Kirsopp Lake

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Kirsopp Lake

Kirsopp Lake (born April 7, 1872 in Southampton , England , † November 10, 1946 in South Pasadena ) was an English Anglican clergyman and theologian.

Lake was a New Testament scholar and Winn Professor of Church History at Harvard Divinity School . He had an unusually broad spectrum of interests and published groundbreaking monographs on New Testament textual criticism, Greek palaeography, theology and archeology. In the English-speaking world, he is particularly known for his five-volume work The Beginnings of Christianity , a detailed commentary on the Acts of the Apostles and early Christianity, which he designed and published with FJ Foakes-Jackson (1855-1941).

Childhood and youth

Kirsopp Lake was born the elder of two surviving children to George Anthony Kirsopp Lake, a doctor, and Isabel Oke Clark. His father had Scottish roots and Kirsopp was the family name of the paternal grandmother. He went to St Paul's School in London and then went to Lincoln College , Oxford, where he enrolled in 1891. He began as an exhibitioner and was a scholar at the Skinners Company in 1893 and graduated in 1895 with BA second class, the second best grade in theology. He also attended Cuddesdon Theological College in 1895. Originally, he wanted to teach law and pursue a career in politics. However, after contracting the flu, he did exercises too soon that attacked his heart, and his doctors told him that law and politics were no longer an option. According to his son, he had a fragile constitution and the Church seemed to offer him an opportunity to lead a life which, according to his inclinations, had some influence over the public.

Curate in England

University Church of St Mary the Virgin
St. Mary the Virgin in Oxford, where Lake was curate from 1897 to 1904.

Upon graduation, Lake was ordained deacon of the Church of England in 1895 and was a curate , a sort of assistant pastor, in Lumley, Durham , northern England, preaching to the miners and miners. “I don't think theology played a big role in his sermons,” remembers his son, “but he performed the mikado and he always told the story of the muscular miner who hit him before the attack of a drunken construction worker from the neighboring town and who commented on the situation like this: 'Mon, he's no much to look at, but has he no a bonny tongue ?!' “(Man, that's not much to it, but he has a powerful tongue). After a year of service, he became an ordained priest in 1896, but he continued to have heart problems and decided to return to Oxford in the less harsh climate further south to support his health.

He obtained his MA in 1897 and from that year to 1904 he was curate at St. Mary the Virgin in Oxford, in a much more academic setting. It was during these years that he took a job to make ends meet by cataloging the Greek manuscripts of the Bodleian Library . This work aroused in him an interest in the synoptic problem and the questions of textual criticism of the New Testament . He published a very useful manual, The Text of the New Testament (1900). About 60 years later, Stephen Neill describes the sixth edition from 1928 as "still the best short introduction to textual criticism of the New Testament in any language".

It was in all likelihood Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare (1856–1924), a member of University College at Oxford, who had a major influence on Lakes development. Conybeare introduced Lake to the mysteries and problems of paleography and textual criticism of the New Testament.

Codex Basilensis AN IV. 2, also known as minuscule 1 with the text of Luke 1,1-2.
Codex Basilensis AN IV. 2 or minuscule 1 , Luke 1,1-2 whose text Lake published in 1902, along with other readings of Family 1 .

Lake's paleographic interests led him to look for more manuscripts. In 1898 he traveled to the libraries in Basel , Venice and Rome . He published the fruits of this journey in Codex 1 of the Gospels and Its Allies (1902) in 1902. Lake had discovered a text family of New Testament manuscripts now referred to as Family 1 or the Lake Group . The lowercase manuscripts 1 , 118 , 131 and 209 belong to this family . In the summers of 1899 and 1903 (and later others) he traveled to the Greek monasteries on Mount Athos in search of manuscripts . In 1903, 1905, and 1907 he published editions of several manuscripts he had found there, a catalog of all the manuscripts examined, and even a history of the monasteries themselves in 1909. In 1902 he won the Arnold Essay Prize from Oxford University for his study The Greek Monasteries in South Italy published in four episodes in the Journal of Theological Studies, Volumes 4 and 5.

