Bertha Pappenheim

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Bertha Pappenheim during her stay at the Bellevue Sanatorium in 1882

Bertha Pappenheim (born February 27, 1859 in Vienna ; died May 28, 1936 in Neu-Isenburg ) was an Austro-German women's rights activist . She was the founder of the Jewish Women's Association and the Neu-Isenburg girls' dormitory . She also became known as patient Anna O. The case history published by Josef Breuer together with Sigmund Freud in the studies on hysteria was for Freud the starting point for the development of his theory of hysteria and thus thePsychoanalysis .

Life

childhood

Bertha Pappenheim was born on February 27, 1859 in Vienna as the third daughter of Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim. The father (1824–1881) came from Pressburg (now Bratislava ). The family name refers to the Franconian Pappenheim . The mother (1830–1905), née Goldschmidt, came from Frankfurt am Main . Both families were wealthy and rooted in Orthodox Judaism . Bertha Pappenheim was brought up as a “ senior daughter ”, attended a Catholic girls' school and led a life structured by the Jewish festival calendar and summer stays in Ischl .

When Bertha was 8 years old, her eldest sister Henriette (1849–1867) died of tuberculosis . When she was 11 years old, the family moved from Leopoldstadt , the district of Vienna mainly inhabited by poorer Jews, to Liechtensteinstrasse in the IX. District . She left school at the age of 16, began doing handicrafts and helped her mother prepare the food in kosher style . His brother Wilhelm (1860–1937), who was 18 months younger than him, attended grammar school and was fiercely envied by Bertha.

illness

During the summer of 1880, when the family was back in Bad Ischl for their summer vacation , the father fell seriously ill with febrile pleurisy , which was a turning point in Bertha Pappenheim's life. During a night watch by the sick person's bed, she was suddenly tormented by hallucinations and anxiety. As a result, her illness showed a wide range of different symptoms:

  • Speech disorders ( aphasia ): At times she could not speak at all, at times she only spoke English, sometimes only French or Italian. On the other hand, she could understand German at any time. The aphasia sometimes lasted for days, sometimes it changed with the time of day.
  • Neuralgia : She suffered from facial nerve pain treated with morphine and chloral . The medication led to the development of a morphine and chloral addiction. The pain was so severe that surgical transection of the trigeminal nerve was considered.
  • Symptoms of paralysis ( paresis ): The paralysis and numbness appeared on the limbs predominantly on one side. Actually right-handed, she had to learn to write left-handed because of this paralysis.
  • Visual disturbances: There were temporary disturbances of the eye motor skills. She perceived objects greatly enlarged and squinted.
  • Mood swings: Over long periods of time, she showed a change in daily rhythm between states of anxiety and depression , followed by relaxed and relaxed states.
  • Amnesias : The patient did not remember events in one of the states or what she did during the other.
  • Eating disorders : She did not eat any food in crisis situations. During a hot summer, she refused to drink fluids and only fed on fruit for weeks.

The family initially did not react to these expressions of illness. Josef Breuer, who was friends with the family, only took over the treatment in November . He animated the patient, sometimes under slight hypnosis , to tell stories, which led to a partial improvement in the clinical picture, while the overall condition continued to deteriorate. From December 11, 1880, Bertha Pappenheim was bedridden for several months.

Death of the father

Bertha Pappenheim's father died on April 5, 1881. As a result, she initially fell into complete rigidity and did not take any more food for days. As a result, her symptoms worsened, so that on June 7th, against her will , she was taken to the Inzersdorf sanatorium , where she stayed several times in the following years (sometimes at her own request). But at first she stayed there until November. After returning to the family, Breuer continued to treat her.

The laborious and slow progress of the "memory work", in which the individual symptoms were remembered and "resolved" after their episodes, came to an end, according to Breuer, on June 7, 1882, after the patient had reconstructed the first night with hallucinations in Ischl. "Since then, she has been in perfect health." With these words, Breuer concluded his medical report.

Bellevue Sanatorium

Breuer referred Bertha Pappenheim to the Bellevue private clinic in Kreuzlingen on Lake Constance , headed by Robert Binswanger , on July 12, 1882 . After Pappenheim's treatment in Bellevue, Breuer no longer cared for her personally.

During her stay in Kreuzlingen, she visited her cousin Fritz Homburger and her cousin Anna Ettlinger in Karlsruhe . The latter was a co-founder of the Karlsruhe girls' high school , which was also attended by the young Rahel Straus . Anna Ettlinger devoted herself to literary work - in an article published in 1870 entitled A Conversation on the Question of Women , she had called for equal rights to education for women -, gave private lessons and organized “literature courses for women”. Bertha Pappenheim read some of the fairy tales she had written to her, and the 14-year-old cousin encouraged her to continue her writing. In addition, during this visit at the end of 1882, Pappenheim took part in a nursing training program offered by the Baden Women's Association. The aim of this training was to qualify young women as managers of nursing facilities. Due to the time limit on her visit, she was unable to finish her training.

On October 29, 1882, she was released from treatment in Kreuzlingen in better shape. In the following years, from which little is known biographically, she lived in seclusion with her mother in Vienna. Three stays in Inzersdorf are documented for this time, her illness was not over.

Despite her illness, Bertha Pappenheim was a strong personality. Breuer describes her as a woman "of considerable intelligence, astonishingly astute combination and sharp-sighted intuition [...]."

Frankfurt

At the age of 29, in November 1888, she moved to Frankfurt am Main with her mother . The family environment in Frankfurt was partly orthodox and partly liberal . Unlike in Vienna, people were not only involved in charity, but also in art and science. The Goldschmidt and Oppenheim families were known as patrons and collectors of art and supported scientific and academic projects, especially when establishing the Frankfurt University .

