Johann Friedrich Breuer

Johann Friedrich Breuer , also Johann Friedrich Bräuer or Johann Friedrich Brayer (born March 30, 1705 in Kallinowen ; † January 5, 1769 in Stallupönen ) was a German theologian who served as Lutheran pastor of the Salzburg colony in East Prussia from 1732 and from 1736 to 1769 worked as a deacon in Stallupönen.

Training and starting your career

Breuer was born as the son of Christoph Breuer, pastor in Kallinowen, and his wife Elisabeth Nöth into a large family of Lutheran theologians. He enrolled in 1723 at the University of Königsberg / Pr. and in 1729 moved to the theological faculty of the University of Halle (Saale), where he heard lectures by the pietistic professor Gotthilf August Francke . In the same year Breuer became a teacher at the girls' community school in Halle .

Breuer and the Salzburgers

Via Berlin to East Prussia

When the first group of emigrants from Salzburg came through Halle on their way to Prussia in April 1732 , Francke, who was also the director of the Francke Foundations , had Halle students of theology accompany them on their way to Berlin . This should make the people from Salzburg spiritual support and education grant. Breuer was among the four students who took on this task voluntarily.

As soon as he arrived in Berlin, Breuer found out from Provost Lambert Gedicke that the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I had decided to provide the emigrants in East Prussia with their own pastors. The four theology students who had come from Halle should be won over for this. Breuer and his fellow students Friedrich Wilhelm Haack and Simon Jakob Kusch agreed. Her examination and her ordination by Gedicke took place on May 7, 1732 in Berlin. In the place of the fourth Halle theology student who returned to the university, Benedikt Friedrich Hahn , who was known to the field provost, stepped . Breuer, who was not prepared for this development, first had to have books and his things sent from Halle.

When the first emigrant train left Berlin on May 12, 1732 for Stettin , it was accompanied by Breuer. In stormy weather, the people of Salzburg, who had never seen the sea before, were brought by ship from Stettin to Pillau . Although she was seasick himself, Breuer managed to encourage them. Thanks to its particular rhetorical skills, he was able to from their home distributors to convince. Through persuasiveness and commitment, the emigrant pastor was able to gain a high reputation among the Salzburgers over time.

Places of activity in East Prussia

After the arrival in East Prussia, Pastor Breuer was assigned the church village of Budwethen as his seat. He was still active there at the end of 1735, although Friedrich Sigismund Schusterus , the pastor of the German community, disputed the use of the church and the schoolhouse. The two resolved their differences with numerous petitions to the authorities. At his own request, Breuer held the Sunday service at regular intervals in the Tilsit garrison church. However, his efforts to become a pastor at this church failed when the unit stationed there presented its own candidate . The proposal of King Friedrich Wilhelm I to appoint Breuer to be the overseer of all Salzburg émigré preachers was rejected by Breuer because he wanted to devote himself entirely to the pastoral care of the Salzburg colonists.

At the beginning of 1736 Breuer was given the post of pastor and deacon of the Salzburg parish in Stallupönen, which he filled until his death, while retaining his previous salary as pastor of the Salzburg colony. He continued to look after the welfare of the Salzburg colony with his previous commitment.

Organization of the school system

Soon after his arrival in East Prussia, Breuer had started teaching adults to read on a voluntary basis together with a Salzburg schoolmaster he had trained .

It is therefore not surprising that Breuer was commissioned by the government deputation in Gumbinnen in August 1733 to help set up schools for the children of the Salzburg colonists. From the following month he traveled to twenty-eight offices , checked the children's knowledge and selected suitable people from among the Salzburgers whom he recommended to the authorities as schoolmasters. In addition, he identified conveniently located school locations, which he also suggested. Sometimes the schoolmasters were able to start teaching in the same year. Most of the school buildings had yet to be erected. Nevertheless, Breuer was satisfied as early as February 1734 that the schools were well received by both children and adults who were willing to learn.