On November 10, 1903 he married Helen Courthope Forman (1874 - October 22, 1958), the daughter of Freda Gardiner and Sidney Mills Forman, a businessman from Newcastle-upon-Tyne in Northumberland . They had two children, Gerard Anthony Christian Kirsopp Lake (December 27, 1904, † September 3, 1972) and Agnes Freda Isabel Kirsopp Lake (July 31, 1909, † November 3, 1993). It was during these later years of his tenure that Lake began to question the doctrines of the Church, thinking more in historical and exegetical terms than in theological or clerical directions. His son reported that his father was at a turning point in his faith in the Church when his vicar suggested that a Mr. Brown be prayed for in Vespers because the doctor had just announced that there was no hope for him. This story is ambiguous, but it shows his point of view. His daughter Agnes was more direct and used the word "heresy." This line of thinking may have been common in the family too, for Lake told Alfred North Whitehead in 1922 that his father, the doctor, when asked what he mostly did in his life to alleviate human suffering answered "anesthesia and the destruction of Christian theology".

Professor in Leiden

The academy building of the University of Leiden
Academy building at Leiden University , where Lake was professor from 1904 to 1914.

Consistent with these new interests and activities, Lake accepted an appointment as full professor of New Testament exegesis at Leiden University , the oldest university in the Netherlands, in 1903 . He taught there for ten years from 1904 to 1914. His inaugural lecture was in English and read The Influence of Textual Criticism on the Exegesis of the New Testament. At the end of the lecture he looked at his students and said “I am very sorry that my inability to use your language prevented me from using your language for a few months, but I hope to be able to speak Dutch by next September teach, at least in part, although I may need to apologize for frequent speech errors and imperfect pronunciation. ”He kept his promise and quickly learned to read in Dutch. The lecture, published in 1904, proved to be a seminal study, although Elliott noted, "It took nearly a century for his general thesis that text variants are invaluable sources for studying the history of the Church to bear fruit."

In addition to his inaugural lecture, he published two important books on historical and exegetical questions of the New Testament in Leiden: The Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ (1907) and The Earlier Epistles of St. Paul: Their Motive and Origin (1911). Bruce M. Metzger explains, "These studies, especially the latter, demonstrated Lake's ability to analyze and expound complex historical and literary matters and the ability to advance scholarly reconstructions with clarity and persuasiveness." In Historical Evidence , Lake sets his approach continued: “The first task of the historical researcher is to collect the evidence. The second is to discuss the credibility and meaning of each piece of evidence and the third task is to reconstruct the events to which the evidence relates. ”(P. 6) Regarding the reconstruction, he says:“ In every such attempt one should remember that the reconstruction of an original form of tradition from later forms and from contradicting contents has to be done according to exactly the same principles as the reconstruction of an original text from a number of existing manuscripts. In any case, the fundamental problem is the shifting of the line of development, which the various authorities have followed and the solution depends mainly on recognizing the errors of the tradition and explaining the reason for their existence. (p. 167) Concerning The Earlier Epistles , Stephen Neill writes: “I believe that those of to us who read Lake at a young age are inclined to think that this is one of the best New Testament books ever written in the English language. This is exactly how it should be done. Under Lake's qualified guidance, we feel connected to these new and threatened groups of Christians in all the perplexity of what it means to be a Christian in a non-Christian world. And there is the apostle, so much in work clothes and without a halo. In our hearts we feel Paul's passionate curiosity for better news from Corinth and the passionate relief when the good news arrives. ”The book brought the results of the German School of Religious History to the ears of the English-speaking world for the first time and all further research into the new Will was influenced by this book.

Codex Sinaiticus (Mt 2,5-3,7), of which Lake published a facsimile in 1911 and 1922.

In line with the second part of his professorship, Lake produced a number of works on early Christian literature. He was a member of a special committee of the Oxford Society of Historical Theology and was given the task of researching the text of the New Testament as it was transmitted to the Apostolic Fathers . He was especially responsible for the didache . The results were published in 1905. For the Loeb Classical Library series he prepared a new edition of the Greek Texts of the Apostolic Fathers, which, in line with the series, was provided with a juxtaposed English translation and a small introduction. The finished work was published in two volumes 24 and 25 in 1912 and 1913. In the summer of 1908 he traveled with his first wife Helen to the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg and photographed the extremely important Codex Sinaiticus and then published the New Testament as a facsimile in 1911, together with the Letter of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas . After another visit to the library in 1913, the Old Testament followed in 1922. These volumes were equipped with valuable introductions and were considered an improvement on the earlier editions by Tischendorf .

