Carnival parade

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Carnival parade 2005 on Tulip Sunday through the city center of Menden

The carnival parade or carnival , carnival procession or carnival procession - in Basel Cortège and Bavaria Gaudi worm called - is a parade of various disguised / masked figures through a city. It is one of the highlights of the street carnival and one of the oldest known manifestations of Mardi Gras.

The events in Cologne, Mainz and Düsseldorf are particularly well-known in Germany . The carnival parade takes place primarily on Rose Monday; Parades on Carnival Saturday, Sunday or Shrove Tuesday are less common. In some places there are also children's or district removals in addition to the "big" ones, which are usually carried out on a different day.

history

“Held Carneval” in his Rose Monday carriages in 1824

In 1397 the Nuremberg Carnival procession was first mentioned in a document. Thus Nuremberg is the oldest carnival parade in the world, which still exists today.

In 1794, the French authorities forbade carnival celebrations in Cologne during the First Coalition War . Even after the ban was lifted in 1801, there were restrictive regulations, because anyone who wanted to mask themselves had to ask for permission.

In the course of the next few years, however, the carnival revived, and in order to be able to control and direct the rather boisterous celebration, a festival order came into force at the initiative of the upper class . On February 10, 1823, the first Rose Monday procession took place in Cologne under the motto "the Cölsche Held Carneval" and was a great success compared to the old, raw kind. From this point on, Carnival Monday parades took place regularly. The organization of the Carnival Monday parades was mainly the responsibility of the "staging committee" founded for this purpose in 1823. The motto in 1824 was the visit of the "Princess Venetia" as a representative of the southern carnival.

Regional particularities

German-speaking area

Rhineland

Jacques Tilly's motif car at the 2005 Carnival in Düsseldorf
Village carnival parade in Windeck - Herchen on Tulip Sunday

The carnival parades in the Rhineland - called Zoch in dialect - at the beginning of the 19th century clearly had military parodic features. The parades were also based on the historical ruler's receptions and were full of allusions to the time before the incorporation of the Rhineland as the Prussian Rhine province in the course of the Congress of Vienna (see e.g. Cologne triumvirate ). They not only served entertainment, but also offered the bourgeoisie a medium for self-presentation.

From 1830 the themes of the trains became increasingly political. Liberal ideas spread, stimulated by the French July Revolution, and the trains were increasingly used for political satire. With the failed revolution of 1848, many of the "carnivalists for political reasons" turned away from the festival, but political issues have remained an important part of the parades to this day. In the second half of the 19th century, under the influence of the tense relationship between Prussia and France, the trains became increasingly patriotic. The Prussian victory in 1871 and the founding of the empire established a clearly nationalistic mood in the carnival events at the turn of the 20th century, which lasted until the outbreak of the First World War.

Today a train consists of delegations from the carnival clubs with floats, chapels, dance groups and often so-called motif wagons. The latter often depict events and people from the past year in a satirical form.

From the floats and the groups taking part in the parade, camels are thrown under the audience, sometimes also bars of chocolate or boxes of pralines . Anyone who is injured by the candy being thrown cannot regularly claim compensation.

In addition to the one in Cologne , the largest carnival parades are mainly in the western Rhineland in Eschweiler (Germany's third largest parade in 2011) as well as in Düsseldorf , Bonn and Aachen .

Kurpfälzer Fasnacht

The Kurpfälzer Fasnacht is actively celebrated in almost all cities and towns in the Electoral Palatinate. The strongholds are Heidelberg , Mannheim and Ludwigshafen .

In Heidelberg there is one of the oldest carnival parades in the region, which takes place every year on Shrove Tuesday and has over 100,000 spectators. The first parade at the “Carneval Festival in Heidelberg” on March 6, 1848 was under the motto “Entry of Friedrich the Victorious into his Heidelberg residence after the battle of Seckenheim on June 30, 1462” and moved from the “Mannheimer Thore” to the “Schlosshofe” . The Heidelberg Carnival and the Carnival procession are carried out by the associations in the umbrella organization, the Heidelberg Carnival Committee 1952 eV (HKK).

