Blackmouth plants

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Blackmouth plants
Miconia calvescens with the leaf veining of the opposite leaves typical of this family

Miconia calvescens with the leaf veining of the opposite leaves typical of this family

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Myrtle-like (Myrtales)
Family : Blackmouth plants
Scientific name
Melastomataceae
Yuss.

The Black Mouth Family (Melastomataceae) are a family of plants from the order of the myrtle-like (Myrtales). The approximately 4500 species are mainly in the tropics almost worldwide. Some species are used as ornamental plants .

Description and ecology

Illustration of Amphiblemma cymosum
Flower of Tibouchina urvilleana with hook-shaped appendages on the anthers
Leaf veins and almost black berries of Tococa guianensis

Two characteristics make the species of the subfamily Melastomatoideae almost always easily recognizable:

The vein of the leaf consists of three or more (up to nine) arched main veins from the base of the leaf to the tip of the leaf (looks a bit like parallel veins). These main veins are connected to one another by side veins branching off more or less at right angles.

The second typical feature of the subfamily Melastomatoideae (it is absent in some taxa) are the special appendages of the anthers with different shapes, but mostly awl-shaped or lanceolate appendages that are claw-shaped. In the picture of Tibouchina urvilleana, for example, the hook-shaped appendages are clearly visible. There are often several types of anthers in one flower.

Appearance and leaves

The species of the Melastomataceae are very diverse. There are annual to perennial herbaceous plants , including climbing plants , and woody taxa: shrubs , trees and lianas . They are one of the three-furrow pollen dicotyledonous families with the largest number of epiphytes . The young shoot axes are often square.

The simple leaves are always opposite or whorled . Only very few species are apparently alternate due to the reduction of one leaf per pair of leaves. The leaves are hairy in very different ways. There are no stipules.

Inflorescences, flowers, pollinators and fruits

The flowers are usually in multi-flowered inflorescences , rarely alone. The flowers of the Melastomatoideae subfamily are often intensely colored, with some species also being formed by bracts . The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical to strongly zygomorphic . The inflorescence is usually four or five-fold. Goblet and crown are provided on a axle formed by the flower petals mug the ovary encloses. The proportions of the generative flower organs are quite different.

The pollination is done by animals. In the Melastomataceae, nectar production is rare. Most species of the subfamily Melastomatoideae are visited by pollen-foraging bees, who use chest vibrations to shake the pollen through the anthers' pores. The characteristic anthers 'appendages function as a holder for the bees' legs.

The fruits are capsule fruits or berries depending on the tribe .

ingredients

Many of the Melastomataceae accumulate aluminum . The ash of some species can contain up to 20% Al ions.

use

Various species contain dyes in different parts of the plant. Black and yellow colors are particularly common. Some species are therefore also used as dye plants . For this reason, the edible berries of the Miconia genus leave a black mouth after consumption. A German name of the family is therefore also " Schwarzmundgewächse ".

Some species provide wood , for example Mouriri species (trade name: Pau ripa) and Dactyloclados stenostachys .

Some Tibouchina species are used as ornamental plants, often as street trees in the tropics ( e.g. Tibouchina granulosa , Tibouchina mutabilis ).

Occurrence

Overall, the Melastomataceae family is restricted to the tropics to subtropics around the world. Only one genus ( Rhexia ) occurs in temperate areas of North America. There are 3000 species in the Neotropic, 1000 species occur in Asia, 240 species are found in Africa and 230 species are native to Madagascar. Three genera occur only in Madagascar .

Most of the species in the Melastomataceae family belong to the herbaceous layer of tropical forests, and they are found in both rainforests and dry forests . Many of them can also be found in secondary societies that appear after the original forests have been disturbed.

Systematics

The Melastomataceae family was established in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , p. 328, there called "Melastomae". Type genus is Melastoma L. Melastoma is made up of the Greek words mela for black and stoma for mouth, because when the edible, purple-blue berries of the type genus color the mouth black. Synonyms for Melastomataceae Juss. are: Memecylaceae DC. , Mouririaceae Gardner .

Important revisions to the systematics of the Melastomataceae family were made in the following works: Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle : Mémoires sur la famille des Mélastomacées , In: Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regny Vegetabilis , Volume 3, 1828, pp. 99-102; Charles Victor Naudin : Melastomacearum monographicae descriptiones , Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique , Series III, 1849-1853; José Jéronimo Triana : Les Melastomacées , In: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London , Volume 28, 1871, pp. 1–188; Célestin Alfred Cogniaux: Melastomaceae , Monograph Phanerogamarum , 7, 1891, pp. 1–1256; Susanne S. Renner : Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae , In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 13, 1993, pp. 519-540; Gudrun Clausing & Susanne S. Renner: Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: implications for character evolution , In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 88, Issue 3, 2001, pp. 486-498.

