Tassilo III.

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Duke Tassilo III. with the model of the Kremsmünster collegiate church , around 1600

Tassilo III. (* around 741; † around 796) was the last Baier duke from the Agilolfinger family . He was a cousin of Charlemagne .

Life

Tassilo was the son of Duke Odilos and the Franconian Princess Hiltrud , the daughter of Karl Martell . After their father's death in 748, Tassilo and his mother were kidnapped by Grifo , Hiltrud's younger half-brother, who himself wanted to become Duke of Bavaria . A year later, in 749, Hausmeier chased Pippin Grifo away and installed seven-year-old Tassilo as duke. Guardianship was taken over by his mother, the Bavarian duke's widow Hiltrud, and after her death in 754 his uncle Pippin. They were supported by the vir nobilis Machelm . In 757 Duke Tassilo III took over. the sole government in Bavaria.

Bavaria under the Agilolfingers in the year 772
Tassilo rides to hunt accompanied by three servants (Master of the Pollinger Tables, 1444)
Tassilo chalice

Tassilo had a strong influence on church life in his duchy at the Tassilo Synods of Aschheim (756?), Dingolfing and Neuching (771). The Synod of Neuching passed one of the earliest Bavarian school laws. Tassilo founded monasteries ( see below ) and participated in the founding of noble monasteries in order to build a ducal church. The most precious object belonging to Duke Tassilo is the so-called Tassilo chalice , created on the occasion of the wedding. The inscription reads: Tassilo dux fortis - Liutpirc virga regalis , in German: Tassilo (is) a strong leader - Liutberga (is) a royal offspring. The Tassilo chalice, made in Salzburg, with its ornaments is a Bavarian, not a Carolingian work. He expanded his sphere of influence to the east, in which he subjugated the Carantans in 772 . Tassilo III. achieved a position of territorial power that no other Agilolfinger had possessed before him. At the same time, the dependence on the francs reached its peak.

The ties between the Lombards and the Bavarians had always been strong for political and economic reasons. Tassilo stayed in Italy several times since the 760s, where he allied himself with Desiderius and the Pope in 768/69. Tassilo was married to Liutberga , daughter of Desiderius, the last Longobard king . In 772, Pope Hadrian I baptized Tassilo's son Theodo in Rome. The alliance with the Lombards brought him into conflict with Charlemagne. With the conquest of the Longobard Empire by Charlemagne in 774, Tassilo lost his most important ally.

The Franconian Reichsannalen reported that Tassilo, who is said to have been oath to the Franks since 757 , refused in 763 to give the Franks military service during a campaign in Aquitaine , to which he had committed himself by oath guilty of desertion ( old high German harisliz ). The report, which emerged only around 790, is questioned in modern research and is very likely an afterthought.

Duke remained Tassilo III until the year 787 by Karl for political reasons. (Planned alliance with the Lombards to secure the baierischen independence; later alleged cooperation with the Avars ) to vassal was demoted. In 788 Tassilo was first sentenced to death in the presence of his compatriots in the Ingelheim Palatinate because of the events of 763 and his (alleged) alliance with the Avars, later pardoned and finally banished to the Jumièges Abbey . The whole thing was probably just a prelude to the campaign against the Avars, Karl wanted to create a secure deployment area and avoid falling into the hands of his powerful cousin in the event of a possible defeat. Evidence of the Duke's guilt has never been produced, and modern research regards the trial as a sham political trial.

Charlemagne spent two consecutive winters (791–793) in the old Bavarian ducal city of Regensburg to personally secure the incorporation of Bavaria into the Franconian Empire . He then appointed one of his brothers-in-law, the Frankish-Alemannic Count Gerold , the brother of his third wife Hildegard, as prefect, as his successor in the Bavarian rule .

In 794 the monk Tassilo was brought out of the monastery cell again. Before the Imperial Synod in Frankfurt am Main , the former Bavarian duke was forced to make a new pledge of repentance. At the same time he had to publicly renounce the Duchy of Bavaria for himself and his descendants. This act served to retrospectively give the judgment of 788 the appearance of law and order.

