Lynx fur

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  • Canadian lynx

  • The back fur

  • The ventral side with dewlap

Lynx skins are usually not traded under the species name, but only as lynxes , depending on their origin Canadian , North American , Russian or Mongolian lynx as well as lynx cats or bobcats ( bobcats ). The economic importance of the skins for the fur trade is very different depending on the origin and thus the appearance, the skins of the most beautiful lynx species have always been among the most valuable types of fur . The pattern of spots and stripes also varies greatly within the populations. Lynx are one of the few furs in which the peritoneum is considered more valuable than that of the back. The soft-haired lynx fur is also characterized by the long legs with impressively large paws, the stumpy tail and the eye-catching hairbrushes up to four centimeters long over the large ears and the pronounced whiskers, especially in the American species. The front legs are shorter than the rear legs, and vary in strength depending on the species.

Most lynx species are subject to the trade restrictions of the Washington Convention, Section II.

General

Like many other types of fur, lynx skins are sold in a rounded shape, which means that the skin is not cut lengthways on the belly side. In the case of the lynx, this is particularly important, as the valuable peritoneum, the long-haired light dewlap, is not damaged. In the modern age, however, only the back of the lynx was used for a short time until around 1930, which is currently hardly valued. On paintings from the late Middle Ages and thereafter, it can be seen that at that time, as now, the dewlap was viewed as more attractive and therefore probably more valuable, as it was placed conspicuously on the edges by the furriers in trimmings and trimmings. The particularly high price of individual lynx or lynx cat furs today is due to the fact that only or almost only the dewlap in the clearest possible color (white with dark spots) is used, which is also significantly narrower than the part of the fur marked with the back, which is also the Includes animal pages. Usually, the back and dewlap are processed separately for large-scale clothing (coats and jackets), with more or less of the darker back remaining on the dewlap, depending on the price range and different fashion requirements.

Common lynx or northern lynx

  • Little Lynxcape (2010)

  • Lynx boots, with a furrier on the Königsallee in Düsseldorf (2010)

Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands with a sled blanket made of lynx skin (1940)

The fur of the common lynx is about 1.00 to 1.30 m long, the tail about 15 to 24 cm. The color varies according to the large number of occurrences, the basic color is usually a whitish interspersed reddish gray. The red and gray-brown dot markings alternate strongly. The sides of the fur, the inside of the legs and the front neck are white. Almost the rear half of the tail is black, with black bands towards the roots. The guard hairs are more often white-gray or very dark, tipped black. The summer pelts are more reddish, the winter pelts more gray-white. In addition to heavily spotted lynxes, there are also almost unpatterned lynxes on the back and sides.

The upper hair is of medium length, silky to coarse and relatively dense. The lower hair is very wavy. The Central Russian lynx has around 9,000 hairs on a square centimeter of the back and around 4,600 hairs on the belly. There are 12 to 13 wool hairs per guard hair. The undercoat is soft and dense, the dewlap is more long-haired and less dense, the tail is evenly haired. The outer hairs on the back are 31 to 51 millimeters long, on the belly 50 to 70 millimeters, the wool hairs are 31 and 41 millimeters respectively. The ear brushes are made up of hair up to 4 centimeters long. Twice a year there is a significant hair change, between April and September and October to November.

The durability coefficient for all lynx and lynx cat species specified in accordance with broad experience with 50 to 60 percent. An American study classified lynx fur at 25 percent based on microscopic hair examinations.

When fur animals are divided into the fineness classes silky, fine, medium-fine, coarse and hard, the hair of the Canadian lynx is classified as silky, that of the European and Asian lynx as fine.

Skins from Northern Europe are smoke , especially in the dewlap. They are reddish gray and have black, sometimes light brown spots. In Scandinavia the spotted "cat lynx", the almost unpatterned "wolf lynx" are called.

From European Russia, the Urals, the Caucasus and southwestern Siberia, there are also reddish-gray skins with very long-haired, white dewlaps and black-spotted backs. The skins from northern Siberia are very densely haired, the back is light gray to yellowish, with deep dark brown spots. The dewlap is very light, spotted black. From other Siberian areas there are very small, reddish-white skins with strong reddish spots, the summer coat has almost no markings.