Participation in the oath commission

In 1733 a commission was set up, in the presence of which the Salzburg citizens were to take the oath of allegiance to King Friedrich Wilhelm I. Two priests from the Salzburg colony, the colonist commissioner Hermann and some level-headed Salzburgers, who were expected to have a positive influence on troubled elements, should be present at the oath. Despite good persuasion, many initially refused to take the oath of loyalty. Only strict measures by the king and the tireless work of convincing Breuer on a trip through the offices led many of the oathers to give in.

Foundation of the Salzburg Hospital

As early as 1732, on the orders of King Friedrich Wilhelm I, the first proposals for the establishment of a Salzburg hospital were drawn up, but these were not implemented due to a lack of funds. It was not until 1739 that Breuer was able to resume negotiations. The financing of the narrow budget could be secured from the interest of an initially still small fund from emigrant money received from Salzburg. Breuer was one of the signatories of the founding deed and can rightly be called one of the fathers of the Salzburg hospital. In 1742, in a letter addressed to Samuel Urlsperger , the senior pastor and pastor at the St. Anna Church in Augsburg , he proudly described the Salzburg hospital and the associated school for the children of destitute Salzburg residents.

Diary and correspondence

During his trip to East Prussia, Breuer kept a detailed diary and later sent it to Francke. After King Friedrich Wilhelm I had issued an order not to report anything about the Salzburg emigrants to Halle, Breuer asked Francke not to print the report he had sent to Halle about the Salzburg emigrants. Parts of the diary were published by Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking , pastor in Warnstedt , who had good connections to Halle. The correspondence with Francke seems to have fallen asleep in 1738. With Urlsperger, Breuer had at least at times a lively correspondence. In contrast, he had hardly any correspondence with Johann Martin Boltzius and Israel Christian Gronau , the pastors of the Salzburg congregation in New Ebenezer , Georgia , whom he knew from Halle.

Relationship with the Moravians

In the years 1742 and 1743, individual Moravian colonists from Salzburg tried to proselytize and in particular made contact with schoolmasters who they hoped to gain as multipliers. Breuer reported to the Samland Consistory in Königsberg about their actions and asked for the Moravian Mission to be banned. He was afraid of losing his parishioners to the Moravians and therefore fought them vehemently. Breuer was particularly outraged that one of the missionaries had abused his hospitality under the pretense that he was a Salzburg citizen and wanted to settle down as a schoolmaster in East Prussia.

Family and private

Breuer's family life was overshadowed by blows of fate. His wife, née Volckmann, died in 1755. Several of his children did not reach adulthood. He was only able to experience the marriage of his eldest daughter in 1764.

On the occasion of the centenary of the immigration of Salzburg residents to Prussia, a descendant of Breuer, pastor Friedrich Ferdinand Schultz, held the thanksgiving service in Stallupönen.