Mannheim and Ludwigshafen organize a joint parade, which takes place alternately once a year in one of the two cities. Further removals take place in Schwetzingen , Neckargemünd , Plankstadt and throughout the region. The innumerable carnival clubs in the Electoral Palatinate organize both carnival and street carnival. The focus is often on youth work in hundreds of Garden - female, mixed or male ballet, from minis to adults. The reputation is different: in Heidelberg HaJo and Ahoi , in Mannheim Ahoi , but many clubs have their own special calls such as B. Plahoi for Plankstadt. The associations in the Electoral Palatinate are organized in the Association of Badisch-Palatinate Carnival Associations and in the Bund Deutscher Karneval (BDK).

Swabian-Alemannic Carnival

Ravensburger Papierkrattler at the fool's jump in 2005

The fools in the street parades of the Swabian-Alemannic Carnival wear the traditional fool's hat and next to the band there is also Guggen music . The figures are less military-like, but are mainly traditional demon, witch or fool figures and masks as well as animals. There, too, there are wagons that are often used to talk about politics. The largest mask meeting is the Rottweiler fool's jump .

Braunschweig Carnival "Schoduvel"

In Braunschweig , the carnival parade has taken place every year on the Carnival Sunday before Shrove Monday since 1981. In 2011 around 6,000 parade participants and 280,000 spectators took part over a length of 6.5 km. The tradition of the Braunschweiger Schoduvel goes back over 700 years. The term Schoduvel (from the Middle Low German duvel = devil and Scholars scare ') referred to the originally pagan custom, by noise, trim and nervous exemplary conduct the evil spirits of the cold, of death and danger to scare. The revived carnival parade in Braunschweig has been associated with the term Schoduvel since 2005.

In 2015, the Braunschweig carnival parade was canceled shortly before it began due to indications of an impending terrorist attack.

Eastern federal states

Rose Monday parade in Köthen (Anhalt) (2014)

After the end of the war in 1945 there were parades again, especially in the Catholic regions, for example in Eichsfeld . In the GDR, which was founded in 1949, despite the existence of several carnival societies, no nationwide carnival movement prevailed. Only in the 1980s did that change, carnival or carnival events including the associated associations became popular again, so that in 1986 there was even a change in the law. This development continued even after the political change . Today's strongholds in the eastern states, including from television broadcasts , for example, Wasungen with the move on the narrow Zigen Saturday and Köthen with the Rose Monday .

According to information from the local carnivalists, the largest East German carnival parade, the " procession of happy people ", takes place in Cottbus in Brandenburg . On the Sunday before Shrove Monday, the train has been pulling through the Cottbus city center in front of 100,000 spectators since 1989. It will be broadcast live by RBB .

Berlin

As early as 1430, large families and councilors celebrated the so-called “Fastelawende” in Berlin and as early as the 15th century the so-called Zampern (parades and dance events) was made known and introduced in Berlin by immigrants from Lusatia . In the baroque 18th century there were annual carnival and masked or costume balls (redoubts) at court . In 1815 the Rhineland became Prussian and more and more new residents came to Berlin who brought their carnival customs with them. The first Rhineland carnival clubs were founded in Berlin as early as 1870. After the end of the First World War, the carnival clubs were popular with all levels of society and there were annual parades.

In (East) Berlin there were already multiple efforts for carnival parades during GDR times, which the SED government repeatedly suppressed. Finally, after the political change, the Berlin carnival procession from 2001 to 2013 was able to establish itself. However, there were more difficult requirements on the part of the city of Berlin with regard to noise emissions (upper sound limit: 75 decibels for music) and subsequent street cleaning. The organizers therefore canceled the train for 2014. From 2016 the carnival procession took place on the Kurfürstendamm .