With 180 to 200 genera and 4500 species, the Melastomataceae family is the most species-rich of the order of the myrtle-like (Myrtales).

The family Melastomataceae again contains three subfamilies with 156 to 166 genera and 4050 to 4500 species (depending on whether the Olisbeoideae / Memecylaceae are included or not). There used to be another subfamily which, according to Renner 2006, is a separate family Crypteroniaceae . The subfamilies are divided into tribes.

  • Subfamily Olisbeoideae Burnett , Syn .: Memecylaceae DC. : It contains six genera with 350 to 435 species almost worldwide.
  • Subfamily Kibessioideae Naudin : It contains only one tribe:
  • Subfamily Melastomatoideae Naudin : According to Renner 1993 and Clausing & Renner 2001, it contains eight tribes, since then two tribes have been incorporated into others, one newly established and three reactivated, so that in 2013 there are ten tribes:
    • Triana Astronieae Triana : It is common in Southeast Asia. It contains three to four genera Astrocalyx , Astronia , Astronidium , Beccarianthus (sometimes in Astronidium ) with a total of about 160 species.
    • Tribus Blakeeae Benth. & Hook. f. (Syn .: Pyxidantheae Triana ): The only two instead of three genera Blakea and Chalybea with a total of 105 to 195 species are common in the Neotropic . The centers of biodiversity are the Choco Andes region in South America and the mountains in Costa Rica and Panama. There are species from the Mexican state of Chiapas to the Amazon region of Bolivia, Brazil and French Guyanas. Three types are found on the Caribbean islands. The mostly relatively large, showy flowers are six-fold. Pollination occurs by bees, birds, bats and rodents. Mites and ants live in communities with many species of this tribe in leaves and domatia on the shoot axes. Berries are formed.
    • Tribe Cyphostyleae: According to Michelangeli 2011, it contains the three genera: Allomaieta , Alloneuron and Wurdastom with a total of around 18 species.
    • Tribus Dissochaeteae (Naudin) Triana (Syn .: Oxysporeae Triana , Sonerileae Triana )
    • Tribus Henrietteeae Penneys, Michelang., Judd & Almeda : It contains the three genera: Bellucia , Henriettea and Kirkbridea with a total of 50 to 87 species.
    • Tribus Melastomeae (Syn .: Osbeckieae DC. ): The approximately 47 genera with 870 species are common both in the Paleotropic as well as in the Neotropic. The center of biodiversity is South America with 30 genera and around 570 species, 185 species occur in Africa, 50 species each are found in Madagascar, India, Indonesia and Malaysia and four species each are native to northern Australia and Japan. Capsule fruits are formed and the embryo is curved.
    • Tribus Merianieae Triana : The about 16 genera with about 230 are common in the Neotropic. Capsule fruits are formed.
    • Tribus Miconieae DC. : It is common in the Neotropics. Berries are formed.
    • Tribus Microlicieae Naudin : It is widespread in the Neotropics, with about 90% of the species only occurring in the highlands of eastern and central Brazil. Since Michelangeli 2013 the six genera Chaetostoma , Lavoisiera , Microlicia , Rhynchanthera , Stenodon and Trembleya have been included.
    • Tribe Rhexieae DC. : It was reactivated by Michelangeli in 2013 with the three genera Rhexia , Arthrostemma and Pachyloma .
    • The following are not classified in one of the tribes:
The 180 to 200 genera with their distribution:
Habitus, leaves and fruits of Aciotis rubricaulis
Foliage leaves and flowers of Arthrostemma ciliatum
Flowers of the cauliflower Bellucia axinanthera
Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Bertolonia maculata
Deciduous leaves and young fruits of Blakea litoralis
Flower buds and flowers of Brachyotum ledifolium
Inflorescence with yellow flowers of Cambessedesia espora
Habit and yellow flowers of Chaetolepis cufodontisii
Opposite leaves and inflorescence of Charianthus corymbosus
Flower and fruits of Clidemia hirta
Foliage leaves and flowers of Heterotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Jacq.-Fél.) (Syn .: Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana
Kauliflore, whitish flowers of Henriettea succosa
Habitus of Lavoisiera fragilis
Habit, leaves and flowers of Lavoisiera phyllocalycina
Leandra subseriata leaves and inflorescence with white flowers
Inflorescences of Memecylon edule
Habit and inflorescences of Medinilla speciosa
Foliage leaves and flowers of Monochaetum vulcanicum
Kauliflore, white flowers of Mouriri pusa
Osbeckia chinensis leaves and flowers
Habit, leaves and flower of Pterolepis cataphracta
Flower of Rhexia mariana
Flower of Stenodon gracilis
