Johann V (Portugal)

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King John V of Portugal (painting by Pompeo Batoni )

John V (Portuguese: Dom João Francisco António José Bento Bernardo de Bragança ) (born October 22, 1689 in Lisbon ; † July 31, 1750 ibid), called "the Magnanimous" ( o Magnânimo ), was King of Portugal from 1706 to 1750. He came from the House of Braganza .

Early years

Johann, Prince of Brazil, eldest son of Peter II; Berey, 1706.

Johann was born on October 22nd, 1689 in the Ribeira Palace in Lisbon to King Peter II and Queen Marie Sophie of the Palatinate . He was baptized on November 19 in the Chapel of the Royal Palace and given the full name of João Francisco António José Bento Bernardo . Johann was not his father's first son. He had an older brother, Johann, who died a year before he was born. Hence, the Cortes were overjoyed to welcome a new male heir to the kingdom.

At his baptism, Johann did not receive the traditional title of heir to the Portuguese throne, Prince of Brazil and Duke of Braganza , but only the standard title Infante of Portugal . This was intended as a token of respect for the death of his older brother, who had passed away only months earlier.

education

Johann enjoyed an extensive upbringing, surrounded by some of the most brilliant minds in Europe at the time. The Cortes agreed that John's upbringing as a child should be directed exclusively by women - a custom of the Portuguese court and nobility. John's governess (who later became the governess of all of Peter II's sons) was Maria de Lencastre, the Marquise of Unhão, who was given this position primarily because of her beauty and her status as a childcare worker.

The policies that Johann's father had pursued made the Portuguese court rich, the economy stable and the imperial military strong. This enabled Johann to have a varied and interesting childhood. As a child he was under the guidance and strong influence of the Jesuits Francisco da Cruz, João Seco and Luís Gonzaga. Father Luís Gonzaga was responsible for bringing up all of King Peter's children. He taught them military training, politics, astronomy, nautical science, math, and history. As the prince grew up, he was looked after in political matters by Luís da Cunha, a prominent Portuguese diplomat.

Maturity

Johann, Duke of Braganza; around 1706, around 17 years old.

When Johann was seven years old, his father found that his eldest sons were adequately trained in the basic subjects and decided to supervise their lessons himself, although his interest in mentoring them quickly waned. This became official when he and his brother Francisco, Duke of Beja, were inducted into the Order of Christ on April 7, 1696 . Later that year, the king finally decided to bestow the titles of royal heir to John, Prince of Brazil and Duke of Braganza . On December 1, 1696, on the anniversary of the Portuguese War of Restoration of 1640, a great ceremony took place in which Johann was solemnly dressed with his titles. The ceremony included putting on a large ermine cloak of red velvet and adorning himself with various jewels and royal regalia.

A little more than a month before Johann's tenth birthday in 1699, his mother, Queen Marie Sophie, died at the age of 33. This led to Johann withdrawing from the Cortes and sinking into depression for many months. Katharina von Braganza , his aunt, then took control of his education. She lived in the Bemposta palace she built herself and remained Johann's main teacher and female role model until her death in 1705.

In April 1700 Johann became seriously ill. It was believed that he would succumb to his illness. Fearing his imminent death, he asked for the final rites and confessed his sins. To everyone's surprise, his condition improved and he soon returned to his normal life. His full recovery was viewed as a miracle by the Cortes.

The death of Johann's sister Teresa Maria in February 1704 made him very sad. He did not appear before the Cortes for a few months and became estranged from his father, who favored Johann's younger brother Manuel, Count of Ourém. During this time there was a lot of gossip and concerns about whether Johann would ever recover from his depression. In May of that year he finally returned to the court and reconciled with the king. He said that his Saudads would not hinder his sister from fulfilling his duty to the king.

Succession to the throne

Portrait of King John V with a crown ; 1707, 18 years old.

Peter II's health deteriorated noticeably, so that at the beginning of December 1706 he retired to the royal quinta in Alcântara. On the fifth of that month the king developed a high fever. During an examination, the doctors found that his health had deteriorated significantly. The next day, Peter II called all of his children to his deathbed and prepared them for his impending death. He made Johann regent of the kingdom and asked all his children to follow Johann. Although Johann assumed the inheritance of his father as regent, the youngest son of Peters II, Manuel, was his favorite son, so that he received a very special gift from the king.

coronation

King Peter II died soon afterwards on December 9, 1706 in his sleep. After his death, the Ribeira Palace was redesigned for mourning. Large black banners were hung on the windows of the facade facing Terreiro do Paço for this purpose. The preparations for John's coronation had already been in full swing for a month and as soon as time allowed, the royal palace was redesigned. The black banners were replaced with red ones, and wreaths of fruit were hung throughout the palace.