In this environment, Bertha Pappenheim began both with more intensive literary work (first publications from 1888, initially anonymously, then under the pseudonym P. Berthold ) and with getting involved socially and politically. First she worked in a soup kitchen and as a reader in the girls' orphanage of the Israelite Women's Association . In 1895 she took over provisional management of the orphanage, and a year later she was permanently entrusted with the management. In the following twelve years she succeeded in directing the educational work from the exclusive goal of a later marriage to training for professional independence.

In 1895 the general conference of the General German Women's Association (ADF) took place in Frankfurt . Pappenheim took part and later took part in setting up a local branch of the ADF. In the following years she began to publish articles on the subject of women's rights - initially in the journal Ethische Kultur . She also translated Mary Wollstonecraft's A vindication of the rights of woman .

Jewish women's association

At the first German conference on combating trafficking in girls , held in Frankfurt in October 1902 , Bertha Pappenheim and Sara Rabinowitsch were commissioned to travel to Galicia to investigate the social situation there. In her report, published in 1904, about the several months' journey, she describes the problems arising from the combination of agricultural backwardness and incipient industrialization, but also from the collision between Hasidism and Zionism .

At the congress of the International Council of Women in Berlin in 1904, it was decided to found a national Jewish women's association, which, similar to the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (BDF) co-founded by Helene Lange in 1894 , was supposed to bring together the social and emancipatory efforts of the Jewish women's associations. Bertha Pappenheim was elected the first chairwoman of the Jewish Women's Association (JFB), which she headed for twenty years and for which she was to work until her death in 1936. The JFB joined the BDF in 1907. From 1914 to 1924 Pappenheim was a member of the board of the BDF.

The goals of the JFB were on the one hand feminist - strengthening women's rights and promoting the employment of Jewish women - on the other hand they corresponded to the traditional goals of Jewish philanthropy - the exercise of charity as God's commandment . Integrating the different endeavors was not always easy for Pappenheim. It was particularly offensive that in her fight against trafficking in girls, she not only spoke openly about Jewish women as victims, but also about Jewish men as perpetrators.

She criticized the image of women in the Jewish religion and, as a member of the German women's movement , demanded that the ideals of equal rights also be realized within Jewish institutions. She was particularly interested in education and equality in professional life.

A statement on the first delegates' day of the JFB in 1907 - "Before the Jewish law, women are not an individual, not a personality, they are only judged and recognized as a sex being." - led to a violent reaction from Orthodox rabbis and the Jewish press across the country. The existence of the conditions lamented by Pappenheim was denied - trafficking in girls; Neglecting illegitimate Jewish orphans - and accusing them of “abuse of Judaism”. The politically liberal, emancipated Judaism had a patriarchal- traditionalist stance on the question of women.

Meanwhile, the JFB grew steadily and in 1907 had 32,000 members in 82 clubs. The JFB was at times the largest charitable Jewish organization with over 50,000 members. In 1917 Bertha Pappenheim demanded "to put an end to the fragmentation within Jewish welfare work", which led to the founding of the Central Welfare Office for Jews in Germany , which still exists today . She was supported by Sidonie Werner in their board work.

After the takeover of the Nazis in 1933 Pappenheim took over again as chairman of the JFB, but gave it to 1934 again, because despite the existential threat to Jews in Germany to their opposition to Zionism did not want to give up, while in the JFB - as in the German Judaism total - Zionism found increasing approval after 1933. In particular, her stance on the youth aliyah had caused controversy. She refused to allow children and young people to emigrate to Palestine without their parents, who remained in Germany. Nevertheless, she herself brought a group of children in care to the UK in 1934. After the Nuremberg Laws were passed on September 15, 1935, however, she revised her position and advocated the emigration of the Jewish population. After Pappenheim's death, her functions in the JFB were partially taken over by Hannah Karminski . In 1939 the Jewish Women's Association was dissolved by the National Socialists.

Neu-Isenburg

Bertha Pappenheim was the founder or initiator of many institutions, including kindergartens, day care centers and educational institutions. In her eyes, her main and life's work was the Neu-Isenburg girls' dormitory .

In 1901, after a lecture by Pappenheim, an association of women had formed for the Israelite Aid Association , which initially as a department of the Israelite Aid Association and then from 1904 as an independent association for women welfare pursued the goal of coordinating and professionalizing the work of various social initiatives and projects .

The first board of directors of the “Female Welfare” association in Frankfurt a. M., 1904 (Bertha Pappenheim: front row, second from left)

From around 1906 Pappenheim pursued the goal of founding a girls' dormitory to support Jewish women born out of wedlock and / or at risk of prostitution and trafficking in girls. There the principles of Jewish social work she developed were to be implemented as models. The home should be run from different points of view:

  • In contrast to traditional Jewish charity, modern social work aimed at education for independence should be carried out.
  • According to the principle of "subsequent care", the further life of the former residents should be accompanied over longer periods of time in order to prevent renewed neglect.
  • It should: ... not be an institution for care pupils in the legal sense, no stone monument of a foundation with inscriptions, votive tablets , corridors, bedrooms and dining halls, an elementary school, with detention and cells and a dominant Director family, but if ever surrogate the only desirable good family education, a home.
  • The residents should be involved in Jewish tradition and culture.
  • The furnishings should be characterized by simplicity, so that the residents would be familiar with the conditions and requirements of a petty-bourgeois household.

