Sigmund Freud's medical histories

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The case histories of Sigmund Freud are historically significant documents for the development of psychoanalysis . As an interface between theory formation and practice, they have been the occasion for diverse discussions with psychoanalysis and Sigmund Freud since their recording . While Freud himself consistently speaks of patient histories, in later debates they are often referred to as cases , case histories or case studies .

According to the special register of medical histories in the general register of the collected works , the medical histories listed here are counted among them, which also include two patients who were not treated by Freud himself, and three medical histories in which Freud refers to texts.

List of medical histories

The names of the patients in the following alphabetically sorted list correspond to the pseudonyms used by Freud . The terms Frau, Miss. Or Miss, which Freud sometimes put before the pseudonym, are added in brackets. The year is the year of the first mention by Freud or the main publication of the medical history. The diagnosis follows Freud's main diagnosis. So they are to be understood historically, since a transfer to today's nomenclature according to ICD-10 or DSM IV would always include an interpretation. The references in the fifth column refer to the collected works , as these have been systematically processed and reliable. In addition, if available, easily available sources such as free online offers or single editions in pocket book format can be found in the following column. The last column contains the names of the people who are behind the medical histories, as far as they were later known.

The fragments of case histories that Freud does not name are not included. They can be found distributed throughout Freud's work and are listed in the register of medical histories , sometimes with a description of the diagnoses. Below are examples of agoraphobia , anxiety neurosis , hebephrenia , paranoia , tic convulsif , tussis nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder as well as non-diagnostic terms such as merchant, boy or sleep ceremony .

designation year Practitioner diagnosis Collected Works Another source person
Anna O. (Miss.) 1895 Breuer hysteria I 76, 257, 263, 288-290, 432; VIII, 4-6 Studies of Hysteria in Wikisource Bertha Pappenheim
Cäcilie M. (wife) 1890 Freud hysteria I 123, 129 f., 244, 248-251 Sigmund Freud + Josef Breuer: Studies on Hysteria. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1991 Anna of loves
Dora 1905 Freud hysteria V 163-315, X 47 f., 61 Part of a hysteria analysis at La Psychoanalyse au Luxembourg Ida Bauer
Elisabeth v. R. (Miss.) 1895 Freud hysteria I 196-251, 248 Studies of Hysteria in Wikisource Ilona Weiss
Emmy v. N. (woman) 1895 Freud hysteria I 99-162, 241, 287 f., 292 Studies of Hysteria in Wikisource Fanny Moser (Baroness)
Gradiva 1907 Novella by Wilhelm Jensen VII 29-125
Catherine 1895 Freud hysteria I 184-195 Studies of Hysteria in Wikisource Aurélie Oehm-Kronich fr
Little Hans 1908 Freud Phobia, childlike II / III 136, 255, 257, 259; V 171; VII 23, 180, 243-377; VII 44 f .; IX 157; XIV 129-139; Analysis of the phobia of a five-year-old boy at La Psychoanalyse au Luxembourg Herbert Graf (director)
Little Hahnemann (1913) Ferenczi Phobia, childlike IX 157-160
Lucy R. (Miss) 1895 Freud hysteria I 163-183 Studies of Hysteria in Wikisource
Mathilde H. (Miss.) 1895 Freud Upset I 230 Studies of Hysteria in Wikisource, Note 5
Nina R. 1891 Breuer / Freud neurasthenia Supplementary Volume, 313–321
P. (woman) 1896 Freud paranoia I 392–403 (Further remarks on the defense psychoses.)
Rat man 1909 Freud Obsessive-compulsive disorder VII 381-463, VIII 291, XIII 189, supplementary volume 509-569 Comments on a case of obsessive compulsive disorder at La Psychoanalyse au Luxembourg Ernst Lanzer
Rosalie H. (Miss.) 1895 Freud Hysterical voice disorder I 237-242 Studies of Hysteria in Wikisource, Note 5
Schreber 1911 Freud paranoia I 569, V 171, VIII 240-320, X 145-147, XIII 198, 337-339 Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic remarks on an autobiographically described case of paranoia (Dementia paranoides) in the Gutenberg project Daniel Paul Schreber
Devil neurosis Manuscript Trophaeum
Mariano-Cellense 18th century 		Christoph Haitzmann
Wolf man 1918 Freud Infantile neurosis (depression) X 5-9, 119-121, XII 29-157, XIII 313, XIV 56, 133, 137, XVI 60 From the story of an infantile neurosis in La Psychoanalyse au Luxembourg Sergej Konstantinowitsch Pankejeff (1887 to 1979)

Origin and reception of the medical histories

Freud's medical histories were initially the continuation of a medical tradition that had a special status in psychiatry at the end of the 19th century , as can be shown using Freud's notes as an assistant doctor in 1883. The consideration of the unconscious and the phenomena of transference and countertransference meant that the medical histories were no longer just factual reports, but increasingly contained more personal aspects of the writer and were given a hermeneutic character. In addition, there was the lack of verifiability of the patient's reports, which meant that it had to remain unclear what external reality and what internal processing was, as well as the character of gaps and fragments that was necessarily connected with it. In doing so, they abandoned the scientific impetus and, due to their hermeneutic dimension and their double subjectivity, became more vulnerable than usual case histories.