On the day of John's coronation, January 1, 1707, his new throne was placed on the balcony of the Torre do Rei (Tower of the King) of the Ribeira Palace. Custom-made tapestries depicting allegories of justice and wisdom were hung high above the Terreiro do Paço to remind the public that these were the qualities their king would have. As soon as Johann sat on his throne, wreaths of gold were placed around the throne and the balcony. Johann carried his Cross of the Order of Christ and the Portuguese crown jewels next to and not next to him, as was the Portuguese royal custom.

Johann was now king of an empire that spanned four continents. He was also the head of state of a kingdom that was at war with Spain and France . His first government act was the renewal of Portugal's membership in the Augsburg Alliance and the continuation of the war alongside England and the Habsburgs. Portugal quickly delivered more troops to help its allies in the war. This new level of Portuguese involvement enabled John General, António Luís de Sousa, Marquis of Minas , to conquer Madrid on June 28, 1706. The king soon lost interest in the war as he had more pressing matters to attend to.

wedding

The arrival of Maria Anna of Austria in Lisbon; Gottfried Stein, ca.1708.

During his life Peter II had worked to secure Johann a marriage with an Austrian Archduchess in order to maintain Portugal's alliance with the Habsburgs. Johann continued these negotiations and finally managed to negotiate a contract. On June 27, 1707 Fernão Teles da Silva, Count von Vilar Maior, signed a marriage contract with the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire , Joseph I Johann was to marry the Emperor's sister, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria . The contract also set the Archduchess' dowry at 100,000 crowns - an enormous sum for the time.

The Armada that Portugal sent to escort Maria Anna from the Netherlands to Lisbon arrived at the mouth of the Tagus on October 26, 1708 . The flagship in which Maria Anna was traveling docked at the docks of the private garden of the Ribeira Palace. Here Johann and a group of the richest and most powerful nobles in the kingdom were already waiting for them - this is where he met Maria Anna for the first time. The wedding celebrations lasted until December 27th and were very lavish and expensive.

Until the end of 1710 there was no heir to the throne, although Johann and Maria Anna had been married for two years. The Cortes were already beginning to question the future of the House of Braganza . In early 1711 the king met with the Franciscan Cardinal Nuno da Cunha e Ataíde, the High Inquisitor of the Portuguese Inquisition. He assured him that if he promised God to build a Franciscan monastery in Mafra , God would give him his long-awaited heir. Johann then promised to build a monastery if Maria Anna became pregnant before the end of 1711. Johann's wish comes true this year and on December 4, 1711, Maria Anna gave birth to the Infanta Maria Barbara von Braganza .

Johann and Maria Anna had a happy marriage, but they lived largely apart. Maria Anna devoted herself to her religious interests, while Johann did everything he liked at the moment.

King John V had many lovers during his reign, including Filipa de Noronha, Paula de Odivelas, Luísa Inês Antónia Machado Monteiro, Madalena Máxima de Miranda, Inácia Rosa de Távora, and Luísa Clara de Portugal.

offspring

The royal family at the christening of Peter, Prince of Brazil; German, ca.1712.

The birth of Maria Barbara was followed on October 19, 1712 by the birth of Peter, Prince of Brazil. But he died on October 29, 1714. Thereupon, Johann's heart filled with great sadness when he had to say goodbye to his temporary heir to the throne. He was comforted by the birth of his second son and heir to the throne, Joseph (later King Joseph I ), who was born on June 6 of the same year. After the birth of Prince Joseph, Johann and Maria Anna had three more children: Carlos, born on May 2, 1716; Peter (later Peter III. ), Born on July 5, 1717 and Alexandre, born on September 24, 1723. Of the last three infants, only two survived adulthood: Carlos and Peter - but only Peter would continue the Braganza lineage.

Portrait of John for the exchange of the princesses; Jean Ranc, 1729.

Johann's children were brought up strictly. His goal was to bring up a son who would be worthy of his place as king, while his daughter, for strategic and political reasons, was to be prepared for a marriage with ruler's sons. But only part of this plan could be achieved. Maria Barbara von Johann's marriage had been carefully planned from birth. When the engagement of Maria Anna Viktoria of Spain to Louis XV. was repealed by France , Johann saw his chance and he proposed his daughter Maria Barbara as a possible bride for Louis XV. before - but this marriage was ultimately rejected. Johann managed to make a profit from the dissolution of the engagement between Louis XV. and Maria Anna Viktoria. He married his eldest son Joseph to Maria Anna Viktoria and his daughter to Maria Anna Viktoria's older brother Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias . Negotiations between Portugal and Spain began in 1725, and four years later John's eldest children were handed over to their future spouses. Princesses Maria Barbara and Maria Anna Viktoria were exchanged at a ceremony known as the Troca das Princesas (exchange of princesses) on January 19, 1729 on the Caia River . Prince Joseph married Maria Anna Viktoria on January 19, 1729 in Elvas and Maria Barbara Prince Ferdinand on January 20, 1729 in Badajoz .