Flower of Tibouchina semidecandra
Opposite leaves and inflorescences of Tococa guianensis
Trembleya neopyrenaica
Trembleya phlogiformis leaves and flowers
  • Acanthella Hook. f. : The only two species occur in Venezuela , Colombia and the Rio Negro .
  • Aciotis D.Don (Syn .: Spennera Mart. Ex DC. ): The approximately 13 species are distributed from southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil as well as the Lesser Antilles .
  • Acisanthera P.Browne (Syn .: Anisocentrum Turcz. , Noterophila Mart. , Uranthera Naudin ): The approximately 20 species are distributed from southern Mexico to Bolivia and Argentina as well as the Antilles .
  • Adelobotrys DC. (Syn .: Davya DC. , Marshallfieldia J.F. Macbr . , Sarmentaria Naudin ): The approximately 25 species are distributed from Mexico to Bolivia and Peru and occur in Jamaica . The center of biodiversity is in the Amazon.
  • Allomaieta Gleason (Syn .: Cyphostyla Gleason ): The only three species occur only in Colombia.
  • Allomorphia flower : It occurs in southern China , India , Indonesia and Malaysia .
  • Alloneuron Pilg. (Syn .: Meiandra Markgr. ): The seven or so species occur in the Andes .
  • Amphiblemma Naudin : The approximately 13 species are distributed in tropical West Africa.
  • Amphorocalyx Baker : The five or so species only occur in Madagascar .
  • Anaectocalyx Triana ex Benth. & Hook. f. : The only three species occur only in Venezuela.
  • Anerincleistus Korth. (Syn .: Creaghiella Stapf , Krassera O.Schwartz , Perilimnastes Ridl. , Phaulanthus Ridl. , Pomatostoma Stapf ): The approximately 30 species are common in India and Malesia .
  • Antherotoma (Naudin) Hook. f. : The only two species both occur in Africa , one of them also in Madagascar.
  • Appendicularia DC. : It contains only one type:
  • Arthrostema Pav. Ex D.Don (Syn .: Heteronoma DC. ): Of the only four species, the tetraploid Arthrostema ciliatum Pav. Ex D.Don is distributed from Mexico via Central America to Colombia, Venezuela and southern Bolivia as well as the Antilles; the other three diploid species occur only in Mexico.
  • Aschistanthera C.Hansen : It contains only one species:
  • Astrocalyx Merr. : It contains only one or two species in the Philippines :
  • Astronia flower (Syn .: Pharmaceum Kuntze ): The 59 to 60 species occur in China, Malaysia, the Philippines and the Pacific islands.
  • Astronidium A.Gray ( Everettia Merr. , Lomanodia Raf. , Naudiniella Krasser ): It contains about 67 species, orabout 89 specieswith Beccarianthus . It is common in the Malay Archipelago .
  • Axinaea Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Axinea Juss. Orth. Var., Chastenaea DC .): The 20 to 30 species occur in mountain regions from Costa Rica to Bolivia. There are about ten species in Ecuador.
  • Barthea Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
    • Barthea barthei (Hance ex Bentham) Krasser : It occurs in two varieties in Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan.
  • Beccarianthus Cogn. (Syn .: Bamlera K.Schum. & Lauterb .; Is sometimes placed in Astronidium A.Gray ): It contains about 22 species. It is common in the Malay Archipelago.
  • Behuria Cham. : The ten or so species occur in southeastern Brazil.
  • Bellucia Neck. ex Raf. (Syn .: Apatitia Desv. , Axinanthera H.Karst. , Webera J.F.Gmel. ) The approximately 7 to 21 species are distributed from southern Mexico via Central America to Colombia and via eastern Bolivia to the Guayanas to the Brazilian states of Maranhão and Bahia and occur in the Lesser Antilles.
  • Benevidesia Saldanha & Cogn. : The only two species occur only in the Brazilian state of Bahia .
  • Bertolonia Raddi : The approximately 18 species occur in southeastern Brazil and one species in Venezuela.
  • Bisglaziovia Cogn. : It contains only one type:
  • Blakea P.Browne (Syn .: Amaraboya Linden ex Mast. , Pyxidanthus Naudin , Topobea Aubl. ): The about 180 species are widespread in the Neotropics. They occur from the Mexican state of Chiapas to the Amazon region of Bolivia and Brazil. There are two types in Jamaica and one in the Lesser Antilles.
  • Blastus Lour. : The approximately twelve species occur in eastern India, Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar , Thailand , Vietnam, China, Indonesia and on the Ryukyu Islands. There are nine species in China, seven of which are only there.
  • Boerlagea Cogn. : It contains only one type:
  • Boyania Wurdack : It contains only one species:
  • Brachyotum (DC.) Triana (Syn .: Alifana Raf. ): The 50 to 58 species are distributed in the Andes from central Colombia to northeastern Argentina.
