Hattuaries

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The Franconian hattuaries between the Maas and the Lower Rhine in the Franconian Empire .

Hattuarias (also Hettergau , Latin pagus Attoarii ) was a Merovingian - Carolingian territory in the early Middle Ages . The area, which appears in historical sources as land ( terra ), (Groß) Gau ( pagus ) and county ( comitatus ), denoted very different landscape units and political districts over time. Originally, Hattuaries meant an area on both sides of the Lower Rhine , later a county on the left bank of the Rhine along the Niers . The main places were Geldern , Gennep and Xanten .

history

The name Hattuarien derives from the Franconian tribe of the Chattuarier . These were a Rhine-Weser Germanic tribe, which originally probably settled in northern Hesse at Eder and Fulda , but in the first centuries AD moved to the area of ​​the lower Ruhr , the Lippe and the Münsterland . The river name Hetter and some town names such as Hattingen still remember them today. The Chattuarians were neighbors of the Brukterer, who initially settled up the Lippe, later opposite Cologne, and the Chamaven, who settled down the Rhine . In the 4th century, the Chattuarians, Brukterer and Chamaven joined forces with other tribes to form the Franconian tribal union .

After Clovis I had unified the Frankish empire towards the end of the 5th century and it was divided among his sons into the four sub-kingdoms of Paris , Soissons , Metz and Orléans , a Danish invasion of the kingdom of Metz under king occurred around 515 Theuderich I († 533). According to the Liber Historiae Francorum , the (large) district or district of the Chattuarians ( Theuderico paygo Attoarios ) mentioned for the first time at this time was devastated.

Due to the Frankish divisions of the 6th and 7th centuries, Hattuaries was part of the Franconian Eastern Empire ( Austrasia ) on the border with the tribal duchy of Saxony . At that time, Hattuaries was still an area to the left and right of the Rhine, to which the lower Ruhr also belonged. The land of the Chattuarians ( terram Chatuariorum and terram Hatuariorum ) came under massive Saxon expansion pressure from the east at the beginning of the 8th century, as reported in early Carolingian annals for the year 715. Apparently, the Franks lost a large part of Hattuaria on the right bank of the Rhine. Although Karl Martell († 741) and Pippin the Younger († 768) were able to prevent the Saxons from advancing further through a series of campaigns, Hattuaries were now divided into a Franconian Hattuaries on the left bank of the Rhine and a Saxon-Westphalian Hatterun on the right bank of the Rhine . The Franconian Ruhrgau, which until then belonged to Hattuaries, was then assigned to the Land of Ripuarien at the beginning of the 9th century .

At the latest with the introduction of the Carolingian county constitution in the transition from the 8th to the 9th century, a count's administrative district was also established in Hattuaries. Hattuaries appear explicitly as a unified county both in the Annales Bertiniani for the year 837 ( comitatus [...] Ettra ) and in the Treaty of Meerssen in 870 ( Hattuarias ). In the other sources of that time, however, Hattuaries appears as a (large) Gau ( pagus ). For example in a diploma of King Lothar II from the year 855 ( in pago Hattuariensi ), in the translation from before 866 . Alexandri ( de pago Hatterun ex villa Heribeddiu ), in a Lorsch tradition from 866 ( in pago Hattuaria ) and a document from Otto I the Great from 947 ( in villa Mundulingheim in pago Hatteri in comitatu Erenfridi ). Further mentions of Hattuaria in pago come from the years 1062 ( villa que dicitur Escherde in pago Hatteron et in comitatu Godescalci comitis sita ) and 1067 ( villa Stirhrim dicta in pago Hettero in comitatu Gerardi comitis sita ). The mentions cited, e.g. B. in the Translatio s. Alexandri 's localization of Herbedes in a pago Hatterun or the mentioning of Styrum in pago Hettero in 1067 clearly show that the name Hattuarien was still used in the area on the right bank of the Rhine, although these areas certainly did not belong to the Frankish county of Hattuaria on the left bank of the Rhine, which is made up of the Gauen Gilde- / Keldagau , Mühlgau and Düffelgau composed. In the course of the 10th century the name Hattuarien was replaced by district names.