The importance of the medical histories for the theory formation of psychoanalysis and for psychoanalysis as a treatment method is assessed differently. So called Kurt R. Eissler them as the pillars on which rest the theory safely. Freud's medical histories reflect historically a radical change in dealing with mentally caused illnesses and their treatment, which is shown above all in the example of hysteria: “In any case, it is certain that from then on Freud turned to the speaking of hysterics, something that he could not have learned from Charcot , who barely let his patients speak. ”While Freud learned to listen to his patients, he discovered the interplay between the conscious and unconscious discourse of the soul, which is particularly important today in the context of psychosomatics . The principles or ideals of impartiality and constant attention while listening became an important treatment-technical instrument of psychoanalysis as well as later developed psychotherapy procedures , which developed as a result of or in contrast to psychoanalysis.

The hope expressed by Freud that psychoanalysis could be proven in a similar way to a natural science , was dampened by the physicist , philosopher and scientific theorist Adolf Grünbaum with his suggestion that the credibility of psychoanalytic hypotheses could only be insufficiently justified from the clinical data of the case presentations if the standards of scientific methodology were used and norms of proof would be used. Neglecting the historical dimension, R. P. Greenberg also criticized from a later clinical research perspective that it was questionable to assess the validity of psychoanalytic theory on the basis of the case study material because it was subject to a multitude of sources of error and bias. In addition, Freud had not given an overview of his practice on the basis of which an objective assessment in the sense of a control group with alternative other methods or no treatment would be possible. Even this critic overlooks the fact that there was no psychotherapy before Freud and that a comparison with other psychotherapeutic methods would not have been possible. The psychoanalyst Marshall Edelson, however, pointed out that Grünbaum's criticism should not be equated with the frequently encountered and logically incorrect conclusion that the psychoanalytic hypotheses are false or scientifically meaningless. Even Jürgen Habermas had in his work knowledge and interest from 1968 this perspective on the relationship between the medical histories and psychoanalytic theory as scientistic called self-misunderstanding of psychoanalysis.

From a literary perspective, Stefan Goldmann emphasizes the context of Freud's medical histories in relation to the genre- historical tradition of the novella of the 19th century. It opens up literary and scientific sources with which Freud dealt methodically when writing the early medical histories and emphasizes their literarily perfected form. Likewise from the point of view of a literary scholar, Günter Rebing takes the view that Freud's “case reports” are complicated attempts to confirm the already established theory and to trim his observations through manipulation . They are not inductive , but deductive . While Goldmann describes the medical histories as perfect from a literary point of view, Rebing calls them “literary bastards”.

Confidentiality and disclosure of real names

In connection with the publication of his medical histories, Freud repeatedly dealt with the question of maintaining medical "discretion" . He describes the publication of the medical histories as a difficult-to-resolve conflict between the duties towards the individual sick and those towards science. The requirement of a declaration of consent for scientific use, which is a matter of course in psychotherapy today , did not yet exist at that time. In the context of hysterical illnesses in particular, he feared that the sexual content reported in the patients' reports could trigger sensationalism even in doctors instead of professional interest in the development of the neurotic illnesses. The spatial and social proximity of the Viennese doctors to the circles of his patients also worried him and he assured him that he had changed the milieu-related data in such a way that the patient's identity could not be deciphered. This was more important to him than the verifiability by specialist colleagues, as was common in other medical disciplines.

The discovery of the real names of his patients was based on indiscretions later authors. One example is the disclosure of Bertha Pappenheim's real name as Anna O. by the Freud biographer Ernest Jones . This connection between the medical history and the real person happened without knowledge and against the will of Bertha Pappenheim, who never commented on her treatment by Breuer and its interpretation by Freud, and who rejected psychoanalysis as a treatment method for the women entrusted to her. Her circle, in which she was known as the founder of the Jewish Women's Association and as an activist against the forced prostitution of Jewish girls and the girl traffickers , reacted shocked and indignant.

