List of victims of National Socialist terror during the phase of conquest of power in 1933/1934

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The following article provides an overview of the people murdered by the National Socialists during the initial phase of their rule. January 30, 1933, as the date of Hitler's appointment as Reich Chancellor, and June 30, 1934, as the day of the so-called Röhm Putsch , which are commonly used in research as the beginning and end of the “ seizure of power ” and consolidation by the Nazi regime, serve as temporal delimitation marks Regimes apply.

Basics

The total number of people murdered in this initial phase is controversial. The publicist Konrad Heiden , based on his evaluation of contemporary newspaper reports, came to the estimate in the 1930s that 220 people (196 opponents of the Nazis and 24 National Socialists) had been killed between January 31 and August 23, 1933. The historian Karl Dietrich Bracher estimated in his classic study The National Socialist Seizure of Power in 1960 the number of people killed by October 1933 at "500 to 600 dead in the whole of the Reich." Even Joachim Fest put the number of murdered during the first nine months of the existence of the Nazi regime people - "all the circumstances" - 1963 "500 to 600".

The number of "at least 500 to 600 murdered [n]" for the first months of the Nazi regime is also mentioned by the Hitler biographer Ian Kershaw in his biography of Hitler published in 1998. For the entire seventeen months from January 30, 1933 to June 30, 1934, the number of those murdered is likely to be between 800 and 1200. In the so-called Brown Book II , reference is made to a secret report from the police headquarters to the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, according to which 247 people died in “political clashes” in Berlin alone between the fire in the Reichstag and March 25, 1933.

Only people who can be proven to have been murdered by members of National Socialist formations such as the SA or SS or by state repressive organs such as the Secret State Police are included in the present list. Assumptions and the assumption of National Socialist motives are not enough.

The term "murdered" is used here in the colloquial sense and not in the formal legal sense, so that it includes all persons intentionally, approvingly or willfully put to death by the intentional external force, including those whose killing may be judicially manslaughter or similar would be classified.

This list so far includes 353 people by name or at least with relevant personal characteristics.

Classification of the murdered

The article divides the murdered into the following groups:

  • I. Victims of wild terrorist measures: people who were brought to death by the Sturmabteilung (SA) or other National Socialist divisions relatively arbitrarily due to their membership in generally undesirable groups (communists, social democrats, Jews, etc.). B. People who were stabbed to death (stabbed, shot, etc.) in the street or in their homes, people who died in SA basements, SA storm halls, SA quarters etc. as a result of willful abuse by them or who were deliberately killed there were, persons who were killed outside of prisons or concentration camps after their capture (in particular also shot “while fleeing”).
  • II. Victims of Fememorden : People who, for specific reasons, made themselves particularly unpopular with certain powerful Nazi personalities - or occasionally with lower-ranking people of lower rank - and were therefore killed in targeted "night and fog" actions.
  • III. People who were violently killed in concentration camps or prisons: people who were inmates of concentration camps or prisons by the guards there as a result of direct violence in the context of wild attacks by guards (or by external persons visiting the facility specifically for this purpose) were undertaken on their own initiative, were killed; or persons who - in contrast to regular executions as a result of court judgments - were deliberately killed “under the hand” in camouflage on orders “from above” in the course of unofficial killing operations (for example, they were killed, shot, hanged, etc. by guards) ); People who perished as a result of systematic or willful abuse by their guards or who "died" due to physical destruction (exhaustion, collapse in conditions of hard work).
  • IV. Victims of judicial murders: persons who have been officially sentenced to death by the courts and executed without their actions having justified execution according to the standards applicable in Germany until 1933 regarding the use of the death penalty . In general, this affects people who were executed on the basis of political offenses (opposition, decomposition, etc.) instead of - as was customary in the German Reich until 1933 - on the basis of criminal offenses (murder, rape, etc.) or who were executed on the basis of legally questionable laws and practices were sentenced to death and executed. An example of the latter is the Reichstag arsonist Marinus van der Lubbe , who was beheaded on January 10, 1934 for setting fire to the Reichstag building on February 27, 1933, although arson in February 1933 was not yet legally reinforced by the death penalty, which is usually considered one Violation of the basic rule of law Nulla poena sine lege applies.