None of Johann's three other sons would marry and father children during his reign: Alexandre died at the age of five and Carlos at the age of twenty. Only his son Peter would live long enough to enter into a marriage that his father would never see again. On June 6, 1760, Peter married the daughter of his older brother King Joseph I, Princess Maria Francisca, Princess of Brazil. After the death of Joseph I. Mary as Queen Maria I . of Portugal and Prince Peter as King Peter III, who only became King of Portugal jure uxoris .

Johann fathered at least four other children from various extramarital connections: António of Braganza (by Luísa Inês Antónia Machado Monteiro), Gaspar of Braganza, Archbishop of Braga (by Madalena Máxima de Miranda), José of Braganza, High Inquisitor of Portugal (by Paula de Odivelas) and Maria Rita of Braganza (by Luísa Clara de Portugal). Of his four illegitimate children, the three men were all recognized as John's sons and named after the palace of Palhavã (by Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal) as children of Palhavã , where they lived at John's expense. The children of Palhavã received a noble upbringing and became notable members of the clergy. The husband of Maria Rita's mother, Jorge de Meneses, tried to stop Johann's actions. The king, unfazed by this action, had him banished to Spain and then to England.

Domination

When Johann became king, he decided to rule as an absolute monarch. In particular, he never convened the Portuguese Cortes, the old parliament of the three estates in Portugal, and actively ignored the meetings of the Council of State. However, he often consulted a narrow circle of well-informed advisers and held weekly confidential meetings with members of all three estates. He preferred these meetings to the larger meetings of the Cortes and the Council of State, which he described as incompetent and too bloated.

government

Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real, State Secretary of the Kingdom.

The highest position in the king's government was that of Portuguese Secretary of State, which corresponds to a modern prime minister . This position was always occupied by a protégé of John, the most notable Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real, with whom the king consulted on every matter to such an extent that it often appeared as if he were the only minister of the king. When Johann became king, he inherited a powerful and large Council of State, which was composed of numerous bishops, nobles and bureaucrats, which was the king's highest advisory body during the reign of John's father. However, John's aversion to institutions and advisory bodies led him to abandon the formal convening of the council and prompt the prominent politician and diplomat Luís da Cunha to refer to the king as a despot and his government as an absolutist.

Although the Council of State was never convened, some of its members were close advisers to the king. In addition to Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real, Cardinal João da Mota e Silva and High Inquisitor Nuno da Cunha e Ataíde were close advisers to the king. Although he dissolved most of the institutions, John maintained the junta of the three estates, a government junta created by John's grandfather, King John IV , which administered the finances and maintenance of military facilities, the raising of troops, and taxation related to defense. After engaging in several conflicts during his reign in both Europe and his empire, Johann understood the need for the junta and carefully selected its members, choosing only those who were considered to be the most knowledgeable and competent. Similarly, John maintained the Council of the Ministry of Finance, which administered the finances of Portugal and its empire, including tax collection and budget accounting for the majority of Portuguese organizations (with the exception of the military), and exercised authority over the Casa da Índia , the royal mint and the customs houses on Portuguese territory.

European relations

The Coche dos Oceanos, seen during the triumphal procession of the Portuguese ambassador in Rome in 1716

When Johann ascended the throne, he was involved in the War of the Spanish Succession . King Peter II signed the Methuen Treaty in 1703 , which linked Portugal to the Grand Alliance against the House of Bourbon and thus enabled the Grand Alliance forces to invade Portugal. Just a few months after ascending the throne, Johann saw his forces overwhelmingly defeated at the Battle of Almansa , a defeat that threatened the Portuguese forces in Spain and the outcome of the war. The Portuguese armed forces continued to fight alongside the Grand Alliance until they agreed to an armistice with Spain and France on November 8, 1712. The war finally ended in 1713 with the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht , according to which Portugal repossessed the territories conquered by the Bourbon coalition and acquired new territories in South America.

With the end of the Spanish War of Succession, Johann was able to resume relations with the European courts. His first major act of diplomacy was the sending of Luís Manuel da Câmara, 3rd Count of Ribeira Grande, at the beginning of August 1715 as his ambassador to the court of Louis XIV of France. No expense was spared for the triumphal entry of the Count of Ribeira Grande into Paris, which cost 100 Louis d'or . This caused great jubilation among the Parisians. Although King Ludwig died only a few weeks after the arrival of the Portuguese ambassador in France, Johann and his kingdom gained a new reputation at the French court and throughout Europe thanks to the count's extravagant entry into Paris.