Some other well-known patients of Freud, such as Emma Eckstein and Gustav Mahler , are not included here because Freud did not describe them as medical histories.

Individual medical histories (selection)

Dora

Dora is the medical history of a young woman aged 17 at the start of treatment, which in 1900 extended over a period of 11 weeks. Freud published it in 1905 under the title Fragment of a Hysteria Analysis in the monthly magazine for psychiatry and neurology . In the edition of the Gesammelte Werke , this case study comprises 214 pages and contains two detailed dream analyzes. The term fragment refers to the incompleteness of the treatment, the meaning of which is interpreted differently in the extensive literature on the Dora case.

Dora was sent to Freud by her father because of hysterical symptoms, the causes of which were tied into a complex family history as well as into the psychosocial situation of young women in Victorian Vienna. Methodologically, Freud no longer worked with hypnosis , but with free association and the analysis of dreams . In addition, he interpreted the cause of the symptoms in this case not as a consequence of traumatic sexual assault in childhood or adolescence, but as a consequence of oedipal desires and their repression . The writing of the medical history shows from a treatment point of view how to deal with resistance and a new way of looking at the phenomena of transference and countertransference . In Dora they no longer appear as a difficulty, but as an aid to psychoanalysis. Freud saw the patient's premature discontinuation of treatment as a reaction to a part of the transference that he had overlooked and had therefore not included in his communications to the patient.

The "Dora case" is one of Freud's most discussed case histories, and since it was published in 1905 it has repeatedly been the cause of critical debate. Above all, the question of whether hysterical symptoms were the result of early sexual trauma , what was referred to as the “seduction theory”, or whether they were the result of sexual fantasies was discussed . The medical history provides material for both perspectives and also allows the view that both aspects together can contribute to the manifestation of the disease. Further links to the case deal with the theory of the somatization of psychological conflicts, or with the questions of transference and countertransference raised in this case. In the course of time, a historicizing perspective was increasingly added, in which the authors also refer to previous disputes with the case. The psychoanalyst Ilka Quindeau describes Dora's medical history as an origin analysis, which has led to divergent debates, especially from a feminist perspective, about the power relations in language and sexuality: “In fact, those relationships that are in the field of tension between psychoanalysis, sexuality, pathology and Feminism are inherent, at work in the Dora text in a highly condensed way. ”The medical history can also be read as a description of a family history that is embedded in the life of Jewish families in Vienna at the end of the 19th century.

Freud's text and the person of Ida Bauer also stimulated fictional processing, which is dedicated to different aspects of the Dora case or the life story of Ida Bauer. Lidia Yuknavitch, for example, shifted the action to the US youth scene of the 21st century and tells a story of growing up. After a novella by Sheila Kohler published in England, Katharina Adler, the great-granddaughter of Ida Bauer, presented a German-language novel on the person of her great-grandmother , which also reflects the treatment at Freud by providing a fictional insight into the inner life of the patient Dora in the analysis lessons at Freud gives. In doing so, she comes to the conclusion that Freud's interpretations and interventions made the sexual abuse experienced in real life incurable.

Elisabeth by R.

Elisabeth von R. was a 24-year-old woman at the start of treatment who came to Freud for treatment because of pain in her legs and difficulty walking and standing . Her therapy took place from autumn 1892 to July 1893. Freud published her case history in 1895 in Studies on Hysteria . Elisabeth was the third daughter of a Hungarian family living in Vienna .

The psychoanalyst Christa Rohde-Dachser describes Elisabeth von R.'s medical history in her lecture on the introduction to Freudian psychoanalysis as an example of the mechanism of conversion , in which a frowned upon idea and the associated affect is turned into the physical and is expressed there procure. The resulting symptom is somatically inexplicable; it conceals and shows itself at the same time the mental conflict between two mutually exclusive tendencies in the soul. By becoming aware of the hidden conflict, reacting to it and working through it in the therapeutic relationship, it can be brought to a more favorable solution.

According to Elfriede M. Fidal, Freud described the medical history as a layered uncovering of memories , whereby the successful analysis is told like an exciting novella and has the character of a detective story. In the course of treatment, Freud developed a new approach: renouncing hypnosis, he switched to a cathartic approach , where he asked the patient to share her ideas without censoring them . When the ideas dried up, he put his hand on her head and asked her to tell him what was going through her head at that moment. In this way he gradually got to hear the story of the suffering of a young woman who was initially entrusted with the care of the sick father, to whom she was affectionately attached, but through whose care she at the same time from the realization of her own needs and the development of her own Love life was held. After his death, she was bound again by the care of her mother, who was always ailing, while the sisters were able to start their own lives with their marriages.