  • Bredia flower (Syn .: Tashiroea Matsum. ): The approximately 15 species are distributed in eastern and southern Asia. There are eleven species in China, ten of them only there.
  • Brittenia Cogn. : It contains only one type:
  • Bucquetia DC. : The only three species thrive in the Páramo in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador.
  • Cailliella Jacq.-Fél. : It contains only one type:
  • Calvoa Hook. f. : The 19 or so species are common in tropical Africa.
  • Calycogonium DC. : The approximately 31 species occur in the Greater Antilles.
  • Cambessedesia DC. : The approximately 21 species occur in south-central Brazil.
  • Campimia Ridl. : It contains only one type:
    • Campimia wrayi (King) Ridl. (Syn .: Oxyspora wrayi (King) JFMaxwell , Allomorphia wrayi King ): It occurs only on the Malay Peninsula.
  • Carionia Naudin (Perhaps in Medinilla ): It contains only one species:
  • Castratella Naudin : The only two species thrive at higher altitudes in Venezuela and Colombia.
  • Catanthera F. Muell. : The approximately 15 species occur in Sumatra, Borneo and New Guinea.
  • Catocoryne Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
  • Centradenia G.Don : The only four species are distributed from southern Mexico across Central America to the Pacific lowlands of Colombia.
  • Centradeniastrum Cogn. : The only two species occur in the northern Andes.
  • Centronia D.Don : the 15 or so species are distributed from Panama to Peru, Brazil and Guiana.
  • Chaetolepis (DC.) Miq. (Syn .: Haplodesmium Naudin , Trimeranthus H.Karst. ): The eleven or so species are mainly found in the Páramos in Colombia and Venezuela. One species is native to Cuba, one species thrives at higher altitudes in Costa Rica, two species are native to Guyana and one species is common in tropical West Africa.
  • Chaetostoma DC. : The approximately twelve species occur in south-central Brazil.
  • Chalybea Naudin ( Huilaea Wurdack ): Of the total of around ten tree species, seven are found in Colombia, two in Ecuador and one in Peru. Nine species thrive in the Andes and one is found only in the Colombian Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
  • Charianthus D.Don : The five or so species are found in the Antilles.
  • Cincinnobotrys Gilg (Syn .: Bourdaria A.Chev. , Gravesiella A.Fern. & R.Fern. , Haplophyllophorus (Brenan) A.Fern. & R.Fern. , Primularia Brenan ): The approximately six species are common in tropical Africa .
  • Clidemia D.Don (Syn .: Calophysa DC. , Capitellaria Naudin , Diplodonta H.Karst. , Octonum Raf. , Prosanerpis S.F.Blake , Sagraea DC. , Staphidiastrum Naudin , Staphidium Naudin , Stephanotrichum Naudin ): The 120 to 175 species are in the Neotropic from Mexico to Peru.
  • Comolia DC. : The approximately 22 species are distributed in tropical South America with the greatest biodiversity in Brazil.
  • Comoliopsis Wurdack : it contains only one species:
  • Conostegia D.Don : The approximately 42 to 45 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
  • Creochiton flower (Syn .: Anplectrella Furtado , Eisocreochiton Quisumb. & Merr. , Enchosanthera King & Stapf ex Guillaumin ): The approximately six species are common in central and eastern Malesia.
  • Cyanandrium Stapf : The five or so species occur only in Borneo.
  • Cyphotheca Diels : It contains only one species:
  • Dalenia Korth. : The only three species occur only in Borneo.
  • Desmoscelis Naudin : It contains only one species:
  • Dicellandra Hook. f. : The only two species are common in tropical West Africa.
  • Dichaetanthera Endl. (Syn .: Barbeyastrum Cogn. , Sakersia Hook. F. ): The approximately 30 species occur in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Dinophora Benth. : The only two species occur in tropical Africa.
  • Dionycha Naudin : The only two species occur only in Madagascar.
  • Dionychastrum A. Far. & R.Fern. : It contains only one type:
  • Diplarpea Triana : it contains only one species:
  • Diplectria (flower) Rchb. : The eight to eleven species occur in India, Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea and the Philippines.
  • Dissochaeta flower : The approximately 15 species are common in Indomalaysia.
  • Dissotis Benth. (Syn .: Argyrella Naudin , Dupineta Raf. , Hedusa Raf. , Kadalia Raf. , Lepidanthemum Klotzsch , Lignieria A.Chev. , Osbeckiastrum Naudin , Podocaelia (Benth.) A.Fern. & R.Fern. Rhodosepala Baker ): The about 80 species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa.
  • Dolichoura Brade : She was considered monotypical with 1959
    • Dolichoura kollmanii R. Goldenb. & R.Tavares set up. It occurs in the Brazilian state of Espirito Santo. Since 2007 it has included a second type:
    • Dolichoura spiritusanctensis Brade : It also occurs in the Brazilian state of Espirito Santo.
  • Driessenia Korth. (Syn .: Triuranthera Backer ): The approximately 18 species occur in Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra and Java.
  • Ekmaniocharis Urb. : It contains only one type:
  • Enaulophyton Steenis : it contains only one species:
  • Eriocnema Naudin : it contains only one species:
  • Ernestia DC. : The approximately 16 species occur in the Andes and in the upper Amazon basin in the Guianas and Brazil.
  • Feliciadamia Bullock (Syn .: Adamia Jacq.-Fél. ): It contains only one species:
  • Fordiophyton Stapf (Syn .: Gymnagathis Stapf non Schauer , Stapfiophyton H.L.Li ): The nine or so species all occur in China, eight of them only there, one species ( Fordiophyton strictum ) also exists in Vietnam.
  • Fritzschia Cham. : It contains only one type:
  • Graffenrieda DC. (Syn .: Calyptrella Naudin ): The 40 to 44 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
  • Gravesia Naudin (Syn .: Neopetalonema Brenan , Orthogoneuron Gilg , Petalonema Gilg , Phornothamnus Baker , Urotheca Gilg , Veprecella Naudin ): Of the approximately 100 species, 95 occur in Madagascar and 5 in Africa.
  • Guyonia Naudin (Syn .: Afzeliella Gilg ): The only two species occur in tropical Africa.
  • Henriettea DC. (Syn .: Llewelynia Pittier ): The 10 to 64 species are distributed from southern Mexico to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil and occur in the Antilles.
  • Henriettella Naudin ( Henrietia Rchb. , Henrietta Macfad. ): The only two or three species are known only from a few collections and so the level of knowledge about the genus is low. They occur in Panama and Costa Rica.
  • Heterocentron Hook. & Arn. (Syn .: Heeria Schltdl. , Schizocentron Meisn. ): The approximately 27 species with 14 varieties are distributed from Mexico to the northeastern areas of Central America.
  • Heterotis Benth. : There are 6 to 14 species distributed in tropical and southern Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants.
  • Heterotrichum DC. (Maybe in Miconia )
  • Huberia DC. : The six to ten species all occur in southeastern Brazil, one species also extends to Ecuador and Peru.
  • Hypenanth (flower) flower (Maybe in Medinilla )
  • Kendrickia Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
  • Kerriothyrsus C. Hansen (is perhaps identical to Phyllugarhis ): It contains only one species:
  • Killipia Gleason : The only three to four species occur in the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador.
  • Kirkbridea Wurdack : The only two species occur only in Colombia.
  • Lavoisiera DC. : The approximately 46 species occur in south-central Brazil.
  • Leandra Raddi (Syn .: Oxymeris DC. , Platycentrum Naudin , Trigynia Jacq.-Fél. , Tryginia Jacq.-Fél. Orth. Var.): The approximately 200 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
  • Lijndenia Customs. & Moritzi : Of the ten or so species, three are found in western Malesia, Java and Sri Lanka, six in Madagascar and one in West Africa.
  • Lithobium bong. : It contains only one type:
  • Loreya DC. : The 13 or so are distributed from Nicaragua through northern Bolivia to the Amazon region of northern Brazil and the Guayanas and Venezuela.
  • Loricalepis Brade : it contains only one species:
  • Macairea DC. : The 22 or so species are mainly found in Guyana, some species are also found in Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia.
  • Macrocentrum Hook. f. : The 20 to 21 species are distributed from Central America to northern South America.
  • Macrolenes Naudin
  • Maguireanthus Wurdack : It contains only one species:
  • Maieta Aubl. : Except for the Isla del Coco, the only three species occur only in northern South America in the Amazon basin.
  • Mallophyton Wurdack : It contains only one species:
  • Marcetia DC. : The approximately 27 species occur in Venezuela, Guayana, Brazil and Colombia.
  • Mecranium Hook. f. : The approximately 23 species occur in the Greater Antilles.
  • Medinilla Gaudich. ( Cephalomedinilla Merr. , Erpetina Naudin , Myrianthemum Gilg , Triplectrum Wight & Arn. ) The 300 to 400 species are widespread in tropical Africa, Asia and on the Pacific islands.
  • Melastoma L. (Syn .: Lachnopodium flower , Malabathris Raf. , Otanthera flower ): The approximately 22 species are widespread in Southeast Asia, northern Australia and the Pacific islands.
  • Melastomastrum Naudin : The four or so species occur in tropical Africa.
  • Memecylon L . (Syn .: Scutula Lour. , Valikaha Adans. ) The approximately 300 species are widespread in tropical Africa (70), Madagascar (78), Asia, Australia and on the Pacific islands.