As Johann continued to raise the profile of Portugal at European courts, the king's brother, Manuel, Count of Ourém, similarly emphasized the name of Portugal across Europe. After leaving the country without the king's permission in 1715, the Count of Ourém traveled around Europe, stayed with Portuguese ambassadors and nobles across the continent, and caused quite a fanfare. Although the king was dissatisfied that Manuel had left the country without permission, the king forgave his brother. With the permission of the king, Manuel entered the service of Prince Eugene of Savoy and took part with him in the successful battle of Peterwardein . Over the next 17 years the Count of Ourém traveled from court to court as a celebrity and military hero and was even considered a candidate for the King of Poland through the alliance treaty of the three black eagles of 1732. Manuel's adventures across the continent inspired several literary works and achieved fame, increasing Portugal's prestige in the eyes of Europe.

Catholic Church

John V of Portugal at the Battle of Matapan; Domenico Duprà, 1717.

John's reign was characterized by relations with Rome and the papacy. As a means of international recognition of his authority, the king sought recognition from the Pope as a legitimate and upright monarch. Relations with the first Pope, Clement XI. , have been largely successful due to successful mutual agreements. In response to a request from Pope Clement XI. To help in the fight against the Turks, in 1716 the king sent an armada of Portuguese ships to aid Venice and Austria in their conflicts with the Turks, led by his brother Francisco, Duke of Beja, and Lopo Furtado de Mendonça, Count of Rio Grande were. In the same year Johann organized a formal triumphal entry for his ambassador in Rome, Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Meneses, Marquis of Fontes. In order to imitate the entry at the French court, 5,000 cruzados were issued for the Portuguese envoy. The solemn procession comprised a convoy of 300 carriages. The showpiece of the procession was the Coche dos Oceanos, an ornate carriage made in Lisbon to demonstrate the wealth of the Portuguese Empire in Rome. After Pope Clement XI. had impressed the papal court, he elevated the dignity of the Archdiocese of Lisbon to the Patriarchate of Lisbon and made the Portuguese capital, along with Venice , one of two dioceses with this title in Europe. John's luck with the papacy and Italy would increase further the next year, 1717, when the help of a Portuguese ship squadron helped win the Battle of Matapan in the ongoing Venetian-Austrian Turkish War .

Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja, commanded the Pope Clement XI. requested Portuguese armada.

The successor to Pope Clement XI., Pope Innocent XIII. , worked from 1697 to 1710 as Apostolic Nuncio in Portugal at the court of John and his father King Peter II. The time of Innocent XIII. in Portugal, however, is said to have been the cause of his aversion to the Jesuits . This was due to the immense power that the Jesuits held at the Portuguese court and the concessions they enjoyed throughout the Portuguese Empire . An ongoing issue of great concern was the longstanding controversy surrounding Christian proselytizing , which mainly related to the methods of the Jesuits in Asia, largely under the auspices of the Portuguese. The decision of Innocent XIII to forbid the Jesuits from continuing their missions in China caused great excitement at the Portuguese court. Although the successor to Innocent XIII, Pope Benedict XIII. , who was the only Pope to descend from the Portuguese royal family (descended from King Dinis I of Portugal ), relations with Portugal were no warmer than under his predecessor. He thus came into conflict with the Holy See when he tried to gain more influence over the Catholic Church in Portugal. Dissatisfied with the rejection of his applications by the Vatican, Johann took revenge on Benedict XIII in 1728. He closed the papal nunciature in Lisbon, recalled all Portuguese cardinals from Rome and forbade official relations between Portuguese subjects and the Holy See. Although Benedict XIII. tried to solve the problems through a friendly mediator, King Philip V of Spain , Johann refused.

An important issue for John was the rank and appointment of the apostolic nuncio in Portugal, whom the king wanted to elevate to the dignity of crown cardinal and to whose selection process he requested access. Both Clemens XI. As well as Innocent XIII. had rejected John's applications, and Benedict XIII. had failed to negotiate an agreement. The problem was only solved during the fourth papacy under John's reign, when Pope Clement XI I gave in to the king's demands in 1730 and elevated the Portuguese nunciature to the dignity that only France, Austria and Spain had. John's last Pope and successor to Clement XII, Pope Benedict XIV , had a much better relationship with the king and granted the king his desired recognition as a legitimate Christian monarch. Only when the Pope agreed in 1748 that all of Lisbon's bishops should receive the title of cardinal and patriarch and that the king himself was given the title of “Most Believing King” ( o Rei fidelíssimo ), did the king and pope reconcile.