After the painful affects could be reacted to in the second phase of the analysis, the resistance initially increased. After gradually overcoming it, memories emerged that pointed to a conflict between feelings of being in love with a brother-in-law and the prohibition of these feelings. When the beloved sister suddenly died due to a second, too early pregnancy, for Elisabeth this became an unfortunate coincidence of the unconscious wish (the brother-in-law to be free again) and the painful reality of the loss of her sister. The unbearable idea had to be suppressed and turned into physical pain. Working through these memories also led to such a degree of symptom relief that the treatment was mutually terminated as successful.

A memorandum attributed to Ilona Weiss' third daughter states that her mother was happily married and that Freud's account of the family history was described by her mother as essentially correct. But she denied that she was ever in love with her brother-in-law and dismissed this as the “fad of a bearded neurologist in Vienna”.

Little Hans

The report on little Hans was published in 1909 under the title Analysis of the Phobia of a Five- Year -Old Boy in the Yearbook for Psychoanalytic and Psychopathological Research . It is a text that can be read as the first child analysis, but also as a milieu study or first psychoanalytic child observation . Using this example, Freud developed and demonstrated important principles of his basic assumptions about child sexuality , the Oedipus complex and the development of a phobia through the conversion of sexual desires and their repression into fear. With the exception of occasional meetings, Freud did not treat the child himself, but advised the father who was interested in psychoanalysis, who reported on the conversations with his son, analyzed him and later tried to resolve his fears through interpretations .

Freud and the child's parents, Olga and Max Graf , knew each other in a social context. The mother, the singer Olga Hönig, had been Freud's patient before her marriage; her husband, musicologist and theater critic became a supporter of Freud, was a member of the Psychological Wednesday Society and had offered him occasionally to tell him about the development of the first son. Hans grew up in an artistic environment, his parents tried hard to bring him up without coercion or physical punishment. But it is also clear that they did not always succeed.

When his father first communicated with Freud, Hans was not yet three years old. The father reports on Hans' interest in the "Wiwimacher", the question that moves him about gender differences, masturbation , which he is drastically forbidden, and his affectionate feelings for his mother. When Hans was four years old, his little sister Hanna was born and it was reported how much Hans experienced this as a loss of the mother's attention. The birth at home , which he did not experience directly, but quite closely, and the story of the stork who brought his sister, direct his interest further in the direction of questions of sexuality, conception and origin of the children. When Hans was four and three quarters old, he developed a fear of going out onto the street and then, more specifically, a horse phobia. In Vienna at the beginning of the 20th century, horse-drawn carts are part of the everyday environment of life in the city, so that there are many restrictions. The father's report then turns into a psychoanalysis of little Hans, accompanied by Freud, in which Freud gives the father written recommendations, occasionally speaks with Hans and his father himself, but otherwise father and son talk to each other. The son's involvement is clearly present and several times he raises questions with the wish that the father should write them to "the professor".

After an introduction (15 pages), the most extensive middle section (77 pages) of the published text contains the father's communications to Freud with many conversations between father and son, most of which the father had copied verbatim . This gives the research a document which - despite all possible changes by the father - has a special originality value. This is followed by the analytical evaluation by Freud under the title “Epikrise” (41 pages, each based on the collected works (GW)).

In Freud's interpretation, the analysis shows, in addition to the various infantile sexual fantasies, Hans' tenderness towards his mother, the desire to have her for himself, and the hostility towards his father, to whom he is nevertheless affectionately connected. He can ultimately cope with the resulting conflict of ambivalence through the fantasy that he would have children with his mother and that the father would marry the grandmother. The father helps the boy again and again with the interpretations with regard to the castration fears that have arisen , through an understanding handling of the aggression directed against him and through the attempts at clarification recommended by Freud with regard to the sexual questions that concern Hans. Freud himself is of the opinion that a more complete explanation would have brought further relief. But even in this way, the oedipal entanglements can be overcome and the phobia can be resolved. The medical history is generally considered successful as a treatment for a child's phobia. Freud himself emphasizes in his analysis, however, that phobias occurred frequently in children and did not mark a rigid boundary between healthy and sick. He saw in Hans a not particularly neurotic child, but rather a cheerful, amiable, and spiritually active boy. A follow-up came about when Max visited Count Freud in 1922 after reading the publication of his medical history. He reported that he suffered no complaints or inhibitions and that he had survived puberty and the separation of his parents without any problems . Because of the divorce, he now lives alone, but has good contact with both parents and his sister. He could hardly remember the events described in the medical history.