literature

• Franklin Arnold: The Salzburg people in America. In: Yearbook of the Society for the History of Protestantism in Austria. Edited by Georg Loesche. Vol. 25. Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Vienna 1904, pp. 222-261. Digitized
• C [arl] Fr [anklin] Arnold: The expulsion of the Salzburg Protestants and their acceptance by their fellow believers. A cultural and historical image of the time from the eighteenth century . Eugen Diederichs publishing house, Leipzig 1900. Digitized
• Daniel Heinrich Arnoldt: Brief messages from all preachers who have been admitted to the Lutheran Churches in East Prussia since the Reformation. Edited by Friedrich Wilhelm Benefeldt. Verlag Gottlieb Leberecht Hartung, Königsberg 1777. Digitized
• Max Beheim-Schwarzbach: Friedrich Wilhelm's I colonization plant in Lithuania, primarily the Salzburg colony. Hartungsche Verlag-Druckerei, Königsberg 1879. Digitized
• Gerhard Brandtner: East Prussia in the first half of the 18th century and the settlement of Salzburg emigrants. In: Communications from the Society for Regional Studies in Salzburg. 133rd year of the association, 1993. Edited by the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies. Self-published by the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies, Salzburg 1993, pp. 225–259.
• Georg Erler (Ed.): The register of the Albertus University of Königsberg i. Pr .. Vol. 2. The matriculations from 1657-1829. Publication of the Association for the History of East and West Prussia. Duncker & Humblot publishing house, Leipzig 1911/1912. Digitized
• Gerhard Florey: bishops, heretics, emigrants. Protestantism in the state of Salzburg from its beginnings to the present. Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Graz / Vienna / Cologne 1967.
• Johann Philip Fresenius: Proven news from Moravian things. Second volume. Which contains the third and fourth collections along with a register. With Your Royal Majesty in Pohlen and Chur-Fürstl. Pass. Most gracious privilege in Saxony. Publisher Johann Leonhard Buchner, Frankfurt am Main 1747. Digitized
• Gerhard Florey Gerhard: History of the Salzburg Protestants and their emigration 1731/32. Studies and texts on church history and history. First row. In cooperation with the Institute for Protestant Church History, Vienna. He rausgegeben by Peter F. Barton. Volume 2. Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Vienna / Cologne / Graz 1977. ISBN 3-205-08188-9 .
• Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: Complete emigration story of those Lutherans who were expelled from the Ertz-Bißthum Saltzburg and who mostly went to Prussia, containing an exact description of both the Ertz-Bißthum Saltzburg and the Kingdom of Prussia and the history that belongs to it before and present times. In addition to accurate country charts. With a preface by Sr. Reverend Johann Lorentz Mosheim, Abbots von Marienthal and Michaelstein. With Königl. Prussian and Chur princes. Brandenburg most gracious privilege. [1. Part]. Christian Ulrich Wagner publisher, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1734. Digitized
• Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans who were expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and who were largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Zweyter Part, containing an exact description of the Kingdom of Prussia and the history of past and present times that particularly belong here. In addition to an accurate country chart. With Königl. Prussian and Chur princes. Brandenb. most gracious privilege. Christian Ulrich Wagner publisher, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737. Digitized
• Fritz Jundtke (edit.): Matriculation of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, vol. 1 (1690-1730). In: Works from the University and State Library of Saxony-Anhalt in Halle ad Saale. Vol. 2. Verlag Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Halle (Saale) 1960.
• Theodor Krüger: The Salzburg immigration in Prussia with an appendix of memorable files and the history of the Salzburg hospital in Gumbinnen together with the statute of the same. Verlag JF Lemke, Gumbinnen 1857. Digitized
• DWL Richter (ed.): Patriotic archive for science, art, industry and agriculture or Prussia. Provincial Papers. Volume fifteenth. January issue. Hartungsche Hofbuchdruckerei, Königsberg 1836.
• Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): Eighth continuation of the detailed reports from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. It contains: I. The register of days of the two preachers at Eben-Ezer, from the first six months of the 1741 year. II. The same, as well as other letters written from there from the year 1741. III. Reliable news of the condition of the Saltzburg emigrants established in Prussia and Litthauen, and the same letter to the Eben-Ezer community. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1742. Digitized
• Mack Walker: The Salzburg trade. Expulsion and Rescue of Salzburg Protestants in the 18th Century Publications by the Max Planck Institute for History. Vol. 131. Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen Zurich 1997. ISBN 3-525-35446-0 .