Alpine countries

Cortège in Basel

Best known in Switzerland are the Cortèges at Basel Carnival on Mondays and Wednesdays.

Although the departure points and departure times of the cliques are set, the location and duration of the breaks are decided spontaneously, so that the events cannot be planned in a predictable way. A special feature is the date of the Basel Carnival: it takes place a week later than most carnival dates, i.e. one week after Rose Monday or Ash Wednesday.

In Austria the most famous events are the Imster Schemenlaufen , which only takes place every four years on the Sunday before the Nonsensical Thursday , and the Larchzieh'n in the Ötztal which takes place every five years - both in Tyrol. Large carnival parades have taken place - for decades - annually on Carnival Saturday in Villach , on Carnival Tuesday in the center of Graz , and on Sundays in between, but only every odd year, in Dobl near Graz .

As the largest carnival parades in Austria for 2017, the Kronenzeitung Bunt lists the Tarrenz carnival, the Matschgerer parade in Absam , the Axamer Wampeler riding on Nonsensical Thursday, sweeping in Imst (Mardi Gras), all in Tyrol - and the Feldkirch carnival parade on Gugga music night and on Afternoon of the following day, as the largest and oldest parade in Vorarlberg.

At least in the 1960s, a large carnival parade took place in Kirchdorf an der Krems in Upper Austria , for which the Kremstal main road was closed. Around 1985/1990 there was also a carnival parade in Linz , which paused in 2010–2013 - it typically runs northwards through Landstrasse to the main square, for which the main tram axis is interrupted in its center.

The website wissenswertes.at lists 19 carnival parades in Upper Austria for 2017, whereby Ebensee has a great tradition, the locals are heavily involved and celebrates over two days; for Styria, 23 removals are listed in the same year.

International

The highlight of the Carnival in Rio is the parade of the samba schools: from Friday to Tuesday the parades pass through the city every night. The Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday) is the day of parades of New Orleans and climax of the local carnival. The parades of the carnival in the French stronghold of Nice start about two weeks before the actual carnival weekend. The flower corsos are famous here , with floats decorated with flowers parading along the lake promenade and throwing flowers at the audience. The highlight and conclusion is the parade on Mardi Gras with subsequent fireworks. The carnival in Patras, Greece, lasts about two weeks and is based on the Orthodox Easter date , so it differs from the western carnival dates . The highlight is the big parade on Carnival Sunday. The mask parades in Viareggio , Italy, take place on Carnival Tuesday and on several Sundays before and after it.

Traditional calls

Carnival includes calls for fools, with which the carnivalists greet each other or conclude hand-made speeches. Such calls for fools vary greatly from region to region in Germany. The best known and most widespread nationwide are “Helau” and “Alaaf”. Traditionally "Alaaf" is usually called in the Rhineland, but in Düsseldorf, on the Lower Rhine , in the Ruhr area and from Mainz and Würzburg south of "Helau". In Braunschweig, too, fools call out "Brunswick Helau". The Mainz team took over the reputation of "Helau" from Düsseldorf. In Westphalia, too, “Helau” is the common reputation, but regional specialties are also present here. During mask parades in southern Germany, mask wearers often shout "Narri". The audience at the roadside answers with "Narro". Numerous places in Germany and in the German-speaking neighboring countries have developed their own calls.

Oddities

Memorial figure Olching carnival parade
  • The smallest carnival parade in the world was carried out from 1956 to 2011 by Helmut Scherer in Unna , North Rhine-Westphalia . It consisted of a single hand-drawn cart .
  • The carnival parade in the Upper Bavarian municipality of Olching , which has been carried out since 1953, was honored with a memorial on its 40th anniversary.
  • In 2011, opponents of the Stuttgart 21 project held regular Monday demonstrations in Stuttgart . The March date collided with Rose Monday and the carnival parade on that day. After a legal tug-of-war that the demonstrators won, they were allowed to march through the city center with banners (“Stuttgart 21 - Project of Fools”) and two colorfully designed motto cars.
  • In 2018, physicists from the University of Duisburg-Essen published a scientific article on the traffic dynamics of carnival parades using the example of the Cologne Rose Monday parade. There you describe the paradoxical fact that the last participant in the train is on average faster than the first.