The particularity of the original material, especially the father's notes, contributed to the fact that it was reinterpreted time and again as a medical history and milieu study. In contrast to Freud , the pedagogue and psychotherapist Rudolf Gaßenhuber interpreted the boy's fear of being abandoned by his mother, not as a defense against the libidinal wishes for the mother, but as a real fear based on perceptions of the mother's behavior. Based on this difference, he emphasizes the intimidating and violent manners in the text of the medical history and complains about the lack of empathy between the father and Freud and the suffering and fears of the boy. He saw Hans as the victim of a family drama, which analysis did not help either, because it came from a distanced attitude and the boy had failed to respond to his feelings.

The psychologist and child therapist Karin J. Lebersorger, on the other hand, was of the opinion that, despite its undoubtedly historical location, the case is still exemplary today with regard to the importance of understanding in dealing with children. In a comparison with the approach of the “ Supernanny ” broadcasting concepts , using the example of little Hans, she showed the differences between a psychoanalytically oriented educational counseling based on empathy and understanding of one's own childhood and the damage to the mother-child relationship by the public Negotiation of parenting problems.

The psychiatrist and trauma therapist Bettina Jordan emphasized the emergence of thinking through speaking about the not yet linguistically comprehensible fantasies and the construction of reality and thinking in the process of analysis. She highlighted both Freud's modernity with regard to an understanding and non-violent upbringing as well as the time-bound boundaries that are just as clearly recognizable in the text.

A special discourse in the reception of little Hans related to the question of the extent to which the castration anxiety that arose in connection with the oedipal phase was not primarily an internal process, but rather a trauma following the infant circumcision in Judaism . The sociologist and cultural scientist Franz Maciejewski developed the hypothesis that the horse phobia does not refer to the castration complex , but should be understood as a symptom of a traumatic processing of circumcision. He finds an essential clue in the worsening of symptoms after a tonsillectomy of little Hans, which reactivated the circumcision trauma and to which two dreams can be related. Maciejweski criticized the Hans case that Freud did not want to see the influence of ritual circumcision in Judaism on the development of the Oedipus complex in order not to endanger the anthropological general validity of his assumptions. In a footnote in the report on little Hans, Freud described the castration complex as the deepest cause of anti-Semitism and misogyny . Maciejewski, on the other hand, saw circumcision in Judaism as a common trauma, the suppression of which was culture-building for Judaism. However, research by the Dutch psychoanalyst Adriaan de Klerk in 2004 revealed that little Hans had not been circumcised as an infant, which Maciejewski later confirmed due to the security of the source (registry office of the Israelite religious community in Vienna ).

Rat man

The so-called “rat man” was a 29-year-old patient who came to Freud for treatment in 1907 due to persistent compulsions . The central reason was the tormenting thought that something could happen to two people he loved very much : his father and a certain lady whom he adored. Freud published the case history in 1909 under the title Remarks on a Case of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in the Yearbook for Psychoanalytic and Psychopathological Research . The name Rat Man comes from another obsessions , complained of by the patient: During a military exercise he had a torture method is one in which two rats in a panic would offset and extending through the anus devour in the torture victims. Since then he has been tormented by the fear that “rat punishment” could be carried out on his father or himself. That was not changed by the death of the father two years before the start of treatment.

In this case, Freud revealed how much obsessive thoughts are connected to the ambivalence of love and hate . The father had punished the patient for his childlike masturbation and made him believe that one would die from it, which turned him from love to hate object. The infantile hatred, however, remained unconscious, as did the sadistic death wishes that found expression in the obsession. In the imagination, the homosexual-tinted feelings towards the beloved father are combined with the hatred towards the punishing father. Freud described the psychological mechanism in the development of an obsessional idea by separating the affects from the content of the repressed idea. The mental equilibrium is stabilized by practicing rituals through which the fear of the re-emergence of affects and ideas remains bound. This also explains the emergence of fear when the patient tries to forego the rituals.

The medical history is not limited to the analysis of the obsession that gives it its name, but is placed in the context of a complex family history in which, on the one hand, sexual curiosity, activity and fantasies are heavily tabulated . On the other hand, the child's death wishes are repeatedly confronted with real deaths in the family and thereby generate unconscious fantasies, which act like a magical fulfillment of the wishes and generate corresponding feelings of guilt . Even as a child, the patient had developed compulsive processing mechanisms against this and with regard to sexual fantasies. For example, the compulsive desire to see a woman naked was combined with the compulsive fear that the father would die. On the other hand, he then had to perform compulsive acts with which the disaster should be averted. The intermediate part of this series lies in the unconscious wish that the father should die so that he no longer opposes the wish.