Individual evidence

1. ^ Daniel Heinrich Arnoldt: Brief messages from all preachers who have been admitted to the Lutheran Churches in East Prussia since the Reformation . Verlag Gottlieb Leberecht Hartung, Königsberg / Pr. 1777, p. 116 .
2. ↑ Walther Müller-Dultz / Reinhold Heling / Wilhelm Kranz (arrangement): The "intermediate manuscript" for the Old Prussian Evangelical Pastor's Book. The "Old Prussian Evangelical Pastors' Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1945". Vol. 1 (Abegg - Czypulowski). Based on the collections of Friedwald Moeller . In: Sources, Materials and Collections (QMS) No. 19/1. Self-published by the Association for Family Research in East and West Prussia eV, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-931577-56-8 , p. 232-233 .
3. ^ The register of the Albertus University in Königsberg i. Pr. In: Georg Erler (Hrsg.): Publication of the association for the history of East and West Prussia . tape 2 (The matriculations from 1657-1829). Publisher Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1911, p. 319 .
4. ↑ Fritz Jundtke (Ed.): Matriculation Book of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg . In: Works from the University and State Library of Saxony-Anhalt in Halle ad Saale . tape 1 (1690-1730) . Verlag Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Halle 1960, p. 52 .
5. ↑ Biographical information on Johann Friedrich Breuer. Francke Foundations in Halle (Saale), Study Center August Hermann Francke - Archive, March 29, 2016, accessed on July 5, 2016 . 
6. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: Complete emigration history of those Lutherans who were expelled from the Ertz-Bißthum Saltzburg and mostly went to Prussia, containing an exact description of both the Ertz-Bißthum Saltzburg and the Kingdom of Prussia and the history that belongs to it past and present times. In addition to accurate country charts. With a preface by Sr. Reverend Johann Lorentz Mosheim, Abbots von Marienthal and Michaelstein. With Königl. Prussian and Chur princes. Brandenburg most gracious privilege . [1. Part]. Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1734, p. 431 .
7. ^ Letter from Johann Friedrich Breuer dated May 9, 1732. Franckesche Stiftungen zu Halle (Saale), Study Center August Hermann Francke - Archive, June 6, 2016, accessed on July 5, 2016 . 
8. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Zweyter Part, containing an exact description of the Kingdom of Prussia and the history of past and present times that particularly belong here. In addition to an accurate country chart. With Königl. Prussian and Chur princes. Brandenb. most gracious privilege . Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737, p. 235 .
9. ^ Daniel Heinrich Arnoldt: Brief messages from all preachers who have been admitted to the Lutheran Churches in East Prussia since the Reformation . Verlag Gottlieb Leberecht Hartung, Königsberg / Pr. 1777, p. 116 .
10. ^ Diary of a theology student about the journey of the Salzburg emigrants he supervised from Halle to Berlin, which ran from April 25, 1732 to May 12, 1732. Francke Foundations in Halle (Saale), August Hermann Francke Study Center - Archive, June 6, 2016 , accessed July 5, 2016 . 
11. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Second part . Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737, p. 235-236 .
12. ^ Letter from Johann Friedrich Breuer to Gotthilf August Francke dated May 10, 1732. Franckesche Stiftungen zu Halle (Saale), Study Center August Hermann Francke - Archive, June 6, 2016, accessed on July 5, 2016 . 
13. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Second part . Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737, p. 121 .
14. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Second part . Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737, p. 125-130 .
15. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Second part . Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737, p. 244 .
16. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Second part . Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737, p. 245 .
17. ^ Letter from Johann Friedrich Breuer to Gotthilf August Francke dated December 16, 1735. Franckesche Stiftungen zu Halle (Saale), Study Center August Hermann Francke - Archive, June 6, 2016, accessed on July 5, 2016 . 
18. ^ Max Beheim-Schwarzbach: Friedrich Wilhelm's I. Colonization Plant in Lithuania, mainly the Salzburg Colony . Hartungsche Verlag-Druckerei, Königsberg / Pr. 1879, p. 203 .