Louise Goldschmidt, a relative of Pappenheim's mother, left a semi-detached house in Neu-Isenburg, near Frankfurt am Main, with its clinics and social facilities, to found a girls' dormitory. In contrast to the Prussian Frankfurt, the Hessian Neu-Isenburg with its less rigid laws also offered advantages for stateless persons .

Thanks to donations of 19,000 marks for furnishing the house, the home was able to start work on November 25, 1907 with the aim of providing "protection for those in need of protection and education for those in need of education".

The furnishings were simple - sometimes criticized as being over the top. There was no running water in the bathroom and central heating was only installed in 1920. The furnishings made it possible to consistently follow the Jewish food and purity laws, the kashruth . Even a Passover kitchen , used only once a year, was available in the basement.

The education of the residents focused on art in the house and garden - such as the children's fountain The Displaced Stork , which was designed by Fritz J. Kormis based on a story by Pappenheim -, lectures, small theater performances and lectures, including by Martin Buber , who was a friend of Pappenheim has been a guest a few times.

The number of residents was initially low, but grew over the course of time from 10 in 1908 to 152 in 1928. The property and existing buildings were expanded through acquisitions and donations and adapted to the growing demand, and additional buildings were erected. Most recently, the home comprised four buildings, including a house for pregnant women and newly born children - the delivery itself took place in the Frankfurt clinic - and an isolation ward.

The school-age children of the home attended the elementary school in Neu-Isenburg. There was intensive medical care for the residents and regular psychiatric examinations. Pappenheim refused any psychoanalytic treatment for the residents. She herself only made one general statement on psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis is in the hands of the doctor what confession is in the hands of the Catholic clergyman; it depends on the user and the application whether it is a good instrument or a double-edged sword.

Since the current financing of the home should not be dependent on rich individual donors as far as possible, the association Heim des Jewish Frauenbund e. V. founded as the owner and owner of the home. The membership fees of 3 Marks per year should cover the running costs on a broader basis.

Bertha Pappenheim was initially denied recognition of her work in Neu-Isenburg. Orthodox Jewish circles viewed the establishment of the home as a scandal and its existence as tacit support for prostitution and immorality. In order to reintegrate the illegitimate mothers, young prostitutes and their children into the Jewish community, most of whom were cast out by their families, the home endeavored to persuade families to take them back and known fathers to marry or pay alimony.

Last years and death

After her mother's death in 1905, Bertha Pappenheim had lived alone and without private ties for many years. “I didn't love me,” she complains in a poem from 1911. From 1924 onwards she became close friends with Hannah Karminski, 38 years her junior, when she took over the management of the Jewish Girls' Club . Both women spent every free minute together as much as possible. When Karminski moved to Berlin for some time in 1925, the two of them wrote each other almost every day.

On a trip to Austria in 1935, she donated two of her collections (lace and cast iron art) to the Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna. From Vienna she traveled to Ischl. During these trips her general condition deteriorated and she was taken to the Israelite Hospital in Munich. A malignant tumor disease was discovered there during an operation. Despite her illness, she traveled to Amsterdam at the end of 1935 to meet Henrietta Szold , the head of the Youth Aliyah , and again to Galicia to advise the Beth Jakob School . When she returned to Frankfurt, her suffering worsened to the point where she was bedridden. There was also jaundice .

In her final days, she was summoned for interrogation by the Offenbach state police station. The reason was the denunciation of a Christian employee of the home: a weak-minded girl had made a derogatory remark about Adolf Hitler . Pappenheim insisted on appearing for interrogation despite her poor health. After the interrogation on April 16, 1936, in which she calmly but firmly gave information about the allegations, no further steps were taken by the state police.

She died on May 28, 1936, cared for by her friend Hannah Karminski until the end, and was buried next to her mother in the Frankfurt cemetery (now the Old Jewish Cemetery).

After the death of Bertha Pappenheim, the work in Neu-Isenburg could be continued essentially undisturbed until the Olympic Games in 1936 . From 1937 the children in the home were no longer allowed to attend the elementary school in Neu-Isenburg and had to be taken to the Jewish school in Frankfurt every day. From 1938 the NSDAP local group in Isenburg was responsible for the dissolution of the home.

On November 10, 1938, one day after the “ Reichskristallnacht ”, the home was attacked. The main building was set on fire and burned down, the other buildings were devastated. The Gestapo closed the home on March 31, 1942 . The remaining residents were in the Theresienstadt ghetto deported , where many were killed. On December 9, 1942, Hannah Karminski was taken to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp . There she was murdered on June 4, 1943.

Literary creation

Stories and dramas

Bertha Pappenheim in the costume of Glikl bas Judah Leib

Bertha Pappenheim published her first work anonymously, then under the pseudonym "Paul Berthold", a practice that was still widespread among female writers at the time. The pseudonym is derived from her name: "Berth (a) Pappenheim" became "P (aul) Berth (old)". From 1902 she published novellas and plays under her own name.

The Little Stories for Children , published anonymously in 1888, was followed in 1890 by the volume of short stories In der Trödelbude. The nine novels in the volume each have a defective or otherwise unsuitable junk: a tip , a music box or a coffee pot.

In 1913 she published the play Tragic Moments. Three images of life. The life pictures correspond to three stages in the life of a Jewish couple. In the first picture, the young couple experiences the atrocities of the Russian pogroms of 1904. They flee to Frankfurt. In the second picture, as Russian Jews, they are not accepted in the community. A Jewish innkeeper wants to employ women as animation girls and men as cardsharps. When the two refuse, he denounces them as political criminals. They flee to Palestine. The third picture shows the man as a widower who is waiting for his son to return home from Europe. When he confesses that he cannot imagine a life as a farmer in Palestine, the father kills himself. In 1933 Pappenheim refused to perform the play at a delegates 'meeting of the JFB, since the "' Tragic Moments", which I wrote without intentional tendencies, would certainly offend Zionist circles today because of their topicality. " "To sprinkle explosives between the women".