  • Meriania Sw. (Syn .: Adelbertia Meisn. , Meriana Vent. Orth. Var., Notocentrum Naudin , Pachymeria Benth. , Schwerinia H.Karst. ): The 50 to 74 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
  • Merianthera Kuhlm. : The only three species occur in southeastern Brazil.
  • Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Amphitoma Gleason , Catonia P.Browne , Chitonia D.Don , Copedesma Gleason , Cyanophyllum Naudin , Icaria J.F. Macbr . , Pachydesmia Gleason , Pterocladon Hook. F. , Tamonea Aubl. Ex Krasser ): Die about 1000 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
  • Microlepis (DC.) Miq. (Syn .: Ancistrodesmus Naudin ): The only three species occur in south-central Brazil.
  • Microlicia D.Don : The approximately 100 species occur mainly in south-central Brazil and some species in Guiana, Peru and Bolivia.
  • Mommsenia Urb. & Ekman : It contains only one type:
  • Monochaetum (DC.) Naudin (Syn .: Grischowia H.Karst. , Loevigia H.Karst. & Triana , Roezlia Regel ): The 45 to 50 species are widespread in the Neotropic from the mountainous regions of Mexico to the Guyanas and Peru.
  • Monolena Triana : The 10 to 15 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
  • Mouriri Aubl. : The 85 to 90 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
  • Myriaspora DC.
  • Neblinanthera Wurdack : it contains only one type:
  • Necramium Britton : It contains only one species:
  • Neodriessenia M.P.Nayar : The six or so species occur only on Borneo.
  • Nepsera Naudin : It contains only one species:
    • Nepsera aquatica (Aubl.) Naudin : It is widespread mainly from Central America via Colombia to Venezuela and along the coasts of Ecuador, as well as to the Guiana and Brazil, and is also found in the Antilles.
  • Nerophila Naudin : it contains only one species:
  • Ochthephilus Wurdack : It contains only one species:
  • Ochthocharis flower : Of the approximately seven species, five are found in Asia and two in Africa.
  • Omphalopus Naudin : Probably only one species occurs in Sumatra, Java and New Guinea.
  • Opisthocentra Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
  • Oritrephes Ridl. (Maybe in Anerincleistus )
  • Orthogoneuron Gilg : The approximately 15 species occur on the Nicobar Islands, in Malesia and in northern Australia.
  • Osbeckia L. (Syn .: Amblyanthera flower , Asterostoma flower , Ceramicalyx flower , Kadali Adans. , Pterolepis Endl. ): The approximately 50 species are widespread in tropical West Africa, tropical and subtropical Asia.
  • Ossaea DC. (Syn .: Diclemia Naudin , Octopleura Griseb. , Pentossaea Judd ): The 80 to 100 species are distributed almost worldwide in the tropics.
  • Otanthera flower : the 15 or so species occur on the Nicobar Islands, in Malesinen and in northern Australia.
  • Oxyspora DC. (Syn .: Allozygia Naudin , Homocentria Naudin , Hylocharis Miq. ): It occurs in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, China and Vietnam.
  • Pachyanthus A. Rich . : The 16 to 20 species occur on Cuba and Hispaniola, only one species ( Pachyanthus lundellianus (LOWilliams) Judd et Skean ) thrives in the Caribbean lowlands of Central America.
  • Pachycentria flower : The eight or so species occur in Myanmar and Malesia.
  • Pachyloma DC. : The four to six species occur in the north-western Amazon region (Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil).
  • Pentossaea Judd : The seven or so species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Phainantha Gleason : The four or so species only occur in Guyana.
  • Phyllagathis flower : The 30 to 56 species occur in Myanmar, China, Malaysia and Indonesia.
  • Pilocosta Almeda & Whiffin : The five or so species are distributed from Costa Rica to Colombia and Ecuador.
  • Plagiopetalum Rehder : The two species occur in China, one of them only there, the other is also found in Myanmar and Vietnam.
  • Pleiochiton Naudin ex A.Gray : The approximately five species occur in southern Brazil.
  • Plethiandra Hook f. : The seven or so species are common in western Malesia.
  • Podocaelia (Benth.) A. Far . & R.Fern. : It contains only one type:
  • Pogonanthera flower : It occurs in Malesia.
  • Poikilogyne Baker f. : The approximately 21 species are common in Southeast Asia.
  • Poilannammia C. Hansen : The only four species occur only in Vietnam.
  • Poteranthera bong. : The only two types occur in Brazil and Venezuela.
  • Preussiella Gilg : The only two species occur in tropical West Africa only in Cameroon and Gabon .
  • Pseudodissochaeta M.P.Nayar (Sometimes in Medinilla )
  • Pseudoernestia (Cogn.) Krasser (Maybe in Ernestia )
