Renaissance medicine

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Study of the Fetus in the Womb, Leonardo da Vinci

Medicine of the Renaissance (also Renaissance Medicine ) refers to the still based on the reception of ancient medicine, but more questioning healing between the medieval medicine (u. A. Monastery medicine ) and the medicine of the modern era from about 1450 to 1,600 in Italy as early as the mid-14th century .

Renaissance and medicine

With the advent of Renaissance humanism , theological influence on medicine weakened. Humanism as an educational movement required a study of ancient literature and ancient languages. With the development of the printing press , rediscovered ancient knowledge became easily accessible to many educated people. Humanists were more oriented towards ancient authorities (such as Galen and Hippocrates ) than Arab ones . Lorenzo Lorenzano , Niccolo Leoniceno and Johann Winter von Andernach founded the new philological method. The astrology experienced during the period of the Renaissance flourished and thus the application of astrology was taken seriously on the medicine. The belief in witches was also widespread even among scholars.

botany

The fathers of botany ( Otto Brunfels , Hieronymus Bock , Leonhard Fuchs ) as well as Charles de l'Écluse , Caspar Bauhin and Andrea Cesalpino edited, corrected and expanded the botanical knowledge of antiquity and renewed the nomenclature. Brunfels, Bock and Fuchs rejected the Arabic-Latin tradition of Greek works. Brunfels demanded also that the Composita a maximum of four or five local as possible individual substances should be assembled. Plants that were not medicinally used now slowly came into the focus of the authors.

anatomy

Andreas Vesalius ( 1543 ). Woodcut by Jan Stephan van Calcar from De humani corporis fabrica , Basel 1543

First an attempt was made to reconcile the previous knowledge with Galen's writings, and only then was Galen measured against the actual observations. Mondino dei Luzzi , a professor in Bologna , published his work Anathomia , the first modern work on the subject. Leonardo da Vinci created a large number of anatomical drawings with great attention to detail, some of which were based on self-made sections . Da Vinci's anatomical drawings were later summarized in the Codex Windsor ; however, none of his medical studies were published during his lifetime.

The work De Humani Corporis Fabrica by the author Andreas Vesalius , written in 1543 , was a milestone in the progress of medicine, as it largely correctly described the position of the organs in the abdomen , the structure of the brain, the nervation of the muscles and the course of the blood vessels . Gabriele Falloppio described the inner ear , the tasks of the bones and muscles and the sexual organs . Bartolomeo Eustachi examined the head and kidneys , described the anatomy of the teeth and recognized the connection between the throat and the middle ear .

In 1546 Michael Servetus (1511–1553) described the same phenomenon as Ibn an-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation , which was proven by Realdo Colombo. But even these results were not recognized by the general public. Andrea Cesalpino , known for his botanical works, described both cycles of the cardiovascular system . Unfortunately, that job was also lost.

surgery

Experiences gained in wars enriched the surgeons' knowledge. Most of the wounded died of infection. Hot oil was used to protect the wounds from inflammation. The surgeon and barber Ambroise Paré (1510–1590) was the first to tie off blood vessels in order to be able to perform amputations with fewer complications.

Since the 15th century (first mentioned in 1476) were at least affluent layers functional, moving hand and arm prostheses are available, the iron hands .

Internal Medicine

In principle, the concept of humoral pathology was retained, but initial criticism arose. Jean François Fernel tried to expand the classification of diseases and focused on pathogenetic aspects.

Paracelsus introduced chymiatry or iatrochemistry and thus founded chemical medicine, Girolamo Fracastoro attributed diseases to germs in the theory of contagion .

See also

literature

  • Gerhard Baader : The reception of antiquity in the development of medical science during the Renaissance. In: German Research Foundation: Humanism and Medicine. Edited by Rudolf Schmitz and Gundolf Keil , Acta humaniora of Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim 1984 (= Communication from the Commission for Research on Humanism 11), ISBN 3-527-17011-1 , pp. 51-66
  • Axel W. Bauer : Medicine in Renaissance humanism on the way from medieval personal authority to modern factual authority using the example of botany, anatomy and surgery. In: Dominik Groß and Monika Reiniger (eds.): Medicine in history, philology and ethnology. Festschrift for Gundolf Keil. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2003, pp. 11–25. ISBN 3-8260-2176-2
  • August Buck : Medicine in the understanding of Renaissance humanism. In: German Research Foundation: Humanism and Medicine , pp. 181–198
  • Wolfgang U. Eckart : History of medicine. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg 1994. ISBN 978-3-540-57678-5 . Pp. 107-133
  • Wolfgang U. Eckart: History, theory and ethics of medicine. Springer-Verlag, 2013. ISBN 978-3-642-34972-0 . P. 73ff.
  • Arnd Krüger : history of movement therapy. In: Preventive Medicine. Springer Loseblatt Collection , Heidelberg 1999, 07.06, pp. 1–22.
  • László András Magyar (Ed.): Medicina renata. Renaszánz orvostörténeti szöveggyüjtemény. Budapest 2009.
  • Charles Nicholl : Leonardo da Vinci - The biography. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 978-3-10-052405-8
  • Christoph Schweikardt: Renaissance medicine. In: Werner E. Gerabek et al. (Ed.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 . Pp. 1233-1238.
  • Richard Toellner : On the concept of authority in Renaissance medicine. In: German Research Foundation: Humanism and Medicine , pp. 159–179

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Claudia Eberhard-Metzger, Anne-Lies Ihme: History of Medicine. Tessloff, 1980. ISBN 978-3-7886-0406-6 . P. 20
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Wolfgang U. Eckart: The medicine of the Renaissance. In: ders .: History of Medicine. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg 1994. ISBN 978-3-540-57678-5 . Pp. 107-133
  3. ↑ z. B. in the work "Artificium de applicatione Astrologiae ad Medicinam" (1531) by Georg Tannstetter .
  4. ↑ Axel W. Bauer : Medicine in Renaissance Humanism. In: Dominik Groß , Monika Reininger: Medicine in History, Philology and Ethnology: Festschrift for Gundolf Keil. Königshausen & Neumann, 2003. ISBN 978-3-8260-2176-3 . SS 12
  5. ^ A b Wolfgang U. Eckart: History, theory and ethics of medicine. Springer-Verlag, 2013. ISBN 978-3-642-34972-0 . P. 73ff.
  6. ^ Dieter Wessinghage: Leonardo da Vinci - artist and anatomist . In: Ludwig Zichner (Ed.): First and early descriptions of orthopedic clinical pictures . Steinkopff-Verlag, Darmstadt 2003, pp. 9-21, ISBN 3-7985-1409-7 .
  7. ↑ Sigrid Braunfels-Esche: Leonardo as the founder of the scientific demonstration drawing. In: German Research Foundation: Humanism and Medicine. Edited by Rudolf Schmitz and Gundolf Keil, Acta humaniora of Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim 1984 (= Communication from the Commission for Research on Humanism 11), ISBN 3-527-17011-1 , pp. 23–50
  8. ^ Falloppio Lexicon of Neuroscience. Spektrum.de. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  9. ^ Michael Servetus Research Manuscript from Paris, a draft for Christianismi Reinstatement
  10. ↑ In 1546 it was just a manuscript. Miguel published this in 1553, in Chiristianismi Reinstatement, but all of his books were burned. Only three copies survived.
  11. ^ Raoul Blanchard: Ulrich Wagner: Eiserne Kunsthand (1476). Pages of the MKGF, 2000-2, Freiburg i. Üe. 2000.