In addition, there were numerous unpublished texts during her lifetime. Most of it is lost, what remains is scattered. The scattered texts include the so-called memorabilia , short, partly dated maxims and sayings, some of which she had her secretary Lucy Jourdan collect and copy down in her final years. Example: “Anyone who gives up their freedom without compelling need is not worth it.” This also includes the prayers that were published by the Jewish Women's Association shortly after Pappenheim's death. They are not prayers in the sense of traditional Judaism, but personal poems addressed to God.

A poem by Pappenheim from 1910 to 1912:

I was not in love -
So I live like the plant
No light in the basement.
I was not in love -
That's why I sound like the violin,
Who breaks the bow.
I was not in love -
So I'm digging into work
And live sore from duty.
I was not in love -
So I like to think of death
As a friendly face.

Translations

One of her first works was the translation from English of Mary Wollstonecraft's programmatic basic writing of the feminist movement, which appeared in 1899 under the title Mary Wollstonecraft - A Defense of Women's Rights .

From 1910 she translated several Yiddish writings into German:

Only the first part of her translation of the Women's Bible has appeared ( Genesis ). The translations of the 2nd and 3rd books of Moses seem lost.

Bertha Pappenheim only edited texts by women or for women; with the Maassebuch and the women's bible the most widespread works of Yiddish “women's literature”. Of the aims pursued with the translation, she says in the foreword to Glikl :

The translation of the text into common language and characters has the purpose of reviving the image of a woman who, deeply rooted in her time, excelled through unusual spiritual gifts, who was true to her faith, true to her people, true to her family and true to herself self.

And in the preface to the Ma'assebuch she writes:

In the hands of parents, educators and teachers, the 'All sorts of stories' can become a bridge to a renewed understanding of the meaning of traditional Jewish cultural and religious goods.

Together with her brother Wilhelm and Stefan Meyer, a relative, she had discovered while exploring her family tree that she was related to Glikl. Furthermore, Pappenheim had himself portrayed as Glikl by Leopold Pilichowski (1869–1933).

Articles and educational pamphlets

The focus of her writings, however, was on education, especially about the social situation of Jewish refugees and the trafficking of girls. In 1930 she published her best-known book, the Sisyphus Work , a study on trafficking in girls and prostitution in Eastern Europe and the Orient.

Anna O.

Bertha Pappenheim became known to a broader public as a patient of Josef Breuer under the pseudonym Fräulein "Anna O.". Their case history is described in the “Studies on Hysteria” (1895), which Breuer published together with Sigmund Freud . It is described as the first case in which the hysteria was "completely examined" and the symptoms disappear. Her statement that speaking out helps her to relieve her soul corresponds to the treatment technique of psychoanalysis, later referred to as " catharsis theory" . Freud therefore called her the "real founder of the psychoanalytic process". Based on this case history, the statement that “the hysterical mostly suffers from reminiscences”, that is, traumatic memories that can be “processed” through narration, was formulated for the first time.

Freud himself:

The Breuerian find is still the basis of psychoanalytic therapy today. The proposition that the symptoms disappear when one becomes aware of their unconscious preconditions has been confirmed by all further research [...].

Sources

Aspects of the Anna O. case were first mentioned in the Preliminary Communication published in 1893 by Freud and Breuer in two Viennese medical journals . The detailed case history of Breuer appeared in the 1895 Studies on Hysteria .

The name Anna O. results from a letter shift from Bertha Pappenheim's initials "BP" to "AO"

When the first volume of Ernest Jones' Freud biography appeared in 1953 , in which he identified Anna O. der Studien with Bertha Pappenheim, there was great indignation among the friends and admirers of Pappenheim, whom she only knew from her time in Frankfurt. The biography of Dora Edinger pursued, among other things, the goal of contrasting the identification as a “mentally ill”, which was felt at the time as defamatory, with the image of Pappenheim as a philanthropist and women's rights activist .

The account by Jones brought some more details, above all more legendary about the end of Breuer's treatment, but apart from the information contained in the studies , nothing was known about the further course of the disease. New facts only became known through research by Henri Ellenberger and, in his successor, Albrecht Hirschmüller, who succeeded in finding Breuer's medical history at Pappenheim and other documents in the archive of the Bellevue Clinic in Kreuzlingen.

A published part of Freud's letters to his fiancée Martha Bernays does contain some references to the course of Pappenheim's therapy and the relationship between Breuer and Freud, but until Freud's letters are fully published, there is room for arbitrary speculation.

Treatment method

Breuer began his treatment without a fixed method or theoretical approach. The symptomatic treatment ranged from feeding when the patient refused to eat to the administration of chlorine in states of excitement.

He described what he observed as follows:

There were two completely separate states of consciousness, which alternated very often and suddenly and which became more and more distinct in the course of the illness. In one of them she knew her surroundings, was sad and afraid, but relatively normal; in the other, she hallucinated, was “naughty”, d. H. scolded, threw the pillows at the people, [...] and the like more.

He noticed that the patient in one state did not remember any episodes or circumstances from the other. He concluded:

It is difficult to avoid the expression that the patient has disintegrated into two personalities, one of which was psychologically normal and the other insane.