In 1913 Lake was a favorite candidate for lectures in theology at Trinity College , Cambridge , but word of his unorthodox views got around by Trinity College Master Henry Montagu Butler (1833-1918) and as a result the candidacy went to Frederick Tennant. Early in 1914, some of his friends tried to secure an appointment as canon at Westminster Abbey , but Prime Minister HH Asquith read Lake's work Historical Evidence and decided he could not nominate him. As his friend HDA Major explained, Lake would have liked to stay in England, but with his intellectual quirks combined with his fearlessness in speaking out, he was neither a “sure candidate” nor a “yes-man”, a fact that negatively affects had an impact in both academic and church circles.

The years at Harvard

Andover Hall, Harvard Divinity School
Harvard Divinity School , Andover Hall, where Lake was a professor from 1914 to 1932

In the fall of 1913, Lake traveled to the United States to teach for a year at the Episcopal Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts and to give the Lowell Lectures in Boston . Just as he was about to leave for Europe, he was offered a position at Harvard Divinity School , which he accepted. In the announcement of his employment it was reported: "He does not come because there is a special gap to fill, but purely because his professional competence will strengthen the teaching in Harward." From 1914 to 1919 he was professor for early Christian literature. In 1919 he succeeded the retired Ephraim Emerton (1851-1935) Winn Professor at the chair for church history, which he held until 1932. From 1915 to 1919 he was also a New Testament professor at Union Theological Seminary in New York City.

While at Harward, Lake worked on his monumental five-volume work The Beginnings of Christianity . Beginnings was a project that had its origins in discussions with FJ Foakes-Jackson during his time in Leiden, sometime before 1912 (vol. V, p. Vii). It had examined the goal “that Christianity in the first century achieved a synthesis of Greco-Oriental religions and the Jewish religion in the Roman Empire. The preaching of repentance and the kingdom of God, which was begun by Jesus, turned into the sacramental cult of Jesus Christ the Lord. But the details are complex and hidden. What exactly were the elements of this synthesis? How was it triggered? ”(Vol. 1, p. Vii) The enterprise began at Cambridge University in the form of a seminar under the direction of Francis Crawford Burkitt (1864-1935). It was mainly attended by scholars of the most varied directions, not only theological but also the historical, classical, mathematical and oriental. Lake made frequent visits to Leiden and the United States and Canada were not underrepresented. (Vol. V, p. Vii) It became a large project. The five volumes that were ultimately published only contain “Part 1”. As they explain: “Before attempting to reconstruct this story, however, we felt it necessary to study the Acts of the Apostles in the light of modern biblical criticism ... Later we hope to come back to the subject and the accounts of the life of Jesus, the influence the church to reflect on his teaching and the teaching of others about him. ”(Vol II, p. v) As it turned out, they were never able to 'come back on the topic' and complete the project. In sum, The Beginnings of Christianity is a monumental work, the most detailed study of a New Testament book in the English-speaking world of scholars, writes William Baird. (Cf. Vol. V, p. Ix).

During his early years at Harvard, he kept in touch with The Churchmen's Union , an Anglican society in support of liberal religious ideology. He and Foakes-Jackson helped HDA Major organize a conference of modern church people (which still exists today). The first was held in Ripon, Yorkshire on March 3-6. July 1914. Foakes-Jackson and Lake attacked liberal Protestantism. Lake said that the job of the liberal Christian is not to go back to the inherited Catholic teachings but to apply and expand them, for we see that they are true in the end as long as they are not restricted. The most famous of these conferences took place at Girton College , Cambridge on April 8-15. August 1921. Its theme was Christ and the Creeds and was planned in response to the first volume of Lakes The Beginnings of Christianity . Lake did not participate, so it was up to Foakes-Jackson to defend her position. He stated that he and Lake believed that the Jesus preached by the early Church was not “a figure with unique charm and beauty during his life on earth, but was a resurrected Savior whose swift return to the final judgment of the living and of the dead was expected. ”Liberal Protestants, he argued, were preaching a Christ that had no historical basis. From 1915 to 1931 Lake was a vice-president of the association, but after 1927 he delimited himself against English modernism and in 1932 he had his name removed from the list of vice-presidents.