The psychoanalysis, which lasted almost a year, is considered successful. Following treatment, the patient worked as a lawyer in a reputable law firm , became engaged to the woman he adored and married her.

In an addendum to the medical history, Freud wrote in 1923: "The patient, to whom the analysis provided had shown his mental health, perished like so many other valuable and hopeful young men in the great war."

Historically, the rat man is the first description of obsessive-compulsive disorder as an independent clinical picture with the psychogenesis and psychodynamics of the disease explained as an example . Obsessive-compulsive disorder as a symptom is classified in ICD-10 and DSM 5 in the context of several nosological units and also discussed controversially in various psychoanalytic directions, which is also reflected in the reception of the rat man's case history. Fischer-Kern and Springer-Kremser see in the oedipal conflict and the relationship with the father the central conflict of the patient and understand the healing in the context of the worked through negative transference through which the patient could have the corrective experience that the father / analyst did not go through the omnipotence of his sadistic thoughts was destroyed.

Another historically significant peculiarity of the case is that after Freud's death, original notes from the time of the analysis with 42 hourly records were found. This is a special document for research, since Freud otherwise always used to destroy his handwritten notes after a case was published. They were published for the first time in 1955 and can be found as a transcript in the supplement to the Collected Works . One page is printed as a copy in handwritten form. Freud calls the patient in his notes “Dr. Lorenz ". As raw material, the original notes offer a special insight into Freud's treatment technique and conception. Diercks emphasizes three aspects: In addition to the expected uncovering and interpretation of significant memories and the work on the therapeutic relationship, a psychoeducational approach is discernible with which Freud repeatedly described and explained psychological mechanisms to the educated and interested patient. Freud's high level of commitment is also evident in the original notes.