  • The Russian standard distinguishes:
By origin: Siberian, Northern, Caucasian
By size: large, medium, small, divided into slightly damaged, heavily damaged and brackish goods.

The skins from Turkestan, Central Asia, Mongolia and China are very small, mostly reddish, with more or less distinct spots.

The reddish European lynx was also called calf lynx by furriers at least in the 19th century .

The skins are delivered in the form of a bag, opened through a cross section between the hind legs, usually with the hair facing outwards.

The lynx fur attack is not significant. In 1987 the Russian fur trading company Sojuzpushnina offered 2,500 skins.

The species as a whole is considered to be only marginally endangered according to the IUCN . However, the Eurasian lynx is listed in Appendix A of the EC regulation. This means that it has been subject to an EU- wide trade ban since June 1, 1997 , although it is still listed in Appendix II of the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species (regulated use) under international species protection law .

  • Lynx trim on Skunk coat (1900)

  • Lynx jacket (1939)

  • The Frankfurt furrier Feilitsch with two lynx coats, on the left only made from lynx dewlap (approx. 1980)

  • Canadian lynx trimming on silk lamb jacket (2005)

Arctic lynx

The arctic lynx or Canadian lynx lives primarily in boreal North America. The distribution area extends south to the Great Lakes and Pennsylvania , west to the Rocky Mountains and Oregon . It is most common in the York Fort District (e.g. Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba).

Auction assortments of Canadian origins
(YF, EB, MR, LS, NW, AL, Canadian)
Sizes: exlarge over 100 cm
large 90 to 100 cm
medium 80 to 90 cm
small under 80 cm
Sorts: I, I & No. 2, II, III, IV, lowgrades, damaged, badly, damaged, stained
Colours: silvery, silver clear, clear
Assortment of Hudson's Bay and Annings Ltd., London
Come here: Canadian, USA
Sizes: exlarge, large, medium, small
Sorts: I, I & II, III, damaged, specimen
Russian standard (as of 1951)
Siberian, Northern, Caucasian
Sizes: large, medium, small
Qualities: 1st variety with full hair
2nd variety less full-haired
3rd variety half-haired
4th variety thin

Its fur is 90 to 115 centimeters long, the tail 13 centimeters. The basic color is reddish brown or silver gray with slightly protruding blackish brown spots on the sides and outside of the legs. The almost spotless dewlap is dirty white to dark gray. The tail is banded reddish to yellowish white on the upper side with a black tip, the underside is uniformly bright yellow.

The hair on the back is thick and silky soft and about 3 inches long. The soft dewlap hair, on the other hand, has a length of almost 10 centimeters. The arctic lynx has the most impressive fur of the lynx family and is therefore usually rated the highest. The finest qualities are Alaska and York Fort (YF) (silver lynx). From Alaska, the Hudson Bay Territories, Maine and northern Minnesota come large, very silky and dense, silver-white furs. Québec , Ontario , Nova Scotia and Labrador produce small, silky to very silky, mostly blue-gray skins. Manitoba , Saskatchewan and Alberta are larger but coarser in the hair, light gray, those from British Columbia (Coast) are even larger, coarse in the hair, dark gray with a dark undercoat.

The North American attack of lynx pelts in 1987 was around 25,000, of which around 6,000 were from Canada.

What is striking for the trade is the periodically strong change in fur attacks. For three consecutive years the supply is low. In the following years up to the seventh year, twice as many skins are available than in the previous year. In the eighth year the number remains constant. In the following three years, the annual supply will be half of the previous year's amount. The cause of these fluctuations is related to the change in mass of the polar hare (White Hare). If epidemics break out among their main game, the starving female lynx do not throw during this time.

The raw fur is delivered in bag form, usually with the hair facing outwards, with some Canadian varieties with the leather facing outwards.

Bobcat, lynx cat or bobcat

Canadian lynx cat skins

The size of the bobcat decreases too significantly to the south, the bobcat living in the United States (southernmost Canada to occasionally Mexico) is smaller than the northern lynx of Canada. The fur is 65 to 95 centimeters long, the tail 13 to 19 centimeters, males are larger than females. The largest pelts are as big as a small lynx, the smallest hardly bigger than a wild cat pelt. The fur designation in the trade is usually lynx cat or bobcat , even if there are no lynx "cats" in the zoological system.