  • Pseudosbeckia A. Fern . & R.Fern. : It contains only one type:
    • Pseudosbeckia swynnertonii (Bak. F.) A.Fern. & R.Fern. : In tropical East Africa it only thrives in the Chimanimani Mountains in Mozambique and Zimbabwe.
  • Pternandra Jack (Syn .: Apteuxis Griff. , Ewyckia Blume , Kibbesia Walp. Orth. Var., Kibessia DC. , Macroplacis Blume , Rectomitra Blume ): The approximately 15 species are common in Southeast Asia.
  • Pterogastra Naudin : The only two species occur in neotropical grasslands.
  • Pterolepis (DC.) Miq. : The 14 to 30 species occur in grasslands from Mexico to Paraguay and the Antilles.
  • Rhexia L. (Syn .: Alifanus Adans. ): It is the only genus of the Melastomataceae that occurs in subtropical and temperate North America. Most of the species are common from Texas to Nova Scotia. A widespread species also occurs in Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.
  • Rhodosepala Baker (Maybe in Dissotis )
  • Rhynchanthera DC. : The 15 or so species are widespread in the Neotropic, with the greatest biodiversity in southeastern Brazil.
  • Rousseauxia DC. : The approximately 13 species occur only in Madagascar.
  • Salpinga Mart. ex DC. : The eight or so species are common in northern South America.
  • Sandemania Gleason : It contains only one species:
  • Sarcopyramis Wall. : Of the only two species, one occurs only in China, the other is also found in northeastern India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.
  • Schwackaea Cogn. : It contains only one type:
  • Scorpiothyrsus H.L.Li : Of the only three species found only in China, two species are endemic to Guangxi and the other is endemic to Hainan.
  • Siphanthera Pohl ex DC. (Syn .: Farringtonia Gleason , Meisneria DC. , Tulasnea Naudin ): The 16 or so species are distributed in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil and Bolivia.
  • Sonerila Roxb. (Syn .: Cassebeeria Dennst. Ex Kuntze ): The 100 to 175 species are common in tropical Asia.
  • Spathandra Guill. & Perr. : The only two species occur in West Africa.
  • Sporoxeia W.W.Sm. : The approximately seven species occur in Yunnan (two species) and Myanmar.
  • Stanmarkia Almeda : The only two species occur only in a small area at higher altitudes of volcanoes in eastern Guatemala and in the Mexican state of Chiapas.
  • Stenodon Naudin : it contains only one species:
  • Stussenia C. Hansen : It only contains one species:
  • Styrophyton S.Y.Hu : It contains only one species:
    • Styrophyton caudatum (Diels) SYHu (Syn .: Anerincleistus caudatus Diels , Allomorphia caudata (Diels) HLLi , Oxyspora spicata J.F. Maxwell ): It occurs at altitudes between 400 and 1500 meters only in Guangxi and Yunnan.
  • Svitramia Cham. : The only two species occur only in the Brazilian state of Bahia and Minas Gerais.
  • Tateanthus Gleason : It contains only one species:
  • Tayloriophyton M.P.Nayar : The only two species occur on the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
  • Tessmannianthus Markgr. : The seven or so species are distributed from Panama via Colombia and Ecuador to Peru.
  • Tetraphyllaster Gilg : It contains only one type:
  • Tetrazygia Rich. ex DC. (Syn .: Menendezia Britton , Tetrazygiopsis Borhidi ): The approximately 21 species occur in the Antilles and in Guyana .
  • Tibouchina Aubl. (Syn .: Chaetogastra DC. , Hephestionia Naudin , Itatiaia Ule , Lasiandra DC. , Micranthella Naudin , Oreocosmus Naudin , Pleroma D.Don , Purpurella Naudin ): The 250 to 350 species are widespread in the Neotropic. The center of biodiversity is in southeastern Brazil.
  • Tibouchinopsis Markgr. : The only two species occur only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
  • Tigridiopalma C.Chen : It contains only one species:
  • Tococa Aubl. (Syn .: Microphysa Naudin , Microphysca Naudin , Sphaerogyne Naudin ): The 50 or so species occur mainly in the Amazon region, but there are also species from southern Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil; one species is native to Tobago.
  • Trembleya DC. : The eleven or so species occur only in south-central Brazil.
  • Triolena Naudin (Syn .: Diolena Naudin ): The 20 to 25 species are widespread from southern Mexico to Central America to the Andes and the Amazon region to Bolivia.
  • Tristemma Juss. (Syn .: Tetraphyllaster Gilg ): Almost all of the 14 species are found in Africa, only one species is native to Madagascar and the Mascarene Mountains.
  • Tryssophyton Wurdack : It contains only one species:
  • Tylanthera C.Hansen : The only two species Tylanthera tuberosa and Tylanthera cordata are only known from the type collections in Thailand.