In 1932, Lake's personal affairs caused quite a scandal. On August 18, 1932, Lake in Reno obtained divorce from his first wife, Helen, from whom he was separated for five years. On December 16, 1932, he married his former student and colleague Silva Tipple New (March 18, 1898, † April 30, 1983). She was 26 years younger, married and had four children. They had a child together, John Anthony Kirsopp (born June 13, 1928). At the time, Silva was Professor of Classical Philology at Bryn Mawr College and a recognized scholar in her field. She worked with Lake the rest of her life. The divorce caused such an uproar that Lake was forced to resign from his Winn Chair on September 28, 1932. Instead, he became a professor of history at Harvard College , a position he held until his retirement in 1938. Probably her most significant project was a great series of ten great albums with facsimiles entitled Dated Greek Minuscule Manuscripts to the Year 1200 (1934-1939). This compilation of reproductions of manuscripts was sorted by location and contained photographs of approximately 400 manuscripts. They were important publications in that they encouraged scholars to look beyond the well-known manuscripts and see the value that a wide range of textual variations put into each edition of the Greek text. Together they founded a series of monographs in 1934 under the title Studies and Documents, and in 1941 they contributed a valuable volume to Family 13 (The Ferrar Group) , another family of New Testament manuscripts.

During his 23 years at Harvard, he continued to give a very popular lecture The English Bible , known informally as English 35 . When he first delivered the lecture, the course had fewer than 40 students while his last lecture had over 250, a growth of 625%, as the Harvard Crimson trumpeted when it was announced that its final lecture would be on December 16, 1937 should be. His 1937 book An Introduction to the New Testament is a skeleton of this lecture. However, it does not reproduce the meat that was added to this skeleton by the lecturer (p. Ix). It was the meat, of course, that made the course so interesting, through its lively imagination and wit. As he himself explained, “The most important thing in a teacher's life is not to proclaim knowledge of facts that are much better found in books, but to encourage a new generation to hold steadfastly to their vision and see their own problems in light of that vision , controlled and accompanied by an understanding of what the past did or did not do. ”( Paul, His Heritage and Legacy , 1934, p. xii) It seems to have worked for James Luther Adams (1901-1994), a of his students from 1924 to 1927, because he remembers: "It was his special interest to bring historical figures to life so that we can recognize their meaning today and not just study them like so many things from a dead past." we all recognized in Kirsopp Lake, "writes Adams," that he had an imagination like a Sherlock Holmes . He took an almost childlike interest in digging up different answers to historical questions ... students who saw themselves as completely secularized and resistant to all 'religious nonsense' attended his lectures and heard him delving deeply into biblical concepts in public which he took his starting point from something completely imaginary as in one of the parables and then took off completely to fly with it. The students called these courses 'Kirsopp's Fables' "

Archaeological expeditions

Kirsopp and Silva Lake with Robert Pierce Casey before the van expedition, 1938.

In later years, Lake was increasingly involved in archaeological expeditions. He had remarkable organizing skills and an amazing gift for raising the money to fund his various endeavors. In the spring of 1927 he traveled with Robert P. Blake to St. Catherine's Monastery on Sinai to study biblical manuscripts. While passing through Cairo came, they met the Egyptologist Alan H. Gardiner , who suggested to them that they on the way back at Serabit el-Khadim should pause, which was in the vicinity of the monastery, to some previously discovered inscriptions in a proto-Sinaitic writing to locate. As Lake noted in his statement of accounts, "It should be noted that 'in the neighborhood' is a relative term because, in terms of time, not distance, the monastery was about as far from Serabit as New York was from San Francisco." a week on camels they were able to find the place and the inscriptions and two more that were not known before. The results were published in 1928. Lake returned in 1930 to examine the site, as well as the related Hathor Temple, this time accompanied by Silva, his future second wife, a Guggenheim employee at the time who took the photographs. The results were published in 1932. He made one last trip in 1935, unfortunately he was injured in the process. He suffered internal injuries from colliding with a camel, but continued the journey and was carried to the top of the mountain on a stretcher. After overseeing the start of the excavation, his condition worsened and he and his wife were rushed to Jerusalem for medical treatment.