In the trade, the name Bobcat, for the better lynx cat, had prevailed for the smaller varieties. Since it was difficult to define the so-called honest product name based on color, a commission of experts decided in 1984: “The bobcat can also be sold under the old zoological name“ Bobcat ”; as a lynx cat only if the hair length in the middle of the cross - measured between grunt and dewlap - is two centimeters or more ”. Another specialist publication states: “The experts agreed that the term“ Bobcat ”should no longer be used in Germany. The bobcat (lynx rufus), which has hitherto been offered from the northern regions as the “lynx cat” and from the south as the “bobcat”, is now - regardless of its origin - either under the zoological name “bobcat” or under the trade name “lynx cat " traded".

The basic color is red or reddish brown, but varies considerably depending on the origin. The spots are also very different, in skins from Texas they are very clear, in the mountain bobcats they are less distinct. The belly is more or less whitish. The tail has the body color only at the root and is otherwise mainly black, usually with a white tip. The hair is like the lynx, but short-haired, partly flat. The hair density and hair length vary according to their origin.

The following origins are distinguished in the fur trade: The Bay bobcat from the eastern states of the USA from Maine to South Georgia and west to North Dakota ; the Florida bobcat in Florida north to Georgia, west to Louisiana ; the Texas bobcat in eastern and southern Texas ; the California bobcat in California west of the desert areas; the desert bobcat in the deserts of eastern California to southern Arizona ; and the mountain bobcat in the mountains of Wyoming , Colorado , Utah and New Mexico .

The Canadian trapper has to keep a record of the controlled catch and seal the skins individually for later proof of origin (around 1982)
  • According to origin:
Eastern USA (Maine, South Georgia to North Dakota): fur brownish to pale gray, brown speckled with black or black-brown lines, whitish underside, brownish blurred on the neck.
Florida (north to Georgia, west to Louisiana): Darker than eastern North Americans. Upper side with strong admixture of black and without reddish-brown coloring.
Texas : Stronger in color than pieces from eastern North America, markedly spotted. Upper side full of brown bread without any black along the back, densely spotted dewlap.
California : Browner and less spotted than Texas. Reddish brown, strong gray and blackish faded above, darkest along the back zone. Flanks and limbs very yellow-brown; wide, rust-colored gray neck ring, spotted with black.
Eastern California (to Arizona): upper side pale yellowish brown, gray and black speckled, brown to blackish speckled and striped. White ventral side. Tail with about seven black bars.
Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico : Largest species. Relatively long tail, with two black bands on top and a black tip. Upper side of the body mixed with brown, gray and black, without sharply defined markings. Dewlap white, spotted black, throat pale yellowish brown.
  • Qualities:
I = skins free of bluish zones with full, thick winter hair.
II = less dense. Either a bluish spot on the head, a sign that the animal was pelted too early, or a very red zone, a sign that the animal was pelted too late. On closer inspection, there is a bald spot on the head.
III = end of hair pelts.
IV = worthless, heavily shedding skins.

In 1988 there were around 80,000 pelts, of which at most 2000 were from Canada.

While the Mexican population is listed in Appendix I of the Washington Convention , all other populations are listed in Appendix II.

  • For the striped lynx, names are also common in the respective areas, such as Bailey Bobcat, Plateau Bobcat, Barred Bobcat or Pallid Barred Bobcat. The skins are often traded together with the bobcat skins as bobcat. They are similar to the bobcat, the upper and lower hair are silky, but longer-haired than the bobcat and the ear brushes are longer. The head body length is 80 to 92 centimeters, the tail measures 14 to 18.5 centimeters. The back is more or less brown (red to gray) and unspotted. The summer fur is more reddish, the winter fur is gray, the flanks are slightly spotted. The dewlap is white with black spots, the tip of the tail black. The distribution extends in the northwest states of the USA over Washington, Wyoming, California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma as well as Canada in the southwest area of ​​British Columbia.
Come here:
The skins from southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, southern Colorado, Oklahoma, and Texas are large. The color is pale gray and leather brown. The summer fur is sometimes bright red, the winter fur gray. The tail has a blackish and a pale brown band on the side of the black tip.
Hides from northwest California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia are smaller and paler than those from the previous ancestry. They are very colorful. The top is chestnut to rust brown, the back is also speckled black. The legs are dark brown and streaked black. The flanks are paler than the back. The dewlap is white with distinct black spots. Canadian traditions have particularly thick hair.
Northeast California, Nevada, Utah, West, and Colorado deliver even smaller and paler varieties than the previous provenances. The general color is whitish gray.
The delivery is usually in the form of a bag, with the hair facing outwards.
Nothing was known about the fur attack in 1988. The protection status corresponds to that of the lynx cat.