  • Veprecella Naudin (Maybe in Gravesia )
  • Vietsenia C.Hansen : There are about four species in Vietnam.
  • Votomita Aubl. (Syn .: Coryphadenia Morley , Glossoma Schreb. , Meliandra Ducke ): The ten or so species occur in Panama, Venezuela, the Guayanas, Peru, Brazil and Cuba.
  • Warneckea Gilg (Syn .: Klaineastrum Pierre ex A.Chev. ): Of the approximately 33 species, 24 occur in Africa and nine in Madagascar.
  • Wurdastom B. Walln. : It contains about eight species.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Elizabeth M. Woodgyer, 2009: Neotropical Melastomataceae at neotropikey - Neotropical Flowering Plants .
  2. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  3. ↑ Melastomataceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 30, 2013.
  4. ^ A b Melastomataceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  5. ↑ a b c Elizabeth M. Woodgyer, 2009: Neotropical Memecylaceae at neotropikey - Neotropical Flowering Plants .
  6. ↑ RDStone: Phylogeny of major lineages in Melastomataceae subfamily Olisbeoideae: Utility of nuclear glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GapC) gene sequences , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 31, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 107-121.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Frank Almeda: Melastomataceae - online with the same text as the printed work , In: G Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp, F. Chiang (Eds.): Flora Mesoamericana , Volume 4 (1) - Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae , 2009, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, The Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 978-6-07-020901-7 .
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g Fabián A. Michelangeli, Paulo JF Guimaraes, Darin S. Penneys, Frank Almeda & Ricardo Kriebel: Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of New World Melastomeae (Melastomataceae) , In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 171, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 38-60. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2012.01295.x
  9. ↑ Darin S. Penneys & Walter S. Judd: Phylogenetics and morphology in the Blakeeae (Melastomataceae) , In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 172, 2011, pp. 78-106.
  10. ↑ a b c Darin S. Penneys & Walter S. Judd: A revised circumscription for the Blakeeae (Melastomataceae) with associated nomenclatural adjustments , In: PhytoKeys , 20, 2013, pp. 17-32. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.20.4344
  11. ↑ a b c d Fabián A. Michelangeli, Antoine Nicolas, María Eugenia Morales-P & Heriberto David: Phylogenetic Relationships of Allomaieta, Alloneuron, Cyphostyla, and Wurdastom (Melastomataceae) and the Resurrection of the Tribe Cyphostyleae , In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 172, Issue 9, 2011, pp. 1165-1178. doi: 10.1086 / 662032
  12. ↑ a b c d Darin S. Penneys, Fabián A. Michelangeli, Walter S. Judd & Frank Almeda: Henrietteeae (Melastomataceae): A new Neotropical berry-fruited tribe , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 35, Issue 4, 2010, p 783-800. doi: 10.1600 / 036364410X539862
  13. ↑ Peter W. Fritsch, Frank Almeda, Susanne S. Renner, AB Martins & BC Cruz: Phylogeny and circumscription of the near-endemic Brazilian tribe Microlicieae (Melastomataceae) , In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 91, 2004, p. 1105 -1114.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Jie Chen & Susanne S. Renner: Melastomataceae , p. 360 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 13 - Clusiaceae through Araliaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7
  15. ↑ a b c d e Susanne S. Renner: Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae , In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 13, 1993, pp. 519-540: Volltext-PDF.
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Melastomataceae family in the Andes of Ecuador - Trees and shrubs of the Andes of Ecuador . (span.)

Web links

Commons : Melastomataceae  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

further reading

  • Fabián A. Michelangeli, Walter S. Judd, Darin S. Penneys, JD Skean, ER Becquer-Granados, R. Goldenberg & CV Martin: Multiple events of dispersal and radiation of the tribe Miconieae (Melastomataceae) in the Caribbean , In: The Botanical Review , Volume 74, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 53-77.
  • Steven Jansen, Toshihiro Watanabe & Erik Smets: Aluminum Accumulation in Leaves of 127 Species in Melastomataceae, with Comments on the Order Myrtales , In: Annals of Botany , Volume 90, Issue 1, pp. 53-64.