Imperial administration

John's government saw a new rise in Portuguese imperial power in America as revenues from Asia and Africa continued to decline. Under Johann, the Portuguese Empire recorded territorial gains in what is now Brazil , India , Kenya , Uruguay , East Timor , Angola and Mozambique, among others .

America

Diplomat Luís da Cunha negotiated at the Peace of Utrecht on the annexation of Uruguay by Portugal.

The confrontation with Portuguese America was a top priority in John's administration of the Portuguese Empire. The American colonies of Brazil and Maranhão had become major sources of wealth for the royal treasury, making the protection, expansion, and good governance of Portuguese America vital to imperial politics in the Johann era. The expansion of Portuguese territory in America was also a matter achieved primarily through military incursions by Bandeirantes into the interior of the continent. Following the Treaty of Utrecht in 1714, Portugal also regained control of Uruguay and successfully defended it against an attempt at Spanish recapture in the Spanish-Portuguese War of 1735-1737 .

In the 1690s, during the final years of King Peter II's reign, valuable resources were discovered in Brazil: huge gold and diamond deposits. However, the exploitation of the deposits began mainly during Johann's reign with the establishment of mining companies, tax systems, and a mercantilist supply chain that ushered in a period known as the Brazilian gold rush. The royal fifth was introduced as a form of taxation on mining activities that required a fifth of all gold to go directly to the king's treasury. In order to consolidate royal authority while promoting efficient governance, John took control of São Vicente (1709) and Pernambuco (1716) and established direct royal governance in the two most valuable provinces of Brazil. In 1721 Johann ordered the separation of the region of intensive mining from the rest of São Vicente and the autonomous region of Minas Gerais ("common mines") was created so that the colonial administration could collect taxes more effectively.

Asia

The 5th Earl of Ericeira served as Viceroy of India and restored Portuguese dominance and trade.

Asia had been the traditional basis of the wealth and power of the Portuguese Empire, but its declining returns were particularly noticeable during John's reign when gold and diamonds poured into Lisbon from America. The Portuguese India , historically the "crown jewel" of the empire, was economically restricted, especially under the restrictive rule of the Portuguese Inquisition in Goa, which forbade trade with non-Christian merchants. At the same time, Portugal's most important ally on the Indian subcontinent was the Mughal Empire , which experienced a drastic decline after 1707 with the rise of the Maratha Empire , long-time enemies of the Portuguese. Portugal suffered territorial losses after the Battle of Vasai and the Maratha conquest of Baçaim, although the size of Portuguese India would triple in size from 1713 to 1788 in an era known as Novas Conquistas (New Conquests). The declining importance of Portuguese India led to numerous administrative restructurings during John's reign, including the independence of Portuguese Mozambique from the rule of the viceroy of Portuguese India, as well as the creation of a direct trade route from Portugal to Portuguese Macau (modern-day China ), making the base replaced in the Indian port of Goa .

Africa

The Portuguese colonization of Africa was less important to John's colonial priorities compared to America and Asia. Minor disputes with Dutch corsairs who blocked deliveries to and from the Portuguese Gold Coast in the 1720s led to a successful Portuguese victory over the Dutch in small-scale sea battles. Notably, tensions with Great Britain increased in 1722 when British forces erected a fortress in Cabinda (now Angola ) that the Portuguese had claimed and evangelized since the 15th century. As a notable rare exception to the long-standing Anglo-Portuguese alliance, John ordered Galleons of the Armada do Brasil to send to Cabinda to either take possession of the fort or to destroy it and its men, resulting in a Portuguese victory in 1723. Portugal briefly recaptured Mombasa (today's Kenya ) in 1728, only to lose control of it again in 1729 and to end the last period of Portuguese rule in Mombasa.

Culture under Johann

Buildings

Igreja do Menino Deus

In Europe at the time of John V, the architectural style of the late baroque prevailed. The king spent considerable sums on building projects. This was especially true for Lisbon, in order to transform the capital of the metropolis into a new Rome, so to speak. One of the first and most beautiful projects and one of the few that survived the earthquake of 1755 is the Igreja do Menino Deus, built in 1711 with a rare octagonal floor plan. Another building that has survived was the Palácio e Convento das Necessidades in honor of Nossa Senhora das Necessidades (Our Lady of Needs) for the king's survival in an almost fatal cardiovascular attack on May 10, 1742.

Mafra

The royal palace complex in Mafra was built from 1717 to 1755 to illustrate Johann's power and wealth.