Iberian lynx

Iberian lynx fur

The on the Pyrenees -Halbinsel to Asia Minor, about to the Caucasus, living Iberian lynx is protected in almost all countries. In 1973 and 1974 the hunting of Iberian lynx was banned in Spain and Portugal, now the species seems to be recovering easily. The fur attack was described as extremely low in 1988 . In 1925 it was said: "In Spain, the hide of the hunted lynx, the 'Lobo verval', is mostly used locally, especially by bullfighters, and coachmen, grooms, to decorate their clothes"; elsewhere the gypsies were also mentioned with the same use.

The head body length is about 85 centimeters, the tail is about 15 centimeters long. The fur is colored reddish fawn with rows of black stripes and spots, similar to the serval. The rows of spots are found mainly on the side and back of the body, the spots running along the back are partly elongated and partly arranged in bandages, while the sides are round and those on the thighs, shoulders and legs are small and completely round. There are only small spots on the front legs. The dewlap is monochrome yellowish-white, pale yellow on the sides. At the base of the tail there are small dots, in the last two-thirds three to four half-bands, which are black like the tip of the tail. The hairs are shorter and harder than those of the Nordic lynx and much less woolly in winter. The whiskers are 5 to 8 centimeters long, more pronounced than in the Eurasian lynx.

Desert lynx or caracal (caracal)

Caracal fur

The Turkish name Caracal , German black ear , describes a striking feature of the animal, also known as the desert lynx , probably more related to the golden cat than to the lynx. As a steppe inhabitant, he lives in large areas of Africa and large parts of Asia. The fur is about 65 to 80 centimeters long, the tail length is 25 centimeters, the extremities are longer than that of lynxes. The back color is cinnamon red to pale yellow, the underside reddish white. The upper lip is characterized by a black spot and a cheek strip that extends from the edge of the nose to the eye; the ears and the tufts of ears are black; completely black specimens are also known. The youth dress is first spotted, later without spots.

The medium to long hair is fine to coarse, dense and flat. The hair on the stomach is longer but thinner. There are 4 to 5 wool hairs for every guard hair. In the Turkmen caracal, the back hairs are 32 to 39 millimeters, the abdominal hair 56 to 110 millimeters and the wool hairs 28 and 36 millimeters respectively. The rigid ear brushes reach a length of up to 60 millimeters. The whiskers typical of the lynx are missing.

  • Come here:
Asia
North and Central India : light reddish to reddish brown, isabel yellow, light pale yellow to brownish red. Underside whitish with reddish spots.
Western India : hair thick and soft, isabel to pale red; Underside white. In summer with narrow black spots, which in winter are only blurred on the legs and flanks and not even recognizable on the back. The tip of the tail is black; the soles of the feet are densely hairy.
Africa
East and South Africa : Plain cinnamon red. Underside reddish white; Auricle and auricle black. Black striped tail.
North Africa : Mostly darker.

The caracal is nowhere very common in its homeland, the supply of fur is insignificant (status 1988). The Asian population is listed in Appendix I of the Washington Convention , the African population in Appendix II.

Pipe cat or swamp curse

The African pipe cat , also known as the swamp curse, is nowadays considered to be one of the other wild small cats in the tobacco trade , such as the types of fur known as leopard cats.