In 1929 Lake approached John W. Crowfoot at the British School of Archeology in Jerusalem (BSAJ) for a joint excavation of Samaria together with another institute to complete the earlier excavation by George A. Reisner of Harvard. The new excavation began in 1930 and Lake was there for four excavation periods from 1931-1934, again accompanied by Silva and Blake. The joint team included Eleasar Sukenik from Hebrew University and Kathleen Kenyon from BSAJ. The excavation brought many important results. Regarding the amenities at the camp, Kenyon reports that although they had a hotel cook and Palestinian laundry attendants with them, the expedition staff lived in tents and slept on cots, and that the excavators' social life consisted of cocktails at the end of the day drinking, playing bridge and listening to jazz records in 1933. 1938-1939 Lake got together with Silva and Robert Pierce Casey from Brown University, the permission to make a small excavation of the fortress Van in Turkish Armenia. It took him 15 years for permission from the Turkish government to do the expedition. He told the press that by 1937 the savage tribes of Turkish Armenia, the Kurds, were not sufficiently pacified for the government to recommend this trip. The details of the expedition were published in 1939.

Teaching assignments, memberships and honors

In addition to the Lowell lectures he gave at the Lowell Institute and King's Chapel in Boston in 1913 , he was Haskell lecturer at Oberlin College in 1919, Ingersoll lecturer at Harvard University in 1922, Ichabod-Spenzer lecturer at Union College Schenectady in 1923 and Flexner lecturer at Bryn Mawr College in 1932. Lake was President of the Society of Biblical Literature for two semesters . He was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1915), a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and in 1941 an honorary member of Lincoln College , Oxford. He received honorary doctorates from the University of St Andrews in 1911, from the University of Leiden in 1922, from the University of Michigan in 1926 and from the University of Heidelberg in 1936. In 1936 he received the Burkitt Medal for Biblical Studies from the British Academy . Lake was a Freemason and a driving force in founding Harvard Lodge AF & AM on May 18, 1922, the country's first academic Masonic Lodge, and was 'Chaplain' there

His pastimes were golf, chess and croquet. Lake died of a heart attack in his home. He was buried in Glen Haven Memorial Park, San Fernando , California.

Lake's daughter Agnes Kirsopp Lake Michels was a recognized classical philologist and religious scholar. In later years she described the influence he had on her life:

“My general interests should be largely attributable to my father, who was a New Testament scholar with a classical upbringing and a passionate love for the beautiful. He was telling me the stories of the Classical, and long before I could understand, reading to me from a strange selection of Browning and the Bible, Swinburne , Tennyson , and Josephus . His attitude towards his own work gave me the impression of science as an opening to the world of adventure, not as a retreat from reality. "

His grandson, Anthony Lake, is a diplomat.

