from Chinese production in the wild cats. The following dimensions for a coat body were taken as a basis: body = height 112 cm, width below 160 cm, width above 140 cm, sleeves = 60 × 140 cm.

[Fränkel-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi Christian Franke / Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel ´s Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 . 10. revised and supplemented new edition, Rifra-Verlag Murrhardt, pp. 102-107.

[Schöps/Häse-2] Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The small cats . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. XXI / New Series, 1962 No. 6, pp. 248-251.

[Haltbarkeitskoeffizient-4] Paul Schöps; H. Brauckhoff, K. Häse, Richard König ; W. Straube-Daiber: The durability coefficient of fur skins . In: Das Pelzgewerbe , Volume XV, New Series, 1964, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin, Frankfurt / Main, Leipzig, Vienna, pp. 56–58.

[5] Legal definition § 7 Paragraph 2 No. 13 BNatSchG, ie. u. a. as listed in Appendix B of the EU Species Protection Regulation. "Strictly protected" in the sense of the BNatSchG is in § 7 para. 2 no. 14 BNatSchG (among others) defined as a species that is specially protected and is also listed in Appendix A to (Art. 8 Para. 3 a)) EC Species Protection Regulation; she therefore enjoys higher protection u. a. With a punishable ban on the marketing of products (skins).

[wisia-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Wisia-online Federal Agency for Nature Conservation . Last accessed November 12, 2014.

[7] German Encyclopedia or General Real Dictionary of all Arts and Sciences: Kam - Kep, Volume 19 (Google eBook) , p. 356.

[8] Alfred Erler: South American tobacco products . In: Rauchwarenkunde. Eleven lectures on the product knowledge of the fur trade . Leipzig 1931, p. 55.

[Materialbedarf-9] Paul Schöps among others: The material requirement for fur clothing . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. XVI / New Series 1965 No. 1, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al., Pp. 7-12.

[Pelztieratlas_Bengalkatze-11] Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialist scientists: Pelztieratlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 208-209.

[König-12] Richard König : An interesting lecture (report on the trade in Chinese, Mongolian, Manchurian and Japanese tobacco products). In: Die Pelzwirtschaft No. 47, 1952, p. 49.

[Pictorial-13] Arthur Samet: Pictorial Encyclopedia of Furs . Arthur Samet (Book Division), New York 1950, p. 337. (Eng.)

[14] ws.google.com: The Pittsburgh Press , Oct. 7, 1932 (advert by Sears, Roebuck & Co.). Retrieved January 15, 2015

[15] ttp://www.iucnredlist.org/ Last accessed November 19, 2013.

[WCoW-16] Sunquist, M., Sunquist, F. (2002): Wild Cats of the World . University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Pp. 241-245. (engl.)

[17] ttp://www.iucnredlist.org/ Last accessed November 19, 2014.

[18] ttp://www.iucnredlist.org/ Last accessed November 19, 2014.

[19] Volunteers collect important new information about rare and threatened Pallas cats. In: Biosphere Expeditions. February 26, 2013, accessed February 27, 2013 .

[Pelztieratlas_Manul-20] Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialist scientists: Pelztieratlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 301-302.

[21] [1] Last accessed November 21, 2014.

[22] Tej Kumar Shrestha: Wildlife of Nepal - A Study of Renewable Resources of Nepal Himalayas. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 2003, p. 144. ISBN 99933-59-02-5 .

[Pelzlexikon_XIX-23] Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XIX. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1950. Keyword “Marmelkatze”.

[24] ttp://www.iucnredlist.org/ Last accessed November 19, 2013.

[25] Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, 2009, ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1 , p. 161.

[wcow02-26] Mel Sunquist and Fiona Sunquist (2002): Wild Cats of the World . The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-77999-8 . Pp. 52-56

[27] Allen, GM (1938): The mammals of China and Mongolia. New York: American Museum of Natural History.

[Pelztieratlas_Wildkatze-28] Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 197-198.

[Kürschner-29] Author collective: Der Kürschner. Technical and textbook for the furrier trade. 2nd revised edition. Published by the Vocational Training Committee of the Central Association of the Furrier Trade, JP Bachem Publishing House, Cologne 1956, p. 232.

[Pelztieratlas_Afrikanische_Goldkatze-30] Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the assistance of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 209-211.

[Pelztieratlas_Serval-31] Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the assistance of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 202-203.

[Pelzlexikon_XXI-32] Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XXI. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1951. Keyword “Serval”.

[Brass_1925-33] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Emil Brass : From the realm of fur . 2nd improved edition, publisher of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1925, pp. 772–473 (Yaguarundi), 490-505 (Serval; South American, Asiatic tiger cats).

[Pelztieratlas_Schwarzfußkatze-34] Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialist scientists: Pelztieratlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, p. 199.

[sliwa2008-35] Sliwa, A. (2008) Felis nigripes. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Felis nigripes

[sliwa2004-36] Sliwa, A. (2004) Home range size and social organization of black-footed cats (Felis nigripes). Mammalian Biology 69 (2): 96-107

[37] Heinrich Dathe, Paul Schöps: Feline predators . In: Das Pelzgewerbe No. 4, 1951, supplement to the magazine Hermelin , Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, p. 12

[Pelztieratlas_Salzkatze-38] Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the assistance of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 213-214.

[39] ttp://www.iucnredlist.org/

[Pelztieratlas_Langschwanzkatze-40] Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the assistance of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 212-213.

[Petzsch-41] Hans Petzsch: The cats . J. Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen, Basel, Vienna, 1969, pp. 142-143

[Pelzlexikon_XVIII-42] Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XVIII. Tape. Alexander Tuma publishing house, Vienna 1949. Keyword “Jaguarindi”.

[43] Nobuyuki Yamaguchi, Carlos A. Driscoll, Andrew C. Kitchener & Jennifer M. Ward: Craniological differentiation between European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris), African wildcats (F. s. Lybica) and Asian wildcats (F. s. Ornata): Implications for their evolution and conservation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 83, 47-63, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.2004.00372.x

[iucn-44] A ^b Driscoll, C., Nowell, K. (2010) Felis silvestris . In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2.

[45] Ernst Rühmekorf: keeping and breeding of the swamp curse . In: Das Pelzgewerbe, Vol. XIX New Series, 1968 Issue No. 4, pp. 22–24. Primary source Th. Haltorth: The wild cats of the old world , Leipzig 1953.

[Pelztieratlas_Sumpfluchs-46] Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialist scientists: Pelztieratlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 200-201.

Wild cat fur

contents

history

processing

Hairiness

Asia

Bengal cat

Borneo golden cat

Fish cat

Gobi cat

Manul

Marble cat

Rust cat

Asiatic golden cat

Asiatic wild cat

Africa

African golden cat

Serval

Pardel roller or stain roller

Black-footed cat

Middle and South America

Chilean forest cat

Mountain cat, Andean cat

Little spotted cat

Long-tailed cat, peludo

ocelot

Ocelot cat, tiger cat

Pampas cat, Colocolo

Jaguarundi

Spread over several continents

Black cat

Pipe cat

Sand cat

Wild cat

Numbers and facts

Body lengths of small wild cats

annotation

See also

supporting documents