The short hair is yellowish brown, partly grayish, unspotted, except for spots on the legs and two or three black tail rings. At the end of the ears there are black tufts that are reminiscent of a lynx. In India and Pakistan there are also completely black specimens. Cane cats were for a time in the trade as "Samacha".

history

Doge with ermine cloak and lynx sponge trimmings (between 1612 and 1615)

Lynx furs have always been a sought-after trade item, especially in the earlier centuries when the occurrence was still very widespread across Europe. According to one assessment, the most valuable pelts of the Middle Ages were sable , black fox and ermine , followed by marten , beaver , in sixth place lynx, then the various species of fox . The lower orders carrying the coat of the brown squirrel , the ordinary agricultural fox , and deer fur , deerskin , rabbit fur and sheepskin . In Persia, 400 to 2000 piasters were paid for the fur for sable and black fox, the lynx was not valued much lower at 300 to 1000 piasters. The much smaller marten skins achieved 50 to 150 piastres, the even smaller ermines in the good qualities 60 to 100 piastres.

For centuries, Venetian merchants conducted worldwide trade, not insignificantly also in furs. As can be seen in paintings from that period, the costumes of the Venetian doges and procurators often included not only the short-haired ermine but also the lush lynx fur.

Lynx pelts were particularly popular in Turkey and China around 1860, and until 1900 they were always processed naturally. In Russia and China they were made into fur lining, in Turkey they were also made into women's furs. In Egypt, especially the best Swedish lynx were processed, there, as in the Austrian states of that time, they were often colored dark brown. The paws were used by the Tatars to trimmed hats. Lynx skins were dyed black around 1925, and demand was particularly high in America at the time.

Caracal skins are said to have been in great demand as a remedy for rheumatism and gout. In 1925 they were hardly ever on the market anymore, only in the “ Kaplande ” they are said to have been used for them at that time.

Refinement, processing

sewn together remnants

Usually the natural-colored, very attractive lynx fur has not been changed by dyeing. Artificial lynx colors in the first half of the 20th century were blue, silver, alaska, slate (a shade of brown), and skunk. Asian varieties were predominantly colored blue and slate. For general refinement, see the main article →  Pelzveredlung .

It has always been used mainly for trimmings and trimmings, and ultimately also for large-scale clothing if there is a corresponding amount of matching skins. Lynx cat skins are made into jackets and coats more often than the longer-haired large lynx. In 1762, in a job description in the “Furrier” chapter, a distinction was made between the lynx cat and the lynx, but without explaining their origins; the use for the lynx cat is given as sleeves in front of the male persons .

Depending on the quality of the dewlap, the price level and the fashionable aspect, the lynx's back is completely, partially or not processed. Otherwise, the furrier processing is essentially the same as the processing of fox skins . However, it must be ensured that the omission shaped O, the lengthening of the skins by V- or cuts, the stains are not destroyed the dewlap. The very fast leather makes it possible to end coats or jackets with a light-colored hem if only part of the back is used. For this, the hind feet, where the white Wammenfärbung continues spanned accordingly during processing (technical terminology, "in the form gezweckt ").

In 1984, according to the fashion of the time, a coat made of Canadian lynx skins was estimated at 12 to 14 skins, and 16 to 18 skins for a lynx cat coat. No fur consumption was given for coats made of only white dewlaps.

In almost all types of fur, as in the case of the lynx, the fur residues that arise during work are also used. In particular, the back of the lynx and the large runs can be processed directly into small parts and trimmings in the workshops. Otherwise, the remains are collected and exported by middlemen almost exclusively to Greece, where they called Panels, bodysuits are prefabricated. The center of leftover recycling has been Kastoria and, a little less known, the nearby town of Siatista .

  • Lynx processing 1895

  • "Lynx to muff, collar and boa"

  • "3 dewlap and 2 back muffle sheets made of 2 skins"

  • "Blanket made of 6 lynx"