Works

  • "The Problem of Christian Origins." Harvard Theological Review 15 (1921): 97-114 .
  • "The Text of the Gospels and the Koridethi Codex." [with Robert P. Blake] Harvard Theological Review 16 (1922): 269-286.
  • Immortality and the Modern Mind. Ingersoll Lecture 1922. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922.
  • Codex Sinaiticvs Petropolitanvs et Friderico-Avgvstanvs lipsiensis: The Old Testament preserved in the public library of Petrograd, in the library of the Society of ancient literature in Petrograd, and in the library of the University of Leipzig , now reproduced in facsimile from photographs by Helen and Kirsopp Lake, with a description and introduction to the history of the Codex by Kirsopp Lake. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922.
  • "A Lost Manuscript of Eusebius's Demonstratio Evangelica Found." Harvard Theological Review 16 (1923): 396-397.
  • "The Date of the Slavonic Enoch." Harvard Theological Review 16 (1923): 397-398.
  • "The Apostles' Creed." Harvard Theological Review 17 (1924): 173-183.
  • "Jesus." Hibbert Journal 23 (1924-1925): 5-19.
  • The Religion of Yesterday and To-morrow . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925.
  • Review of Merrill, Essays in Early Christian History. American Historical Review 30 (1925): 340-341.
  • "The Shepherd of Hermas." Harvard Theological Review 18 (1925): 279-280.
  • "The Text of the De Virginitate of Athanasius." [with Robert P. Casey] Harvard Theological Review 19 (1926): 173-190.
  • "The Text of the De Incarnatione of Athanasius." [with Robert P. Casey] Harvard Theological Review 19 (1926): 259-270.
  • Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History , trans. Kirsopp Lake, Vol. 1. Loeb Classical Library. London: Heinemann, 1926.
  • "The Serabit Inscriptions. I. The Rediscovery of the Inscriptions." [with Robert P. Blake] Harvard Theological Review 21 (1928): 1-8.
  • "The Caesarean text of the Gospel of Mark," [with Robert P. Blake and Silva New] Harvard Theological Review 21 (1928): 207-404.
  • "The Text of the Gospels." in Shirley Jackson Case, ed., Studies in Early Christianity, pp. 21-47. New York: The Century Co., 1928.
  • Six Collations of New Testament Manuscripts [with Silva New] Harvard Theological Studies 17. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1932.
  • "The Serabit Expedition of 1930. I. Introduction." Harvard Theological Review 25 (1932): 95-100.
  • "The Text of Mark in Some Dated Lectionaries." [with Silva Lake] In HG Wood, ed., Amicitiæ corolla: a volume of essays presented to James Rendel Harris, D.Litt., on the occasion of his eightieth birthday , pp. 147-183. London: University of London Press, 1933.
  • Paul: His Heritage and Legacy . The Mary Flexner Lectures on the Humanities 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 1934.
  • "The Acts of the Apostles." [with Silva Lake] Journal of Biblical Literature 53 (1934): 34-45. [review of Albert C. Clark's ed. of Acts]
  • Dated Greek Minuscule Manuscripts to the Year 1200 [edited with Silva Lake], 10 volumes Monumenta palaeographica vetera. 1st ser. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1934-1945. [Vol. 1. Manuscripts at Jerusalem, Patmos and Athens; Vol. 2. Manuscripts in Venice, Oxford and London; Vol. 3. Manuscripts in the monasteries of Mount Athos and in Milan; Vol. 4. Manuscripts in Paris Pt. 1; Vol. 5. Manuscripts in Paris. Pt. 2, Oxford, Berlin, Vienna and Jerusalem; Vol. 6. Manuscripts in Moscow and Leningrad; Vol. 7. Manuscripts in Rome. Part 1 .; Vol. 8. Manuscripts in Rome. Pt. 2; Vol. 9. Manuscripts in Rome. Pt. 3, in Messina, in Naples, and in London; Vol. 10. Manuscripts in Florence, Athens, Grottaferrata and the Meteora; Vol. 11. Index for volumes 1–10.]
  • "Some Recent Discoveries." [with Silva Lake] Religion in Life 5 (1936): 89-102.
  • Review of Goodenough, By Light, Light: The Mystic Gospel of Hellenistic Judaism. Journal of Biblical Literature 55 (1936): 90-93.
  • An Introduction to the New Testament . [with Silva Lake] New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937.
  • Review of Harrison, Polycarp's Two Epistles to the Philippians . Journal of Biblical Literature 56 (1937): 72-75.
  • Review of Colwell & Willoughby, The Four Gospels of Karahissar . Journal of Biblical Literature 56 (1937): 272-73.
  • "The Citadel of Van." [with Silva Lake] Asia: Journal of the American Asiatic Association 39 (1939): 75-80.
  • "The Byzantine Text of the Gospels." [with Silva Lake] In Mémorial Lagrange (Paris: J. Gabalda, 1940), pp. 251-258.
  • Review of Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts. Journal of Biblical Literature 60 (1941): 329-331.
  • Family 13 (The Ferrar Group): The text according to Mark with a collation of Codex 28 of the Gospels . [with Silva Lake] Studies and Documents 11. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1941.
  • Review of Milne & Skeat, Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus. Classical Philology 37 (1942): 91-96.
  • "The Scribe Ephraim." [with Silva Lake] Journal of Biblical Literature 62 (1943): 263-68.
  • "Albert Schweitzer's influence in Holland and England." In AA Roback et al., Eds., The Albert Schweitzer Jubilee Book (Cambridge, MA: Sci-Art, 1945), pp. 427-439.