Johann is often referred to as one of the greatest patrons of the arts in Portuguese history as he has commissioned numerous building projects and artistic works. The most famous and important work of the king was the Royal Palace Monastery of Mafra . At the beginning of 1711, after three years of marriage to Maria Anna of Austria, the couple were still childless and without heirs. Johann began to worry about the future of the House of Braganza and met with D. Nuno da Cunha and Ataíde, High Inquisitor of Portugal. He assured the king that Maria Anna would bear him a child by the end of 1711 if he promised to build a monastery for the Franciscans in Mafra. Johann agreed to this project and construction began in 1717 according to the plans for a modest church monastery for 100 friars. In the years that followed, however, the immense flow of gold from the American colonies of Brazil and Maranhão changed plans. Now the project became the most important work in Johann's reign. The monastery developed more and more into a monastery palace for 300 friars and for the royal family. A royal library was established, a basilica was built, and a wide range of apartments were created for the royal family. Charles de Merveilleux, a Swiss nobleman living in Portugal in 1726, noted the size and scope of the project and remarked, "King John has decided to build a second Escorial ."

The Royal Library in the Mafra Monastery Palace.

With the new plans for a palace complex, the project in Mafra, which was entrusted to the royal architect Johann Friedrich Ludwig , became much more than the fulfillment of a religious promise, but rather a demonstration of monarchical power and wealth. By 1729, 15,470 workers from all over Portugal and its colonies with a total of 6,124 infantry and cavalrymen contributed to the construction of the palace. This year a total of 21,594 people were involved in the construction process and on the construction site. While most of the palace was completed by 1730, Johann was so enthusiastic about the project that he was determined to push for completion. He therefore prescribed all residents of the villages of Mafra and Ericeira to work in the palace. Should that not be possible for one, he would need a permit and this could only be obtained under exceptional circumstances. Regarding the lavish cost of the palace complex, Merveilleux noted that "three-quarters of the royal treasury and almost all of the gold brought by the fleets from Brazil was turned to stone here in Mafra".

Mafra now became a monument to royal power, although it would never become the seat of a king but rather functioned as a pleasure palace. Johann had numerous operas, comedies and serenades celebrated in the palace with great pomp, and his vast possessions became the royal family's preferred hunting ground for centuries to come. From 1732 the king began to celebrate his birthday annually in Mafra. Johann housed one of the largest and most magnificent libraries in Europe with over 36,000 volumes from the 14th to 18th centuries in the palace. Work in Mafra continued until 1755 when the devastation caused by the great Lisbon earthquake required as many workers as possible to rebuild the city.

Filippo Juvarra's project for the Royal Palace of Lisbon

Draft for the palace complex planned by Filippo Juvarra in Lisbon for King John V of Portugal.

At the beginning of the reign of King John V there were several considerations about the possible construction of a magnificent royal palace and a patriarchal cathedral dedicated to Saint Mary of Portugal. The project was intended to symbolize the imperial power of the magnanimous monarch. The construction site would either be in a river area west of the Terreiro do Paço , (called "Buenos Aires"), or directly on the Terreiro do Paço. The first studies were commissioned by an Italian architect named Filippo Juvarra , who arrived in Lisbon in January 1719 and worked on the designs until July of that year. During his stay, he also made plans for the creation of a monumental lighthouse on the Tagus Estuary.

However, the choice of the location by the architect (on "Buenos Aires") and the size and architectural style of the planned building (inspired by St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican) led the King's State Secretary, D. Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real ( 1658–1736), the project declared as megalomaniac. For this reason, John V decided to invest in rebuilding the Paços da Ribeira (Royal Ribeira Palace) in Terreiro do Paço, which did not survive the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.

society

The nobility

The reign of King John V was relatively stable in terms of the nobility. In total there were about fifty titled noble houses, all of which belonged to the same elite and which all still retained their old powers and privileges. Thanks to the gold of Brazil, the king was still able to reward the highest nobility, so he was always loyal to the monarch. The Portuguese society under John V was in every way a typical society of the Ancien Régime .

Reluctance to award titles

An exceptional aspect of the reign of John V, in which Portugal stood out from the main European kingdoms, was the reluctance of the monarch to distribute titles of nobility.

In all European kingdoms there was an enormous inflation of the nobility during this period: monarchs considerably increased the number of nobles with titles and often bestowed them as rewards. In neighboring Spain, for example, there were 144 noble houses in 1621 and 528 in 1700. This trend continued during the time of Johann V: in 1787 there were 654 houses with titles - five times more than 150 years earlier. The same thing happened in Great Britain: from 55 titles in 1603 to 173 houses with titles in 1700; and in 1800 there were 267 houses with titles - five times more than two hundred years ago.