19. ^ Letter from Johann Friedrich Breuer to Gotthilf August Francke dated December 12, 1732. Franckesche Stiftungen zu Halle (Saale), Study Center August Hermann Francke - Archive, June 6, 2016, accessed on July 5, 2016 . 
20. ^ Letter from Johann Friedrich Breuer to Gotthilf August Francke dated July 8, 1738. Franckesche Stiftungen zu Halle (Saale), Study Center August Hermann Francke - Archive, June 6, 2016, accessed on July 5, 2016 . 
21. ^ Daniel Heinrich Arnoldt: Brief messages from all preachers who have been admitted to the Lutheran Churches in East Prussia since the Reformation . Verlag Gottlieb Leberecht Hartung, Königsberg / Pr. 1777, p. 116 .
22. ^ DWL Richter (ed.): Patriotic archive for science, art, industry and agriculture or Preuss. Provincial Papers . Volume fifteenth. January issue. Hartungsche Hofbuchdruckerei, Königsberg / Pr. 1836, p. 148 .
23. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Second part . Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737, p. 259-260 .
24. ^ Letter from Johann Friedrich Breuer to Gotthilf August Francke dated February 9, 1733. Franckesche Stiftungen zu Halle (Saale), Study Center August Hermann Francke - Archive, June 6, 2016, accessed on July 5, 2016 . 
25. ^ Letter from Johann Friedrich Breuer to Gotthilf August Francke dated June 25, 1733. Franckesche Stiftungen zu Halle (Saale), Study Center August Hermann Francke - Archive, June 6, 2016, accessed on July 5, 2016 . 
26. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Second part . Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737, p. 260 .
27. ^ Theodor Krüger: The Salzburg immigration in Prussia with an appendix of memorable files and the history of the Salzburg hospital in Gumbinnen together with the statute of the same . Verlag JF Lemke, Gumbinnen 1857, p. 168-170 .
28. ^ Max Beheim-Schwarzbach: Friedrich Wilhelm's I. Colonization Plant in Lithuania, mainly the Salzburg Colony . Hartungsche Verlag-Druckerei, Königsberg / Pr. 1879, p. 209-210 .
29. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Second part . Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737, p. 289-291 .
30. ^ Max Beheim-Schwarzbach: Friedrich Wilhelm's I. Colonization Plant in Lithuania, mainly the Salzburg Colony . Hartungsche Verlag-Druckerei, Königsberg 1879, p. 157-161 .
31. ^ Theodor Krüger: The Salzburg immigration in Prussia with an appendix of memorable files and the history of the Salzburg hospital in Gumbinnen together with the statute of the same . Verlag JF Lemke, Gumbinnen 1857, p. 227-228 .
32. ^ Max Beheim-Schwarzbach: Friedrich Wilhelm's I. Colonization Plant in Lithuania, mainly the Salzburg Colony . Hartungsche Verlag-Druckerei, Königsberg / Pr. 1879, p. 235-239 .
33. ↑ ^{a b} Samuel Urlsperger (Ed.): Eighth continuation of the detailed reports from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. It contains: I. The register of days of the two preachers at Eben-Ezer, from the first six months of the 1741 year. II. The same, as well as other letters written from there from the year 1741. III. Reliable news of the condition of the Saltzburg emigrants established in Prussia and Litthauen, and the same letter to the Eben-Ezer community . Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle (Saale) 1742, p. 1004-1012 .
34. ^ Letter from Johann Friedrich Breuer to Gotthilf August Francke dated December 12, 1732. Franckesche Stiftungen zu Halle (Saale), Study Center August Hermann Francke - Archive, June 6, 2016, accessed on July 5, 2016 . 
35. ↑ Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Second part . Publisher Christian Ulrich Wagner, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737, p. 121-130 .
36. ↑ Samuel Urlsperger (Ed.): Eighth continuation of the detailed reports from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle (Saale) 1742, p. 991-997 .
37. ^ Johann Philip Fresenius: Proven news from Moravian things. With Your Royal Majesty in Pohlen and Chur-Fürstl. Pass. Most gracious privilege in Saxony . Second volume. Which contains the third and fourth collections along with a register. Verlag Johann Leonhard Buchner, Frankfurt am Main 1747, p. 429-440 .
38. ^ C [arl] F [ranklin] Arnold: The expulsion of the Salzburg Protestants and their admission to the co-religionists. A cultural and historical image of the time from the eighteenth century . Eugen Diederichs publishing house, Leipzig 1900, p. 209 .
39. ^ DWL Richter (ed.): Patriotic archive for science, art, industry and agriculture or Preuss. Provincial Papers . Volume fifteenth. January issue. Hartungsche Hofbuchdruckerei, Königsberg / Pr. 1836, p. 397 .