Hernandiaceae

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Hernandiaceae
Hernandia nymphaeifolia

Hernandia nymphaeifolia

Systematics
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Magnoliids
Order : Laurels (Laurales)
Family : Hernandiaceae
Scientific name
Hernandiaceae
flower

The Hernandiaceae , also called eggplant plants, are a family of plants in the order of the laurel-like (Laurales).

description

Illustration of Hernandia sonora
Illustration of Illigera lucida

Appearance

All species are woody plants that grow as shrubs , trees or lianas . The nodes are unilacunar with three to nine leaf traces.

leaves

The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The vascular bundles in the petiole are horizontal (in Hernandia subgen. Valvanthera ) or vertical elliptical. The leaf blade in simple and in some species also shield-shaped; or composed. When the leaf blade is put together it is three to five lobes or three to five parts. Stipules are missing.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are arranged in differently structured inflorescences.

The inflorescence is simple and consists of three to ten tepals .

The flowers are unisexual or hermaphroditic.

The gynoeceum is subordinate and consists of a carpel with an ovule . The scar is shield-shaped (peltat). The placentation is apical. The ovules are bitegmic: the outer integument is nine to 23 cell layers thick, the inner three to eight cells.

The androeceum consists of three to five (seven) stamens . The anthers have two pollen sacs , that are disporangiat and open with two flaps. They share these two characteristics with the Lauraceae. Nectaries can be present and then are located outside the androeceum.

Fruits and seeds

The fruit of Gyrocarpus is a samara (wing nut): a dry, single-seeded closing fruit with wings. In the remaining genera, stone fruits are formed, which in Hernandia are surrounded by a bulbous, inflated fruit shell (hence the name egg fruit tree). The fruits of Illigera are winged. The seeds of all species have no endosperm .

Hernandia moerenhoutiana

Systematics and distribution

The Hernandiaceae family was established by Carl Ludwig Blume .

The Hernandiaceae are probably the sister group of the Lauraceae within the Laurales . The family, as well as the two subfamilies, are monophyletic. The family includes four or five genera with 60 to 62 species.

The Hernandiaceae family is pantropical. The subfamily Hernandioideae has its distribution center in the Indo-Malayan area and Madagascar , the Gyrocarpoideae in the Neotropic , but both are pantropically distributed. There are nine species in Africa, four species in Madagascar, 25 species thrive in the Neotropics, three species exist in Australia , 32 species occur from southern China through Indochina to Malesia and on many Pacific islands. These preceding species numbers include two widespread species: Hernandia nymphaeifolia , which is distributed from East Africa to the Ogasawara Islands and New Caledonia , and Gyrocarpus americanus, which has a pantropical distribution.

Hernandioideae

Glandular hairs sit on the leaf epidermis . The inflorescence is a thyrse . The ovule is drooping and anatropic. The flaps of the pollen sacs are attached to the side, only in Hazomalania it is attached at the top. The pollen grains are 90 to 160 micrometers in diameter. The seed coat (testa) has vascular bundles , unthickened cell walls, is spongy and contains tannins

The subfamily Hernandioideae includes three genera with about 45 species.

Gyrocarpoideae

American spinning top fruit tree ( Gyrocarpus americanus )

The leaves have cystoliths . The inflorescence is a dichasium and has no bracts . The flowers are very small. The placentation is marginal. The flaps of the pollen sacs are attached to the top (apical). The pollen grains are 19 to 45 micrometers in diameter. The cells of the inner seed coat (endotesta) are elongated radially and have helical thickenings of the cell wall .

The subfamily Gyrocarpoideae JHBalfour was partly led as a separate family Gyrocarpaceae. It includes only two genera with around 17 species:

Sources and further information

The article is mainly based on the following web links:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i I.RHTelford, 2020: Hernandiaceae. In: Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra. from Flora of Australia , Volume 2, 2007.
  2. ^ A b Hernandiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  3. ↑ a b c d Ingo Michalak, L .B. Zhang, Susanne S. Renner : Trans ‐ Atlantic, trans ‐ Pacific and trans ‐ Indian Ocean dispersal in the small Gondwanan Laurales family Hernandiaceae. In: Journal of Biogeography , Volume 37, Issue 7, 2010, pp. 1214-1226. doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2010.02306.x
  4. ↑ Susanne S. Renner, AS Chanderbali: What is the relationship among Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae and Monimiaceae, and why is this question so difficult to answer? In: International Journal of Plant Sciences . 161 (Supplement), 2000, pp. S109 – S119 , doi : 10.1086 / 317574 ( reverse edu [PDF; 248 kB ]).
  5. ^ Susanne S. Renner : Circumscription and phylogeny of the Laurales: evidence from molecular and morphological data . In: American Journal of Botany . tape  86 , no. 9 , 1999, p. 1301-1315 ( abstract and full text ).
  6. ↑ Klaus Kubitzki : Hernandiaceae . In: Klaus Kubitzki, Jens G. Rohwer, Volker Bittrich (Eds.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 2: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1993, ISBN 3-540-55509-9 , pp.  334-338 .
  7. ^ MA Espejo Serna: Notas sobre el genero Gyrocarpus (Hernandiaceae) en Mexico; un nombre nuevo: Gyrocarpus mocinnoi Espejo . In: Acta Botánica Mexicana . tape 13 , 1991, pp. 39–51 , doi : 10.21829 / abm13.1991.607 ( full text ).
  8. ↑ B. E .E. Duyfjes: Illigera elegans (Hernandiaceae), a new species from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean . In: Blumea . tape 38 , 1994, pp. 407-408 .
  9. ^ FJ Breteler, JJ Wieringa: Novitates gabonensis 63. Illigera cava (Hernandiaceae), a new species from Gabon and Congo . In: Blumea . tape 53 , 2008, p. 453–457 ( abstract and full text ).
  10. ↑ CF Shutts: Wood anatomy of Hernandiaceae and Gyrocarpaceae . In: Tropical Woods . tape 113 , 1960, pp. 85-123 .

Web links

Commons : Hernandiaceae  - collection of images, videos, and audio files