His life dates are estimated to be from 741 to December 11, 796. However, there are no reliable findings on this; it is uncertain when and where Tassilo died. It is possible that he spent the last years of his life in the Lorsch Monastery as a simple monk. “First ruler, then king, last monk” was the name of the epitaph for Tassilo III. in the now destroyed basilica of the Lorsch monastery. This inscription is handed down in the medieval annals of the Kremsmünster monastery. The historian Georg Helwich († 1632) also records them in the "Antiquitates Laurishaimenses" and claims to have seen and copied them himself on September 10, 1615 in Lorsch. According to him, the inscription still had the addition: “I died on the third day before the Ides of December (December 11th) and was buried in this tomb. Grant blissfulness to this gracious Christ. ”In the 19th century , the romantic poet Albert Ludewig Grimm wrote a ballad about Tassilo's stay in Lorsch.

Foundations of monasteries

Family list of the Agilolfinger Duke Tassilo III.

Tassilo III. comes from a cognatic line of the Agilolfinger, after they died out in the male line with Hugbert .

High grave of the legendary Gunthers in Kremsmünster Abbey, son of Tassilo III.
  1. Gotfrid , Duke of the Alemanni , † 709;
    ⚭ NN, daughter or sister of Agilolfinger Theodo II.
    1. Lantfrid , Duke of the Alemanni, † 730
    2. Theudebald , Duke of the Alemanni, probably † 746
    3. Odilo , Duke of the Bavarians , † 746;
      ⚭ Hiltrud , † 754, daughter of Karl Martell († 741) and Chrodtrud († 725)
      1. Tassilo III. (* around 741, † around 796; after he was "bequeathed", stay in Sankt Goar , Jumièges and Lorsch );
        ⚭ 764 Liutberga († after 788, possibly died in Corbie Abbey ), daughter of the Longobard king Desiderius († after 786) and his wife Ansa
        1. Gunther or Guntharius (possibly from an earlier Friedelehe )
        2. Theodo (* 765 or 770, 776 co-ruler in Bavaria, † after 793 as a monk in the St. Maximin monastery in Trier )
        3. Cotani, spent in the Abbey of Corbie or in the Abbey of Chelles or in Laon
        4. Hrodrud (as above)
        5. Theodbert or Theudebert

Aftermath

Named after the Tassilo in 780, donated by him Tassilo chalice . The historical Tassilopsalter was dedicated to him and his family . His life became the subject of the opera Tassilone by Agostino Steffani, which premiered in 1709 . The Tassilolinde in Wessobrunn and the Tassiloquelle in Bad Hall bear his name, as do the Tassilo-Gymnasium Simbach am Inn, founded in 1948, and the Tassilostraßen in Aschheim and Gars am Inn and the Tassilo Prize for achievements in the field of culture, which has been awarded since 1999 .

He is considered blessed, his feast day is December 11th, although he was never officially canonized.

literature

Web links

Commons : Tassilo III.  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ^ Benno Hubensteiner : Bavarian history . 16th edition. Rosenheimer Verlag, Rosenheim 2006, ISBN 3-475-53756-7 , p. 59.
  2. ↑ Matthias Becher: Oath and rule. Investigations into the ruling ethos of Charlemagne . Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1993 (Lectures and Research / Konstanz Working Group for Medieval History. Special Volume, 39) ISBN 3-7995-6699-6 .
  3. ^ Website on the Tassilo trial in Ingelheim
  4. ^ Benno Hubensteiner : Bavarian history . 16th edition. Rosenheimer Verlag, Rosenheim 2006, ISBN 3-475-53756-7 , pp. 44f.
  5. ↑ First ruler, then king, lastly monk. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014 ; Retrieved December 11, 2014 .
  6. ^ Website of the epitaph in the Lorsch Abbey
  7. ↑ Website with excerpts from Grimm's ballad "Tassilo in Lorsch"
  8. ↑ Martin Bitschnau , Hannes Obermair : Tiroler Urkundenbuch, II. Department: The documents on the history of the Inn, Eisack and Pustertal valleys. Volume 1: By the year 1140 . Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck 2009, ISBN 978-3-7030-0469-8 , p. 30-31, No. 50 .
  9. ^ Heinz Dopsch ; Robert Hoffmann: Salzburg. The history of a city (2nd edition), p. 82. Universitätsverlag Anton Pustet, Salzburg: 2008, ISBN 978-3-7025-0598-1 .
  10. ↑ Herwig Wolfram : Tassilo III. Most High Prince and Lowest Monk , p. 11f. Verlag Friedrich Pustet , Regensburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-7917-2792-9 .
predecessor Office successor
Odilo Duke of Baiern
748–788 		Charlemagne
personal data
SURNAME Tassilo III.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Duke of Bavaria
DATE OF BIRTH at 741
DATE OF DEATH at 796