References and comments

  1. ↑ Frederick John Foakes Jackson (born August 10, 1855, † December 1, 1941) was a church historian. He taught for 34 years at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he was dean from 1895 to 1916. At 61 he became professor at the Christian Institution at Union Theological Seminary, New York City.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Bruce M. Metzger : Lake, Kirsopp. In: JA Garraty, ET James (Ed.): Dictionary of American Biography: Supplement Four 1946–1950 . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1974, pp. 467-469.
  3. ↑ An exhibitioner is a student who has received some type of cash award or scholarship based on accomplishment.
  4. ↑ a b c F. C. Grant: revised (2004). Lake, Kirsopp. In: HCG Matthew, B. Harrison (Eds.): The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , 60 volumes, Vol. 32, p. 246. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  5. ^ RB Gardiner (Ed.): The Admission Registers of St. Paul's School from 1876 to 1905 . London: George Bell and Sons 1906, p. 205.
  6. ↑ AW Holland (Ed.): The Oxford and Cambridge Yearbook, Pt. I. Oxford . London: Swan Sunshine 1904, p. 355.
  7. ↑ a b c Who Was Who, 1941-1950 , pp. 653-654. London: Adam & Charles Black.
  8. ↑ a b c G. K. Lake: Biographical Note. In: RP Casey et al. (Ed.): Quantulacumque: Studies Presented to Kirsopp Lake by Pupils, Colleagues and Friends . London: Christophers 1937, pp. Vii-viii.
  9. ↑ Stephen Neill (1900-1984), a scholar from Scotland, Anglican missionary in Tamil Nadu and in 1939 bishop in Tirunelveli .
  10. ^ A b c Stephen Neill: The Interpretation of the New Testament 1861–1961 . London: Oxford University Press 1964, pp. 165-167.
  11. ↑ Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare (1856-1924) was a British Orientalist, member of University College and professor of theology at Oxford.
  12. ↑ a b c d H. DA Major: In Memoriam Kirsopp Lake . In: The Modern Churchman 36, 1947, pp. 302-305.
  13. ^ A b Harvard College Class of 1894: Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report 1894-1919 , pp. 521, 584. ' : Plimpton Press, Norwood, MA 1919.
  14. ↑ a b J. Linderski: Agnes Kirsopp Michels and the Religio. In: Classical Journal 92, 1997. pp. 324-325.
  15. ^ TO Whitehead: Dialogues of Alfred North Whitehead . Pp. 171-72. Boston: David R. Godine 1954, repr. 2001.
  16. ^ Notes of Recent Exposition. Expository Times 15 (1904): 289-95.
  17. ^ A b J. K. Elliott: Lake, Kirsopp. In: DK McKim (Ed.): Dictionary of Major Biblical Interpreters . Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2nd Ed. 2007, pp. 636-640.
  18. ↑ Harvard Alumni Bulletin 16 (1914): 462.
  19. ^ William Baird: History of New Testament Research . Minneapolis: Fortress Press 2003, Vol. 2, p. 410.
  20. ^ A b A. MG Stephenson: The Rise and Decline of English Modernism. The Hulsean Lectures 1979-80 . London: SPCK 1984, pp. 99-128.
  21. ↑ CW Wendte: The Conference of Liberal Churchmen. The Christian Register 93, 1914, p. 834.
  22. ^ New York Times, November 19, 1932.
  23. ^ The Harvard Crimson , September 29, 1932.
  24. ↑ a b c The Harvard Crimson , December 1, 1937.
  25. ^ JL Adams: Not Without Dust and Heat: A Memoir . Chicago: Exploration Press 1995, pp. 73-76.
  26. ↑ HTR 21, 1928, pp. 3-4.
  27. ^ Science News Letter 27 (1935): 336.
  28. ↑ MC Davis: Dame Kathleen Kenyon: Digging up the Holy Land . Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press 2008, pp. 56-59.
  29. ^ Proceedings, 1946. Journal of Biblical Literature 66 (1947): xvii.
  30. ↑ Burkitt Medal . website
  31. ↑ Harvard Alumni Bulletin 24 (1922): 871.

Web links

Wikisource: Kirsopp Lake  - Sources and full texts (English)
personal data
SURNAME Lake, Kirsopp
BRIEF DESCRIPTION English New Testament scholar, text critic
DATE OF BIRTH April 7, 1872
PLACE OF BIRTH Southampton
DATE OF DEATH November 10, 1946
Place of death South Pasadena, California