Symptoms of this kind are now associated with the clinical pictures of dissociative identity disorder , at that time one spoke of "personality split". Today, as in Breuer's time, the existence and incidence of such a disease has been the subject of controversy.

A first therapeutic approach was provided by the observation that the speech disorders were calmed down and improved if the patient was allowed to tell stories that probably came from her waking dreams. Breuer commented on these waking dreams: "While everyone believed her to be present, she lived through fairy tales in her mind, but when called, she was always present so that no one knew about it." Furthermore, he encouraged and animated her to calm down, for example by giving her a first sentence “Counting out” these stories. The initial formula used was always the same: “There was a boy…” Pappenheim was only able to express himself in English at times, but mostly understood the German spoken by those around him. Breuer commented on their descriptions: "The stories, always sad, were sometimes very pretty, in the manner of Andersen's 'picture book without pictures'".

The patient noticed the relief that the “counting down” brought her and coined the expressions chimney-sweeping (“chimney sweeping”) and talking cure (“ speaking cure ”). The term ' speech cure' has been incorporated into psychoanalytic terminology.

Soon other levels of narration were added, some of which overlap and permeate each other:

  • Stories from the "private theater"
  • hallucinatory experiences
  • Time-shifted episodes: during one phase, the experience of the sick was shifted by one year
  • Episodes of the appearance of the hysterical symptoms

The systematic remembering and “counting down” the occasions on which the hysterical symptoms first appeared, was developed by Breuer into the therapeutic method first used by Pappenheim. To his astonishment he noticed that a symptom disappeared after the memory of the first occurrence or the cause had been "unearthed".

Breuer described his eventual procedure as follows: in the morning he asked Pappenheim under slight hypnosis about the occasions and circumstances under which a certain symptom had appeared. During an evening visit, these episodes - sometimes more than 100 - were systematically "counted out" by Pappenheim in reverse chronological order. If it had arrived at the first occurrence and thus the "cause", the symptom showed up again in an intensified form, and then disappeared "forever".

This therapy came to an end when you worked your way back to a “black snake” hallucination that Pappenheim experienced during a night in Ischl when she watched her sick father. Breuer described this degree as follows:

In this way the whole hysteria came to an end. The patient had made a firm resolve for herself that on the anniversary of her transfer to the country she would have to be finished with everything. That is why she ran the “talking cure” at the beginning of June with great, exciting energy. On the last day, with the tutoring, she reproduced the fact that she arranged the room as her father's room had been, the fear hallucination mentioned above, which had been the root of the whole illness and in which she had only been able to think and pray in English; immediately afterwards spoke German and was now free of all the innumerable individual disturbances that she had previously presented.

End of treatment

There is a legend about the end of the treatment of Pappenheim by Josef Breuer, which has been handed down in slightly different versions by different people. A version can be found in a letter from Freud to Stefan Zweig :

I was able to guess what was really happening with Br's patient, long after our break, when I remembered a message from Br which he had given me once before the time of our work together in a different context, and which he had never repeated. In the evening of the day, after all her symptoms had been overcome, he was called back to her, found her confused, writhing in abdominal cramps. When asked what happened to her, she replied: Now comes the child that I received from Dr. Br. Have. At that moment he had the key in his hand that would have opened the way to the mothers, but he dropped it. With all his great intellectual gifts, there was nothing Faustian about him. In conventional horror he fled and left the patient to a colleague. It fought for months in a sanatorium to be made. / I felt so sure of this reconstruction of mine that I published it somewhere. Br's younger daughter (born shortly after the end of that treatment, also not without relevance to deeper contexts!) Read my presentation and questioned her father (it was shortly before his death). He confirmed me and she let me know afterwards.

Nothing is known of any such publication by Freud; it is therefore also unclear where Breuer's daughter could have read such things. In the version by Ernest Jones, Breuer hastily undertakes a second honeymoon to Venice after his escape with his wife Mathilde, where he would actually father a child with her - in contrast to Bertha Pappenheim's conceited child.

None of this has been proven, most of it has been proven to be wrong: Breuer did not flee, but referred his patient to Kreuzlingen. He did not go to Venice, but went to Gmunden for a summer vacation with the family. And he did not father a child (neither in Venice nor in Gmunden), since his youngest child - Dora Breuer - was born on March 11, 1882, three months before the alleged conception.

It is not clear what aim Freud pursued with the presentation of the end of treatment, which in part contradicts the verifiable facts. The assumption that he wanted to make himself the sole discoverer of psychoanalysis at Breuer's expense contradicts the description of the discovery in Freud's writings, where he does not diminish Breuer's role but emphasizes it.

Some authors compare Freud's behavior with his behavior in the so-called “cocaine affair”: There, too, he has demonstrably not only passed on misrepresentations privately, but also published them several times, without the risk of lasting damage to his reputation as a scientist being offset by a corresponding advantage .

Breuer later referred to the therapy as " Ordal " (actually a judgment from God, here probably in the sense of a "test"). It took more than 1,000 hours over the course of two years.

Treatment success

After Breuer's treatment was over, both he and Freud were still aware of the course of Pappenheim's disease. Among Freud's students, the questionability of the representation of the "treatment success" was expressed. In a private seminar in 1925 , Carl Gustav Jung said :

The famous first case that he treated with Breuer and that is so much praised as an example of outstanding therapeutic success was in truth nothing of the sort.

And Charles Aldrich reports:

But the patient in this famous case was not cured. Freud told Jung that all of her old symptoms returned after he dropped the case.

Opponents of psychoanalysis used this as an argument against this therapeutic approach.