This development did not materialize in Portugal. In 1640, at the time of the restoration of Portuguese independence, there were 56 titles of nobility. Following the coronation of John IV, some titles were revoked by supporters of Spanish rule and supporters of Portuguese independence were given new titles. With the end of the Restoration War in 1668 there were only 50 titles left in Portugal in 1670. In 1700 the number changes to 51. In 1730, in the middle of the long reign of Johann, this number was still the same (51); In 1760, at the beginning of the reign of Joseph I , it had dropped to 48. Even in 1790 the number of houses titled in Portugal was only 54 - fewer than 150 years earlier.

Like his father Peter II and his son Joseph I, Johann V rarely conferred titles of nobility. At the same rate as they were awarded, other titles became extinct - usually due to lack of succession. This reluctance of the monarchs is even more noticeable when one looks at the commendations of military orders. Before the Restoration, there were more than 400 commanders from the various orders. When Johann V died, this number had fallen to a little more than half.

This extreme reluctance, which was in complete contrast to what was seen in the rest of Europe, meant that there were few opportunities to distinguish yourself in society.

Others

The personal banner of King John V

Under him, absolutism was introduced in Portugal after the Cortes , the Portuguese assembly of estates through which the nobility originally participated in government, had not been convened since 1696. Johann V was portrayed as a capable statesman, highly educated and interested in many things, who was modeled on Louis XIV of France . In Portugal, as in France, the nobles no longer cared about their land holdings; they became mere courtiers. His wealth, which the king invested in buildings to his fame in the tradition of other absolutist kings ( monastery palace of Mafra , university library of Coimbra , aqueduct of Águas Livres in Lisbon), came from the Brazilian gold trade.

Under John V , the country experienced a "second golden age", of which many of the magnificent buildings erected by the king still speak today.

However, the dependence on the permanent inflow of gold from Brazil and the lavish court rulings also contributed to the country's economic decline. Under Johann V, the activity of the Inquisition increased again, but now, under the influence of institutionalized academic medicine, turned against popular healers and supposed witches .

family

Johann V married Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1683–1754) in Lisbon on October 27, 1708 , a daughter of the Roman-German Emperor Leopold I and Eleonore Magdalena von Pfalz-Neuburg . With Maria Anna he had the following children:

The coat of arms of the Portuguese kings from John II to Manuel II.
  • Maria Bárbara (December 4, 1711 - August 27, 1758) ⚭ 1729 King Ferdinand VI. from Spain
  • Peter (19 October 1712 - 29 October 1714)
  • Joseph I (June 6, 1714 - February 24, 1777)
  • Karl (May 2, 1716 - March 29, 1736)
  • Peter III (* July 5, 1717 - † May 25, 1786) ⚭ 1760 Maria I of Portugal
  • Alexander Franz Joseph Antonius Nikolaus (born September 24, 1718 - † August 12, 1728)
  • Josephine (* 1720; † 1801)