Counts in Hattuaries

Counts in the county on the left bank of the Rhine and the Hattuarien district were

According to older sources, other people are said to have been counts in Hattuaries. August von Haeften reported in 1865 that he found "in a large part of the Hattuarier-Gaus a Count Gottfried as administrator of an important Comitat extending from Gennep on the Maas to Monterberg on the Rhine." A sister-son of Gottfried named Balderich ( Balderich of Drenthe ) was also said Count in the Düffelgau. When Gottfried died in 1012, between Balderich and Gottfried's son-in-law, the Westphalian count and Billunger Wichmann III. , a bitter dispute over the guardianship of Gottfried's underage son broke out. Balderich received both the guardianship and the county of the cousin. In fact, that Balderich at Upladen Castle can be found several times as a count. So around 1003 ( mihi Baledricus comes , ego Baldericus comes and S. Baldrici comitis ), 1015 ( nomine Baldericus ) 1019 ( mihi comes Baldricus ), and again between 1014 and 1021 ( ego Baldricus comes ). However, Balderich is not explicitly named Graf in Hattuarien or in Düffelgau in any of the documents. But the place names mentioned in the documents speak for a county of Balderich in Hattuarien or in the Düffelgau.

literature

  • Peter Eschbach: The tribe and district of the Chattuarier, a contribution to the history of the Franconian tribes and districts on the Lower Rhine. In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine 17, 1902, pp. 1–28 ( PDF; 24.1 MB ).
  • Ulrich Nonn : Pagus and Comitatus in Lower Lorraine . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 74-89 (on Hattuaries) .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica , SS rer. Merov. II, p. 274, line 21 f. ( Digitized version ); Ulrich Nonn : Pagus and Comitatus in Lower Lorraine . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 74 f .
  2. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, SS I, p. 6. ( digitized version ); Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Lower Lorraine . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 75 .
  3. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, SS rer. Germ. in us. schol., No. 5, p. 14 ( digitized version ).
  4. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Capit. II, No. 251, p. 194 ( digitized version ).
  5. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD L II, p. 385 ( digitized version ).
  6. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, SS II, p. 680 ( digitized version ).
  7. ^ CL 33 of October 5, 866.
  8. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD OI, No. 89, p. 172 ( digitized version ).
  9. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD H IV, No. 86, p. 112 ( digitized version ).
  10. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD H IV, No. 200, p. 258 ( digitized version ).
  11. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 75 f .
  12. ↑ Eugen Ewig : The Civitas Ubiorum, the Francia Rhinensis and the Land Ribuarien . In: Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter , vol. 19, Bonn 1954, p. 17, note 90.
  13. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 83, p. 45. ( digitized version ).
  14. ↑ Helmuth Kluger: Propter claritatem generis . In: Hanna Vollrath , Stefan Weinfurter (Ed.): Cologne. City and diocese in church and empire of the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Odilo Engels on his 65th birthday . Köln, Weimar, Wien 1993, pp. 223–258, here p. 232, note 58.
  15. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 85, p. 46 f. ( Digitized version ).
  16. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD OI, No. 89, p. 172 ( digitized version ).
  17. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD OI, No. 93, p. 176 ( digitized version ).
  18. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD OI, No. 316, p. 430 ( digitized version ).
  19. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD H IV, No. 86, p. 112 ( digitized version ).
  20. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD H IV, No. 200, p. 258 ( digitized version ).
  21. ↑ August von Haeften: Overview of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian territorial history up to the beginning of the 15th century. In: Journal of the Bergisches Geschichtsverein , Volume 2, Bonn 1865, pp. 1–41, here: p. 25. ( Google books )
  22. ↑ August von Haeften: Overview of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian territorial history up to the beginning of the 15th century. In: Journal of the Bergisches Geschichtsverein , Volume 2, Bonn 1865, pp. 1–41, here: pp. 25 f. ( Google books )
  23. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 138–140, p. 86 f. ( Digitized version ).
  24. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 148, p. 91 ( digitized version ).
  25. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 153, p. 95 ( digitized version ).
  26. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 159, p. 98 ( digitized version ).

Remarks

  1. ↑ Otto, Count im pagis Diuspurch ( Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft ), also named in the 904 document , was another brother of Eberhard and Konrad I (Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonner Historische Forschungen . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 86 . )
  2. ↑ Wichmann III. should not be confused with Wichmann von Hamaland , the father of Balderich's wife Adela von Hamaland . Because of the inheritance of Wichmann von Hamaland, the married couple Balderich and Adela had a long-standing feud with Adela's sister Luitgard, abbess of the Elten monastery founded by Wichmann von Hamaland .