Numbers and facts

Dependence of the attack of American lynx fur on the occurrence of hares (hunting result lynx = beige, hare = black)
  • In 1801 the Krünitz Encyclopedia noted : lynx fur, which means all the skins of the various varieties of the lynx from several countries that are used by furriers for feeding and trimming their clothes, as well as for muffins. The lynx fur in Lieland is particularly valued in this regard, especially that of the cat lynx, which is even preferred to the Persian. The fur of the lynx is not so beautiful, and also smaller. The calf lynx also has a less respected coat, although it is somewhat larger. The Russian lynx skins are sold via Archangel and the American ones via London. From Norway you get under the name Goupe or Losse, light gray or white skins marked with black spots, which are slightly smaller than the American ones. Most of them come from Greenland.
  • In 1814 Schedels Warenlexikon wrote that different types of lynx are on the market in St. Petersburg: Loup-cervier, (the smaller variety) , or larger lynx skins, of which the piece is worth 12 rubles on the spot. Likewise, a lesser variety, 6 rubles. A whole fur from such pelts, which are very nicely tied, costs up to 200 rubles. A fur made up of nothing but back pieces 60 rubles. A fur of all front paws 80 rubles. Chat-cervies or the smaller variety, counts as piece 6 R. The lynx skins from America are less valued. Incidentally, the whiter and longer the hair of this fur, the higher the price of the goods. They are often used to make sleeves, trims, and the like.
Seizure 1864 1910 1928
Europe 9,000 5,000 3,000
Asia 15,000 10,000 5,000
  • In 1864 the Hudson's Bay Company equated the exchange value of a North American lynx skin with a beaver or silver fox skin, the equivalent of 12 English shillings. For example, for 20 skins an Indian received a rifle.
Lomer put the number of Siberian lynx skins on the market annually as 15,000, the Russian as 9,000. 4 thalers were paid for American lynx, and up to 16 thalers for the most beautiful Swedish ones.
Lomer also writes: “ Kiachta , Russian border town, opposite the Chinese city of Maimachin, where trade with China is mediated; Russian, especially Moscow merchants take caravans there on long journeys over land: squirrels, otters, beavers, sea otters, fur seals, foxes, lynxes, fox and lynx paws [!] , cats and a large number of lambskins, all in all for about one and a half million silver rubles to exchange for tea ”.
  • In 1910 , the price of North American lynx skins had risen sharply due to the strong demand that had occurred. In 1910 , 160 marks were paid for excellent skins, four times as much as before.
Smoke lynx cat skins suitable for dyeing cost 30 marks at the time, while flat goods suitable for blankets cost 3 to 8 marks per hide. However, these were exceptional prices, usually between 2 and 10 marks, depending on the quality.
  • In 1911 Brass mentions a species related to the swamp curse that lives in northern Central Asia and the cane forests of southern Siberia, which is characterized by lynx-like drawing with blurred spots, with numerous fine black rings around its tail. Hardly more than about 1000 pieces a year are likely to have come on the market, the value was about 6 to 8 marks each.
  • In 1925 the price for excellent lynx skins was around 100 to 200 marks.
Lynx cat skins cost between 8 and 25 marks around 1925.
At the time, Brass estimated the number of lynx skins coming onto the market from Europe, Russia and Siberia , with considerable uncertainty, at probably no more than 20,000 to 25,000 pieces annually, 10,000 of them from southern Europe, Asia Minor, etc.
500 to 600 pelts of the Iberian lynx are said to have entered the market at the time, but only in Spain itself. In contrast, numerous pelts came into world trade from Greece, the Balkan countries and Turkey, the majority of which were used for feed. Because of the high prices in the meantime, the Orient has been displaced somewhat as a previous good buyer at Leipziger Brühl .
Karakalfelle came in 1925 no longer almost in the trade.
  • Before 1944 the maximum price for lynx fur, natural or colored, was RM 235.
  • In 1984 , 301 Russian lynx skins were offered at the July auction in Leningrad, 100 of which were "usable". The top price for a raw hide was US $ 3,600, the buyer was the American department store company Niemann-Marcus. Raw Canadian lynx skins were traded in Frankfurt am Main for $ 260 to $ 600. Flat-haired lynx cats cost $ 75 at American auctions, a good $ 200 each. Heavy goods peaked at $ 285. Lynx cats were called a "fairly German article" at the time. The wholesale prices for jackets made from American lynx cat skins at a Frankfurt garment manufacturer were between 5,000 and 8,000 and coats between 8,000 and 15,000 marks. At a top German furrier with exclusive in-house production in a prime city location, coats made from Canadian lynx were sold at retail prices of 33,000 to 45,000. Lynx cat coats made of US and Canadian material were sold mainly in the price range of 28,000 to 48,000 DM. His most expensive item was a Siberian lynx coat for around 80,000 marks.

annotation

  1. ↑ The specified comparative values ​​( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The figures are ambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of shelf life in practice, there are also influences from tanning and finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case. More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis.
    The division was made in steps of 10 percent each. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.