literature

  • Christine Diercks, Sabine Schlüter (eds.): Sigmund-Freud lectures 2006. The great medical histories. Mandelbaum, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-85476-271-3 .
  • Susanne Düwell; Nicolas Pethes (Ed.): Case - Case History - Case Study. Theory and history of a form of knowledge. Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2014, pp. 169–194, ISBN 978-3-5935-0102-4 .
  • Sigmund Freud: Collected Works. Ordered chronologically. 17 volumes, plus a register volume (volume 18) and a volume with supplements (volume 19). Edited by Anna Freud u. a. First published by Imago, London 1940–1952, register volume 1968, supplementary volume texts from the years 1885 to 1938, 1987, several editions; Reprinted by Fischer Taschenbuch-Verlag 1999, ISBN 3-596-50300-0 . This most comprehensive edition of Freud's writings is quoted most frequently with the abbreviation GW, indication of the volume, indication of the page number.
  • Stefan Goldmann: "All knowledge is piecemeal": Studies on Sigmund Freud's medical histories and the interpretation of dreams. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2019, ISBN 978-3-8379-2855-6 .
  • Adolf Grünbaum (Ed.) Critical considerations on psychoanalysis. Adolf Grünbaum's “Basics” in the discussion. Springer publishing house. Heidelberg 1991, ISBN 978-3-5405-2555-4 .
  • Günter Rebing: Freud's Fantastic Pieces . Athena Verlag, Oberhausen 2019, ISBN 978-3-7455-1044-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Sigmund Freud: GW, Registerband 1999, pp. 819–826.
  2. ↑ Gerhard Fichtner, Albrecht Hirschmüller: Freud's "Katharina" Psyche, 1985, 39 (3), 220-240.
  3. ↑ Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic remarks on an autobiographically described case of paranoia (Dementia paranoides) In: Project Gutenberg .
  4. ↑ Mai Wegener: Cases, failures, sins - on Freud's medical histories. In: Düwell, Susanne; Pethes, Nicolas (Ed.): Case - Case History - Case Study. Theory and history of a form of knowledge. Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2014, pp. 169–194.
  5. ↑ Kurt Eissler: Medical orthodoxy and the future of psychoanalysis. International University Press, New York, 1965.
  6. ↑ Lucien Israël: The unheard of message of hysteria. Ernst Reinhardt-Verlag, Munich / Basel 1993, p. 19.
  7. ↑ Christa Rohde-Dachser : Introduction to Psychoanalysis Lectures at the Johann Wolfgang von Goethe University in Frankfurt a. M., winter semester 1998/99, recording available as CD and MP3 , recording from the winter semester 1993/94 available online free of charge .
  8. ↑ Adolf Grünbaum: The foundations of psychoanalysis: A philosophical criticism. Reclam-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1988.
  9. ^ RP Greenberg: Arguments against Freud's case studies. In: Adolf Grünbaum (Ed.) Critical considerations on psychoanalysis. Adolf Grünbaum's “Basics” in the discussion. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1991, pp. 80-82.
  10. ^ Marshall Edelson: The Evidence of the Psychoanalyst's Clinical Data. In: Adolf Grünbaum (Ed.): Critical considerations on psychoanalysis. Adolf Grünbaum's “Basics” in the discussion. Springer publishing house. Heidelberg 1991, pp. 51-56.
  11. ↑ Jürgen Habermas: Knowledge and Interest. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1968, pp. 300-332.
  12. ↑ Stefan Goldmann: "All knowledge is piecemeal": Studies on Sigmund Freud's medical histories and on the interpretation of dreams. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2019.
  13. ↑ Günter Rebing: Freud's Fantasy Pieces . Athena Verlag, Oberhausen 2019, pp. 7–9.
  14. ^ Sigmund Freud: Fragment of a hysteria analysis. GW V, 161-286.
  15. ↑ Sigmund Freud: Communication of a case of paranoia that contradicts psychoanalytic theory. GW X, 234-246.
  16. ↑ Sigmund Freud, (1920a): On the psychogenesis of a case of female homosexuality. GW XII, 271-302.
  17. ^ Marianna Brentzel: Anna O. - Bertha Pappenheim: Biography . Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen, p. 8 f.
  18. ^ Sigmund Freud: Fragment of a hysteria analysis. In: Monthly magazine for psychiatry and neurology. Volume XXVIII, No. 4, 1905.
  19. ↑ Samuel Slipp: Interpersonal factors of hysteria: Freud's seduction theory and the Dora case. In: Familiendynamik, April 1978, Volume 3, Issue 2, pp. 130–147.
  20. ↑ Sabine Götz: Talking about sexuality with Dora - The way to talk about sexuality. Notes on the case history of the "Dora". In: Christine Diercks, Sabine Schlüter (Eds.): Sigmund-Freud lectures 2006. Mandelbaum, Vienna 2008, pp. 116–124.
  21. ^ Pierre Marty et al .: The "Dora" case and the psychosomatic point of view. In: Psyche, September 1979, 33rd volume, issue 9/10, pp. 888–925.
  22. ^ Vincent Crapanzano: Text, Transfer and Deixis. In: Psyche, May 1987, Volume 41, Issue 5, pp. 385-410.
  23. ↑ Jennings, Jerry L .: The "Dora Renaissance". In: Psyche, May 1990, Volume 44, Issue 5, pp. 385-411.
  24. ↑ Vera King: Fascination and Offense: The 'Fall Dora' in the creation and change process of psychoanalysis. In: Psyche, September 2006, volume 60, issue 9/10, pp 978-1004, DOI 10.21706 / ps-60-9-978.