Web links

Commons : Carnivals  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Rosenmontagszug  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. The largest carnival and carnival parades in Germany - Germany-on-the-web. In: deutschland-im-web.de. November 13, 2016, accessed March 4, 2017 .
  2. No compensation or compensation for head injuries caused by a flying box of chocolates during the Rose Monday parade, summary of the judgment of February 11, 2010 on free-urteile.de
  3. Eischwiele steps on the gas: "around 6000 active people, 138 cars, 57 music units, 145 costume groups" on: an-online.de of March 3, 2011
  4. The whole Zoch in the video - thousands of revelers celebrate at the Bonn Rose Monday procession. March 4, 2019, accessed March 4, 2019 .
  5. program. The Carneval Festival in Heidelberg on March 6, 1848.
  6. Ziegelhäuser Karneval Gesellschaft 1913 eV , accessed on October 26, 2015
  7. Welcome. Association of Badisch-Pfälzischer Karnevalvereine eV, accessed on March 16, 2020 .
  8. ^ City of Braunschweig - information on the Braunschweig Carnival ( Memento from August 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), www.braunschweig.de from March 3, 2011
  9. Terror warning before the carnival parade in Braunschweig: Authorities received information about a specific risk. February 15, 2015, accessed February 15, 2015 .
  10. ^ Order on the legal status, instructions and financing of voluntarily run carnival clubs In: Law Gazette Part I of the GDR of July 21, 1986 (Journal of the GDR I No. 26, page 382)
  11. rush to the Cottbus carnival parade on lr-online.de from February 9, 2013
  12. and not walking across the beds , Berliner Zeitung; berliner-kurier.de
  13. ^ Umhausen: History and Culture - Das Larchziehn ( Memento of January 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on January 10, 2015
  14. Katharina Messner: Carnival drives. In: Kronenzeitung Bunt, Print, January 29, 2017, pp. 18–21. - Tarrenz (29.1.) Www.fasnacht-tarrenz.at, Absam (12.2.) Www.absamer-matschgerer.at, (12.2.), Axams (23.2.) Www.innsbruck.info, Imst (28.2.) Www. fasnacht.at, Feldkirch (February 18 & 19) www.vol.at/fasching-2017-in-vorarlberg-alle-umzuege-auf-einen-blick/5091788
  15. Linz carnival parade of the Faschingsgilde Linz Ebelsberg-Kleinmünchen Magistrate of the state capital Linz, press release February 13, 2014, accessed February 10, 2017
  16. Carnival parades in Upper Austria 2017 www.wissenswertes.at, accessed February 10, 2017 - event dates, also from 2016
  17. See Frankfurter Allgemeine No. 54, March 5, 2011 title page. Fasel, Andreas: Will Unna be a fun town one day? In: Welt am Sonntag. No. 8 MS. February 22, 2009. NRW p. 1
  18. See Kracht, Peter: The smallest "Zoch" in the world. Helmut Scherer holds up the carnival flag in Unna. In: Jahrbuch Westfalen 59th year 2005 pp. 100-102, 101. ISBN 3-402-08995-5
  19. Smallest carnival procession , Stern.de
  20. ^ Movement of the Stuttgart 21 opponents takes place , stuttgarter-nachrichten.de
  21. Petros Polichronidis, Dominik Wegerle, Alexander Dieper, Michael Schreckenberg: Traffic dynamics of carnival processions . In: EPL (Europhysics Letters) . tape 121 , no. 6 , 2018, ISSN  0295-5075 , p. 68003 ( iop.org [accessed July 11, 2018]).