See also

Commons : Lynx Skins  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Clothing made from lynx skins  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Lynx Skin Processing  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps: The lynx . In: Das Pelzgewerbe 1951 No. 5 (supplement to the magazine Hermelin, issue 9-10), Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin and Leipzig, pp. 7–12.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Christian Franke / Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel ´s Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 . 10. revised and supplemented new edition, Rifra-Verlag Murrhardt, pp. 111–119.
  3. ↑ Heinrich Dathe , Paul Schöps, with the collaboration of 11 specialists: Pelztieratlas . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, pp. 204-208.
  4. ↑ Paul Schöps; H. Brauckhoff, Stuttgart; K. Häse, Leipzig, Richard König , Frankfurt / Main; W. Straube-Daiber, Stuttgart: The durability coefficients of fur skins in Das Pelzgewerbe , Volume XV, New Series, 1964, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin, Frankfurt / Main, Leipzig, Vienna, pp. 56–58.
  5. ↑ Editor: The durability of fur hair . In: Der Rauchwarenmarkt Nr. 26, Leipzig, June 28, 1940, p. 12. Primary source: American Fur Breeder , USA (Note: All comparisons put the sea otter fur at 100 percent). → Comparison of durability .
  6. ↑ Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The fineness of the hair - the fineness classes . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. VI / New Series, 1955 No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 39–40.
  7. ^ FA Brockhaus : General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. Published by JS Ed and IG Gruber, Leipzig 1841. Third Section OZ, keyword "Fur"
  8. ↑ Ute Fröhlich: Pulled by the hair? From fur report Kurt Lindemann, Oberursel, January 15, 1984, p. 1
  9. ↑ If the author is not stated : Expert commission defines guidelines for the labeling and labeling of pieces of fur . In: Winckelmann Pelzmarkt No. 755, July 20, 1984, pp. 3-4.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h Emil Brass: From the realm of fur . 2nd improved edition, publisher of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1925, pp. 510-519.
  11. ↑ Reinhold Stephan, Bochum: On the history of the smoking goods trade in antiquity and the Middle Ages and the development of the Russian-Asian region from 16.-18. Century . Inaugural dissertation University of Cologne 1940, pp. 68, 112. Table of contents .
  12. ↑ Johann Gottlieb Georgi : Description of all nations of the Russian Empire . Carl Willhelm Müller, St. Petersburg 1776, p. 239 (here only referred to as lynx fur, "braked with a tuft of owl feathers"); Secondary source R. Ris Linn.
  13. ^ A b Heinrich Lomer: The smoke goods trade . 1864, p. 79 (secondary source Das Pelzgewerbe 1951 No. 5).
  14. ↑ The Kirschner . In: JS Halle: Workshops for today's arts , Berlin 1762, see p. 310
  15. ↑ a b Unspecified by the author: Wildcats between Boom and WA . In: Pelz-International , September 1984, pp. 42-47.
  16. ↑ Economic Encyclopedia . Volume 81, 1881, keyword lynx fur
  17. ^ Prof. D. Johann Heinrich Moritz Poppe: Johann Christian Schedels new and complete goods lexicon. First part A to L, fourth completely improved edition , Verlag Carl Ludwig Brede, Offenbach am Mayn 1814. Keyword lynx
  18. ↑ [[: File: The smoking goods trade by Heinrich Lomer , 1864 (page 16); Exchange tariff between the Hudsonbay Compgnie and the Indians.jpg | Heinrich Lomer: Der Rauchwaarenhandel . 1864, p. 16]]
  19. ↑ a b c Emil Brass : From the realm of fur . 1st edition, published by the “Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung”, Berlin 1911, pp. 423–431.
  20. ↑ Lomer p. 29
  21. ^ Friedrich Malm, August Dietzsch: The art of the furrier. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig 1951, p. 46.