  25. ↑ Ilka Quindeau: "From Dora to Conchita - Newer Concepts on Gender and Sexuality in Psychoanalysis". Conference: Dora - Hysteria - Gender, 2016 of the Sigmund Freud Museum. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  26. ^ Eveline List: Dora Bauer and Sherlock Freud. In: Christine Diercks, Sabine Schlüter (Eds.): Sigmund-Freud lectures 2006. The great medical histories. Mandelbaum, Vienna 2008, pp. 98–115.
  27. ↑ Lidia Yuknavitch: Dora: A Headcase. Hawthorne Books, Portland, Oregon, 2012 (English).
  28. ^ Sheila Kohler: Dreaming for Freud: A Novel. Pinguin Books, London UK, 2014 (English).
  29. ↑ Katharina Adler: Ida. Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, Hamburg 2020, ISBN 978-3-499-27047-5 .
  30. ↑ Stefan Wackwitz: The trauma never healed. TAZ of July 21, 2018 . Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  31. ↑ Katharina Adler: “Yes, your great-grandmother was with Sigmund Freud”. Interview with David Hugendick. DIE ZEIT from July 26th 2018 . Retrieved July 1, 2020
  32. ↑ Christa Rohde-Dachser : Introduction to Freudian Psychoanalysis. Lecture given in the winter semester 93/94 at the University of Frankfurt. Recording available online .
  33. ↑ Elfriede M. Fidal: Elisabeth von R .: Your treatment of the sick and Freud's findings. In: Christine Diercks; Sabine Schlüter (Ed.): Sigmund-Freud lectures 2006. The great medical histories. Mandelbaum-Verlag, Vienna 2008, pp. 77–85.
  34. ↑ Elfriede M. Fidal: Elisabeth von R .: Your treatment of the sick and Freud's findings. In: Christine Diercks; Sabine Schlüter (Ed.) Sigmund-Freud lectures 2006. The great medical histories. Mandelbaum-Verlag, Vienna 2008, p. 84.
  35. ↑ Sigmund Freud: Analysis of the phobia of a five-year-old boy . In: Yearbook for Psychoanalytic and Psychopathological Research . tape I . Franz Deuticke, Leipzig, Vienna 1909.
  36. ↑ Sigmund Freud: Analysis of the phobia of a five-year-old boy. In: GW, VII, p. 372.
  37. ↑ Jennifer Stuart: Little Hans and Freud's self-analysis: a biographical view of clinical theory in the making. Journal American Psychoanalytical Association 2007; 55 (3), pp. 799-819. DOI: 10.1177 / 00030651070550031801.
  38. ^ A b Wolfgang Kasper: Little Hans. In: Christine Diercks, Sabine Schlüter (Eds.): Sigmund-Freud lectures 2006. The great medical histories. Mandelbaum, Vienna 2008, pp. 146–155.
  39. ↑ Sigmund Freud: Analysis of the phobia of a five-year-old boy. In: GW, VII, pp. 241-377.
  40. ↑ Sigmund Freud: Analysis of the phobia of a five-year-old boy. In: GW, VII, p. 373.
  41. ^ Sigmund Freud: Postscript on the analysis of little Hans. GW, XIII, pp. 429-423.
  42. ↑ Rudolf Gaßenhuber: Little Hans, poor Hans. About untouchedness in the psychoanalytic tradition - a reading experience. In: Journal for Psychotraumatology, Psychotherapy Science and Psychological Medicine (ZPPM) Issue 03/2013, Ed. Luise Reddemann. available online as a pdf www.gassenhuber.de/kontingenz/artikel/theorie/DerArmeHans.pdf. Retrieved July 22, 2020
  43. ↑ Karin J. Lebersorger: From Sigmund Freud to the Supernannys. The importance of understanding in parenting. In: Christine Diercks, Sabine Schlüter (Eds.): Sigmund-Freud lectures 2006. The great medical histories. Mandelbaum, Vienna 2008, pp. 184–193.
  44. ↑ Bettina Jordan: May he think so? Some thoughts on the modernity of Little Hans and the modernity of thinking. In: Christine Diercks, Sabine Schlüter (Eds.): Sigmund-Freud lectures 2006. The great medical histories. Mandelbaum, Vienna 2008, pp. 156–163.
  45. ^ Franz Maciejewski: On a "dense description" of Little Hans. About the forgotten trauma of circumcision. Psyche, 2003, 57 (6), pp. 523-550
  46. ↑ Sigmund Freud: Analysis of the phobia of a five-year-old boy. In: GW, VII, p. 371.
  47. ^ Franz Maciejewski: Was Little Hans circumcised? Reply to a comment by Adriaan de Klerk. Psyche, 2005, 59 (2), pp. 178-181.
  48. ↑ Sigmund Freud: Comments on a case of obsessive compulsive disorder . In: Yearbook for Psychoanalytic and Psychopathological Research . tape I . Franz Deuticke, Leipzig, Vienna 1909.
  49. ^ Christian Eigner: "Rat man", neurotic, pope. of the "Rat Man" as the subject of the "Freud Lecture" with reference to the Pope. The October 19, 2006 standard . Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  50. ↑ Michel Quindoz: Read Freud. Psychosozial-Verlag, Gießen 2011m p. 164.
  51. ^ Dunja Voss: The rat man - Freud's obsessive compulsive disorder patient. Medicine in the text. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  52. ↑ a b Gisela Nosiska: The Rat Man - A Homosexual? In: Christine Diercks, Sabine Schlüter (Eds.): Sigmund-Freud lectures 2006. The great medical histories. Mandelbaum, Vienna 2008, pp. 206–221.
  53. ^ Sigmund Freud: GW VII, p. 463.
  54. ↑ Melitta Fischer-Kern, Marianne Springer-Kremser: The Rat Man: Obsessive Neurosis, Obsessive Borderline, Obsessive Psychosis. Psyche, 2008, 62 (4), pp. 381-396.
  55. ^ Sigmund Freud: GW supplementary volume, pp. 509–569.
  56. ↑ Michael Diercks: Freud's technique based on the original notes on the "rat man". In: Christine Diercks, Sabine Schlüter (Eds.): Sigmund-Freud lectures 2006. The great medical histories. Mandelbaum, Vienna 2008, pp. 232–243.