How Pappenheim himself rated the success of the treatment has not been proven. It is believed that Pappenheim destroyed all relevant material during her last stay in Vienna in 1935. She never spoke of this period in her life and vehemently opposed any suggestion of psychoanalytic treatment for those for whom she was responsible.

Afterlife and appreciation

Postage stamp (1954) from the series Helpers to Mankind
Grave in Frankfurt am Main

In 1954, in honor of Bertha Pappenheim, her portrait appeared on a stamp from the Helfer der Menschheit series . On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of her death, a congress on various aspects of Bertha Pappenheim's life was held in Neu-Isenburg. A seminar and memorial site was opened in 1997 on the former site of the women's and orphanage in Neu-Isenburg to commemorate Bertha Pappenheim. Aspects of Bertha Pappenheim's biography (especially her role as Breuer's patient) were processed cinematically in the film Freud by John Huston (along with elements from other early psychoanalytic case histories). The film is based on a script by Jean-Paul Sartre , but Sartre has distanced himself from editing it.

Works

Poetic works
  • (anonymous): Little stories for children. Printed by G. Braun'schen Hofbuchdruckerei, Karlsruhe 1888
  • as P. Berthold: In the junk shop. Stories. Moritz Schauenburg, Lahr 1890. 2nd edition Gotha 1894.
  • as Paul Berthold: Women's Rights. Drama in three acts. Dresden 1899
  • A weakling. Novella. In: Yearbook for Jewish History and Literature. Berlin 1902. pp. 210-246. Reprinted in: Fights 1916
  • Tragic moments. Three images of life. Drama. J. Kauffmann , Frankfurt a. M. 1913
  • Fights. Six stories. J. Kauffmann, Frankfurt a. M. 1916
  • Prayers. With an afterword by Margarete Susman . Selected and published by the Jewish Women's Association. Philo Verlag, Berlin 1936. New edition: Gebete / Prayers in English and German. Translated into English by Estelle Forchheimer. Edited by Elisa Klapheck and Lara Dämmig. Hentrich and Hentrich, Teetz 2003. ISBN 3-933471-41-9
Fonts
  • as P. Berthold: A woman's voice on women's suffrage . In: Ethische Kultur 14 (1897), pp. 106-107 ( digitized and full text in the German text archive )
  • as P. Berthold: On the Jewish question in Galicia. Frankfurt 1900
  • with Sara Rabinowitsch : On the situation of the Jewish population in Galicia. Travel impressions and suggestions for improving the situation. Frankfurt 1904 ( digitized and full text in the German text archive )
  • Sisyphus work. Travel letters from the years 1911 and 1912. Leipzig 1924. Reprinted in: Sisyphus: Against the girl trade - Galizien. Bertha Pappenheim, the Anna O. Edited by Helga Heubach. Freiburg 1992. ISBN 3-926023-33-3 .
  • From the work of the home of the Jewish Women's Association in Isenburg 1914–1924. Hauser & Co., Frankfurt.
  • Sysiphus work. Second episode. Berlin 1929
Collections
  • Literary and journalistic texts. Ed. by Lena Kugler and Albrecht Koschorke. Turia and Kant, Vienna 2002. ISBN 3-85132-320-3 .
Translations
  • Mary Wollstonecraft: A Defense of Women's Rights with Critical Remarks on Political and Moral Issues. Translation from English by P. Berthold (= Bertha Pappenheim). E. Pierson's publishing house, Dresden & Leipzig 1899. New edition: Defense of the rights of women. Foreword by Berta Rahm. 2 vols. Ala-Verlag, Zurich 1976 and 1986. ISBN 3-85509-007-6 .
  • Glikl bas Judah Leib : The Memoirs of the Happiness of Hameln. Translation from Yiddish . Private printing. Publishing house by Dr. Stefan Meyer & Dr. Wilhelm Pappenheim, Vienna 1910. New edition with a foreword by Viola Roggenkamp: Beltz, Weinheim + Basel 2005. ISBN 3-407-22169-X .
  • All kinds of stories. Maasse book. Book of sagas and legends from the Talmud and Midrash together with folk tales in the Jewish-German language. Edited by Bertha Pappenheim from the edition of the Ma'ase book Amsterdam 1723. With a foreword by Ismar Elbogen. J. Kauffmann, Frankfurt a. M. 1929
  • Jakob Ben-Isaak Aschkenasi : Zennah u-Reenah . Women bible. Edited from the Jewish-German by Bertha Pappenheim. Bereshith. First book of Moses. Published by the Jewish Women's Association. J. Kauffmann, Frankfurt a. M. 1930