He also had several illegitimate children, including

Web links

Commons : Johann V.  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Caetano de Sousa, António: História Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa. tape VIII . Silviana, Lisbon, p. 1 .
  2. ↑ Caetano de Sousa, António: História Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa . tape VIII . Silviana, Lisbon, p. 2 .
  3. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz .: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 19 .
  4. ↑ Veríssimo Serrão, Joaquim: História de Portugal . Editorial Verbo, Lisbon 1977, p. 234 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 21 .
  6. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 22 .
  7. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 20 .
  8. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 23 .
  9. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 24 .
  10. ↑ a b c Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 26 .
  11. ↑ a b c Nizza da Silva, Maria Beatriz (2009). Reis de Portugal: D. João V (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Temas & Debates .: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 28 .
  12. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 30 .
  13. ^ Palácio Nacional de Mafra. In: web.archive.org. Retrieved May 2, 2020 (Portuguese).
  14. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 42 .
  15. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 33 .
  16. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 44 .
  17. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 45 .
  18. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 47 .
  19. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 54 .
  20. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 55 .
  21. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 1892, p. 97 . Pimentel, Alberto: As Amantes de D. João V . Typografia da Academia Real das Sciencias.
  22. ↑ Pimentel, Alberto: As Amantes de D. João V . Typografia da Academia Real das Sciencias, Lisbon 1892, p. 98 .
  23. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 177 .
  24. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Libon 2009, pp. 179 .
  25. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, p. 182 .
  26. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 183 .
  27. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 184 .
  28. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 186-188 .
  29. ↑ Veríssimo Serrão, Joaquim: História de Portugal . Editorial Verbo, Lisbon 1977, p. 229 .
  30. ^ Francis, David: The First Peninsular War: 1702-1713. Ernest Benn Limited, London 1975, p. 249 .
  31. ↑ Lynn, John A .: The Wars of Louis XIV: 1667-1714 . Longman, London 1999, pp. 354-362 .
  32. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, p. 82 .
  33. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 308-310 .
  34. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz .: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 71 .
  35. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 42-45 .
  36. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 336 .
  37. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 319 .
  38. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 320 .
  39. ↑ a b c Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 337 .
  40. ↑ a b Pimentel, António Filipe: António Canevari ea Arcádia Romana: Subsídios para o Estudo das Relações Artísticas Lisboa-Roma no Reinado de D. João V. University of Coimbra., Coimbra 2007, p. 31-39 .
  41. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 316-318 .
  42. ^ Jenkins, Robert Charles: The Jesuits in China and the Legation of Cardinal de Tournon: An Examination of Conflicting Evidence and an Attempt at an Impartial Judgment . Harvard University Press, Boston 1894, pp. 7-8 .
  43. ^ Azevedo, Joaquim: Chronologia dos Summos Pontifices Romanos Extrahida dos Melhores Authores da Historia Ecclesiástica . Officina Regia, Lisbon 1798, p. 280 .
  44. ^ A b Bianchini, Francesco: Observations Concerning the Planet Venus . Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin 2012, p. 9-12 .
  45. ↑ Verzijl, Jan HW: International Law in Historical Perspective. V. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Lieden 1973, p. 64-74 .
  46. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 240-242 .
  47. ^ Jumar, Fernando: Colonia del Sacramento y el Complejo Portuario Rioplatense . Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, México 2004, p. 165-169 .
  48. ↑ Freire Costa, Leonor; Rocha, Maria Manuela: Organização Mercantil e Problemas de Agência em Meados do Século XVIII . tape VIII . Análise Social., Lisbon 2007, p. 77-98 .
  49. ↑ Silva, Luiz Geraldo: A Faina, a Festa, eo Rito: Uma Etnografia Histórica Sobre as Gentes do Mar (Séculos XVII ao XIX) . Papirus Editora, Curitiba 2001, p. 122 .
  50. ↑ a b Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 288-293 .
  51. ↑ Monteiro, Saturnino: Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa . Livraria Sá da Costa Editora, Lisbon 1989, p. 73-76 .
  52. ↑ Monteiro, Saturnino: Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa . tape VII . Livraria Sá da Costa Editora, Lisbon 1989, p. 128 .
  53. ↑ Monteiro, Saturnino: Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa . tape VII . Livraria Sá da Costa Editora., Lisbon 1989, p. 126 .
  54. ↑ Pereira, José Fernandes; Ferrão, Leonor; Arruda, Luísa: Lisbon in the Age of Dom João V (1689-1750) . Instituto Português de Museus, Paris 1994.
  55. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 112 f .
  56. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 113 f .
  57. ↑ Brandão, José: Este é o Reino de Portugal . Edições Saída de Emergência, Lisbon 2015.
  58. ↑ Nice da Silva, Maria Beatriz: Reis de Portugal: D. João V . Temas & Debates, Lisbon 2009, pp. 116-121 .
  59. ^ Jack Malcolm, 1946: Lisbon, city of the sea: a history . IB Tauris, London 2007, ISBN 978-1-4356-4985-9 .
  60. ↑ a b Sansone, Sandra: "Del palazzo de 'cesari": linea su titolo dell'attività di filippo juvarra per d. João v di portogallo. (PDF) In: https://run.unl.pt/ . Repositório da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, April 2014, accessed on May 10, 2020 (Portuguese).
  61. ↑ Sansone, Sandra. Kieven, Elisabeth; Ruggero, Cristina: Filippo Juvarra 1678–1736, Architetto dei Savoia, Architetto in Europa: 197–208. In: https://www.academia.edu/ . 2014, accessed May 10, 2020 (Portuguese).
  62. ↑ Ferrão, Leonor., Arruda, Luísa d'Orey Capucho., Instituto Português de Museus., Réunion des musées nationaux (France): Lisbon in the age of Dom João V (1689–1750) . Réunion des musées nationaux, Paris 1994, ISBN 2-7118-2843-3 .
  63. ^ A b Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro: 17th and 18th century Portuguese Nobilities in the European Context: A historiographical overview . S. 5 .
  64. ^ Saturnino Monteiro, Armando da Silva: Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa . tape VII , p. 126 .
  65. ^ Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro: 17th and 18th century Portuguese Nobilities in the European Context: A historiographical overview . S. 4 .
predecessor Office successor
Peter II King of Portugal
1706–1750 		Joseph I.
personal data
SURNAME Johann V.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES John the Generous; João o Magnânimo (Portuguese)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION King of Portugal from the House of Braganza
DATE OF BIRTH October 22, 1689
PLACE OF BIRTH Lisbon
DATE OF DEATH July 31, 1750
Place of death Lisbon