literature

  • Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen: Anna O. in memory. A hundred years of misleading. Fink, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-7705-3229-5 .
  • Manfred Berger: Who was Bertha Pappenheim ?, in: Our youth 1992, pp. 353-360.
  • Manfred Berger :  Pappenheim, Bertha. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 21, Bautz, Nordhausen 2003, ISBN 3-88309-110-3 , Sp. 1114-1133.  ( Article / beginning of article in the Internet archive )
  • Marianne Brentzel : Sigmund Freud's Anna O. The life of Bertha Pappenheim. Reclam, Leipzig 2004, ISBN 3-379-20094-8 .
  • Marianne Brentzel: Anna O. - Bertha Pappenheim. Biography. Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-89244-445-5 .
  • Dora Edinger: Bertha Pappenheim. Freud's Anna O. Congregation Solel, Highland Park (Ill.) 1968.
  • Dora Edinger (Ed.): Bertha Pappenheim. Life and writings. Ner-Tamid-Verlag, Frankfurt 1963.
  • Henri F. Ellenberger : The Story of Anna O .: A Critical Review with New Data. In: Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences , Vol. 8, 1972, pp. 267-279.
  • Lucy Freeman: The Story of Anna O. The Case That Led Sigmund Freud to Psychoanalysis. Kindler, Munich 1972, ISBN 3-463-00554-9 (novel; original title: The Story of Anna O. ).
  • Melinda Given Guttmann: The enigma of Anna O. A biography of Bertha Pappenheim. Moyer Bell, Wickford (RI) / London 2001, ISBN 1-55921-285-3 .
  • Helga Heubach: The home of the Jewish Women's Association in Neu-Isenburg 1907–1942. Verlag Stadt Neu-Isenburg, 1986, ISBN 978-3-9801219-0-3 .
  • Helga Heubach (Ed.): Sisyphus: against the trafficking of girls - Galicia. Kore, Freiburg 1992, ISBN 3-926023-33-3 (anthology with Bertha Pappenheim's writings on the problem of trafficking in girls).
  • Helga Heubach (Ed.): "The invisible Isenburg". About the home of the Jewish Women's Association in Neu-Isenburg, 1907 to 1942. Cultural Office of the City of Neu-Isenburg, Neu-Isenburg 1994, ISBN 3-9801219-3-3 .
  • Albrecht Hirschmüller: Physiology and psychoanalysis in the life and work of Josef Breuer. Yearbook of Psychoanalysis, Supplement No. 4. Hans Huber, Bern 1978, ISBN 3-456-80609-4 (Included as document 23: Medical history of Bertha Pappenheim, written by Dr. Breuer, found in the Bellevue Sanatorium. ).
  • Albrecht Hirschmüller: Max Eitingon on Anna O. In: Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, Vol. 40, 1998, pp. 9-30.
  • Ellen M. Jensen: Forays into the life of Anna O./Bertha Pappenheim. A Case for Psychiatry - A Life for Philanthropy. ztv Verlag, Dreieich 1984.
  • Ernest Jones: Sigmund Freud. Life and work. 3 volumes, Hogarth, London 1953–1957.
  • Hannah Karminski: Jewish-religious women's culture. In Emmy Wolff Ed .: Generations of Women in Pictures. Herbig, Berlin 1928, pp. 163–172, therein about Pappenheim, pp. 170ff.
  • Britta Konz: Bertha Pappenheim (1859-1936). A life for Jewish tradition and female emancipation (= history and genders. Volume 47). Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-593-37864-7 .
  • Gerald Kreft, Ulrich Lilienthal: Jezer hara: Evil drive and sexuality: Bertha Pappenheim - Dora Edinger - Ruth Westheimer . In: Caris-Petra Heidel (Ed.): Jüdinnen and Psyche. Publication series Medicine and Judaism, Volume 13. Mabuse, Frankfurt am Main 2016, ISBN 978-3-86321-323-7 , pp. 125–152.
  • Elizabeth Ann Loentz: Negotiating identity. Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O.) as German-Jewish feminist, social worker, activist, and author. Dissertation Ohio State University 1999. UMI, Ann Arbor (MI) 2000.
  • Franz Menges:  Pappenheim, Bertha. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-00201-6 , pp. 53-55 ( digitized version ).
  • Fritz Schweighofer: The private theater of Anna O. A psychoanalytical teaching piece. An emancipation drama. E. Reinhardt, Munich-Basel 1987. ISBN 3-497-01130-4 (Schweighofer assumes that Bertha Pappenheim simulated and proves this, among other things, with analyzes of her handwriting).
  • Richard A. Skues: Sigmund Freud and the History of Anna O .: Re-Opening a Closed Case. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2006, ISBN 0-230-00530-6 .
  • Lace and so on ... Bertha Pappenheim's collections at the MAK. / Lace and so on… Bertha Pappenheim's Collections at the MAK. Catalog of the exhibition in the Museum of Applied Arts (Vienna) October 3, 2007 to March 16, 2008. Edited by Peter Noever. Schlebrügge Ed., Vienna 2007. ISBN 978-3-85160-120-6 .

Medical history sources:

  • Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud: About the psychological mechanism of hysterical phenomena. Preliminary notification. In: Neurologisches Zentralblatt, 12, 1893, pp. 4–10, 43–47. At the same time in: Wiener medical Blätter, 16, 1893, pp. 33–25, 49–51.
  • Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud: Studies on hysteria.
    • First edition: Franz Deuticke, Leipzig + Vienna 1895.
    • Reprint: Fischer Vlg., Frankfurt 1995. ISBN 3-10-007903-5 .
    • Reprint: Fischer TB 6001. 6th edition. Fischer, Frankfurt 1991. ISBN 3-596-10446-7

Movie

  • Freud . (USA 1962, directed by John Huston)
  • Jean-Paul Sartre: Freud. The script. With a foreword by J.-B. Pontalis. Rowohlt, Hamburg 1993. ISBN 3-498-06214-X . Original edition: Le scénario Freud. Gallimard, Paris 1984. ISBN 2-07-070159-X
  • Love did not come to me - Bertha Pappenheim, portrait of an unusual woman (D 1997, TV ( HR ), director: Carmen Köper); A biographical television film

Web links

Commons : Bertha Pappenheim  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Bertha Pappenheim  - Sources and full texts
Wikisource: Josef Breuer  - Sources and full texts
There: Studies on hysteria : Josef Breuer's medical report on the treatment of Bertha Pappenheim from studies on hysteria

Individual evidence

The complete bibliographical information on abbreviated references can be found in the bibliography.

  1. ↑ The second daughter of the family died at the age of 2 in 1855, 4 years before Bertha's birth; see Jensen Streifzüge p. 19
  2. ↑ Jensen Streifzüge p. 21
  3. ↑ The details of the course of the disease come from the case history of Anna O. published by Freud and Breuer in Studies on Hysteria , as well as from the medical records of Pappenheim found by Albrecht Hirschmüller in the files of the Bellevue Sanatorium, which are in his physiology and psychoanalysis in the life and work of Josef Breuer are printed.
  4. ↑ Hirschmüller. P. 35
  5. ↑ Brentzel Siegmund Freud's Anna O. p. 62
  6. ↑ Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud: Studies on hysteria. Fischer Taschenbuch 6001. Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-596-10446-7 , p. 20
  7. ↑ For example, the Katharina and Moritz Oppenheimsche Foundation established the chair for theoretical physics at Frankfurt University, and Marcus M. Goldschmidt was a member and sponsor of the Senckenberg Natural Research Society .
  8. ↑ On the question of morality. In: Helga Heubach (Ed.): Sisyphus work. P. 112
  9. ↑ The dormitory in Neu-Isenburg is presented in detail in the publication Gedenkbuch für das Heim des Jüdischer Frauenbund in Neu-Isenburg (1907–1942)
  10. ↑ From the work of the home of the Jewish Women's Association in Isenburg 1914–1924. P. 8
  11. ↑ From the work of the home of the Jewish Women's Association in Isenburg 1914–1924. P. 5.
  12. ^ Dora Edinger: Bertha Pappenheim. Freud's Anna O. Congregation Solel, Highland Park, Illinois 1968, p. 13.
  13. ↑ The collections were initially on permanent loan from the Goldschmidt Foundation , née Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, and later as a donation to the museum.
  14. ↑ T. Leitner: Princess, Lady, Poor Woman. Unusual women in Vienna at the turn of the century . Vienna 1998, p. 349.
  15. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main, Green Space Office: Graves of well-known personalities. Retrieved February 27, 2019 .
  16. ↑ The background to this was the law against overcrowding in German schools and universities of April 25, 1933. (digitized version)
  17. ↑ Jensen Streifzüge p. 43f.
  18. ↑ Bertha Pappenheim to Mrs. Clem Cramer, dated Isenburg January 9, 1933. Frankfurt City Archives. The lost texts apparently also include two other dramas mentioned in this letter. The titles are Easter and The Rabble .
  19. ↑ Printed in Jensen Streifzüge pp. 179–195
  20. ^ Frankfurt City Archives. Dora Edinger's estate. Sheet II.
  21. ↑ Memoirs of the Glückel von Hameln. 2005. p. IX
  22. ↑ Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud: Studies on hysteria. Fischer Taschenbuch 6001. Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-596-10446-7 , p. 10
  23. ↑ In: Lecture for the introduction to psychoanalysis. Study edition vol. 1. Fischer 1969–1975. P. 279.
  24. ^ Albrecht Hirschmüller: Physiology and psychoanalysis in the life and work of Josef Breuer. Bern 1978
  25. ↑ See: Sigmund Freud: Bridal Letters: Letters to Martha Bernays from the years 1882–1886. Edited by Ernst L. Freud. Fischer, Frankfurt a. M. 1987. ISBN 3-596-26733-1 . Further quotes from the letters to the bride are scattered in various publications on the life of Freud, in particular in the biography of Ernest Jones.
  26. ↑ Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud: Studies on hysteria. Fischer Taschenbuch 6001. Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-596-10446-7 , p. 22
  27. ↑ Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud: Studies on hysteria. Fischer Taschenbuch 6001. Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-596-10446-7 , p. 39
  28. ↑ Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud: Studies on hysteria. Fischer Taschenbuch 6001. Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-596-10446-7 , p. 20
  29. ↑ Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud: Studies on hysteria. Fischer Taschenbuch 6001. Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-596-10446-7 , p. 26
  30. ↑ Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud: Studies on hysteria. Fischer Taschenbuch 6001. Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-596-10446-7 , p. 35
  31. ^ Stefan Zweig: Correspondence with Hermann Bahr, Sigmund Freud, Rainer Maria Rilke and Arthur Schnitzler. Ed. v. Jeffrey B. Berlin, Hans-Ulrich Lindken and Donald A. Prater. Fischer Vlg., Frankfurt a. M. 1987. pp. 199-200.
  32. ↑ Jensen: Forays. P. 35.
  33. ↑ Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical Psychology. Based on notes from a seminar in 1925. Ed. by William Mc Guire. Walther, Solothurn-Düsseldorf 1995. p. 41.
  34. ^ Charles Aldrich: The Primitive Mind and Modern Civilization. London 1931. p. 213.
  35. ^ Dora Edinger: Bertha Pappenheim. Freud's Anna O. Congregation Solel, Highland Park, Illinois 1968, p. 20
  36. ^ Dora Edinger: Bertha Pappenheim. Freud's Anna O. Congregation Solel, Highland Park, Illinois 1968, p. 15
  37. ^ Bertha Pappenheim seminar and memorial site . hugenottenhalle.de. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  38. ↑ The title of the work actually contained the misspelling Sysiphus instead of Sisyphus .
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 2, 2007 .
personal data
SURNAME Pappenheim, Bertha
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pappenheim, Bertha von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian-German women's rights activist
DATE OF BIRTH February 27, 1859
PLACE OF BIRTH Vienna
DATE OF DEATH May 28, 1936
PLACE OF DEATH Neu-Isenburg