List of those murdered at a glance

Victims of wild terrorism

  • Karl Ackert (born 1897; died November 19, 1933 in Berlin), worker, defendant in the Felseneck trial of 1932 (accused of killing the Nazi painter Ernst Schwarz, hired on December 31, 1932), by the SA arrested and mistreated for several weeks in the SA prison in Papestrasse ; Taken into protective custody again at the beginning of November 1933, died of the abuse he had suffered in the state hospital
  • Karl Altenburg (died in the summer of 1933 in Döllensradung Forest near Vietz), communist functionary, at the instigation of the leader of the SS standard Landsberg an der Warthe, Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, allegedly by SS people for a confrontation from the prison in Arnswalde fetched, brought to Vietz and shot in the nearby Döllensradung forest
  • Richard Assmann (born December 16, 1875; died June 20, 1933), Social Democrat, district leader of the Reich Banner , works council chairman of the AOK-Berlin, killed by the SA during the Köpenick blood week
  • Heinz Bässler (died April 4, 1933 in Düsseldorf), worker, communist, left the SA in 1931 and switched to the communists, gunned down by SA members on the street in Düsseldorf on April 4, 1933. In public, attempts were made to cover up the crime as a "shooting while trying to escape" and alleged that after his arrest he attempted to escape on the way to the police station and that when he did not stop when he was called, he was shot down and on the way to the police station Hospital died. Walter Schönstedt dedicated his book Auf der Flucht shot , published in Paris in 1934, to Bässler
  • Hans Balschukat (born August 28, 1913 in Berlin; died March 8, 1933 in Berlin), worker from Berlin-Schöneberg, member of the Red Aid, arrested by three SA men on March 8, 1933, days later in Machnower Forest found dead
  • Albert Barnikau (died February 12, 1933 in Dortmund), miner, communist, KPD chairman in Dortmund [?] Killed by a knife in the back in an attack by SA men in Dortmund-Asseln on a group of communists on the street
  • Hermann Basse (born August 24, 1882 in Braunschweig; July 1, 1933 there), worker functionary, arrested, interrogated and abused by the SA. Fell out the second floor window and died of his injuries
  • August Bassy (died March 5, 1933 in Bankau Oberschlesien), brother of Ernst Bassy, ​​shot down and slain by SA men
  • Ernst Bassy (died March 5 in Bankau, Upper Silesia), Social Democrat, party functionary, shot by SA people (nw)
  • Kurt Beate (born 1906; died February 25, 1933 in Erfurt), worker, KPD, attacked by members of the SA at the corner of Blücherstrasse and Bülowstrasse (today Breitscheidstrasse / Josef-Ries-Strasse) on the evening of February 19, 1933 and shot down, died six days later from his injuries
  • Max Behnke (born June 5, 1890 in Berlin; died November 17, 1933 in Fürstenwalde), worker, communist, member of the Red Front Fighters' League, killed the Stahlhelm supporter Rüdiger von Massow on May 29, 1930, shortly after he was released arrested again in the Sonnenburg concentration camp in Fürstenwalde, severely mistreated by SS men (lashes and kicks), then shot or died as a result of the mistreatment.
  • Oskar Behrendt (born August 27, 1902 in Schönbeck; died August 17, 1933 Gelsenkirchen judicial prison), member of the KPD, editor-in-chief of the Ruhr Echo and district secretary Ruhr of the Red Aid, arrested and brutally beaten to death in the Gelsenkirchen judicial prison, officially from a heart attack , but in fact probably from spinal column destruction, died
  • Erwin Berner (* 1911/1912; died February 4, 1933 in Berlin-Neukölln), KJVD, gunned down by a member of the SA in a scuffle between Communists and National Socialists on the corner of Weser and Fuldastrasse in Berlin, probably while he was himself opposed an attack on a restaurant of the Reichsbanner, died shortly after admission to the hospital
  • Max Bilecki (died March 27, 1933 in Berlin), a leading man of the Red Front Fighters League in Berlin-Schöneberg, was abducted to the Papestrasse SA prison , abused and died of his injuries
  • Julius Birk (born July 12, 1885 in Wiesbaden; died May 2, 1933 in Duisburg), stoker and machinist, union secretary (head of the West German waterways district in the general association), abducted by SA people to the SA prison in the basement of the free trade union building and slain there; then buried in the forest between Duisburg and Dinslaken
  • Hermine Bix , b. Mielow (born October 2, 1863; died March 10, 1933), attendant, was attacked in her apartment on March 10, 1933 by members of the SA storm Langhansstrasse who were looking for her son-in-law, a communist; When the SA men tried to break open the door, they shouted for help, whereupon the SA shot through the apartment door, suffered a shot in the stomach, from which she died, buried on March 14th in the community cemetery on Röclestrasse in Weißensee.
  • Heinz Blässler (died in Düsseldorf in early April 1933), murdered.
  • Walter Böge (born April 6, 1892; died March 20, 1933 in Löbau), social democrat, arrested during the occupation of the Volkszeitung , shot by members of the SA while attempting to escape from the Brown House
  • Heinrich Born (born February 1, 1900; March 1, 1933 in Elberfeld), communist, kidnapped by SA members in Elberfeld in a quarry and shot
  • Franz Braun (died July 1933 in Stettin), communist, 1931/1932 employee of the Red Flag and since 1932 editor of the People's Watch , member of the illegal KPD district leadership in Stettin, arrested on July 13, 1933 with almost 40 other KP functionaries, Badly mistreated in prison and found dead in his cell soon after
  • Heinrich Bretschneider (born October 30, 1910 in Reichenbrand; died April 16, 1933 in Rabenstein), communist, head of the League against Fascism in Siegmar
  • Fritz Büchner (died December 5, 1933 in Erfurt), worker, KPD, murdered by the SA in Erfurt, exact circumstances unknown
  • Walter Chall (born October 28, 1914 in Charlottenburg; died September 22/23, 1933 in Tegler Heide, Berlin), worker, abducted by the SA to the " Maikowski House" in Charlottenburg, where he was interrogated and mistreated, Shot in the Tegler Heide on the night of September 22-23, 1933; an investigation was put down by order of Hermann Göring in June 1934
  • Franz Cieslik (died February 12, 1933 in Hecklingen), painter, shot down by members of the SA. Communists were later falsely accused of this act and two men (Wilhelm Bieser and Hans Karl) were executed for the act
  • Max Cramer (died July 26, 1933) quarry worker from Gruiten, KPD functionary, arrested by the SA in his house, deported to the SA-Heim Aue in Wuppertal-Elberfeld and on the night of July 26, 1933 by members of the SA -Standarte 258 (SA-Sturmbannführer Fritz Quack, district leader Ernst Schwarz, SA-Sturmbannführer Paul Hufeisen, SA-Sturmführer Max Buchbinder) killed by five shots on the road from Wuppertal-Elberfeld to Aprath (bleeding to death)
  • Wolfram Custin / Custien (born January 1, 1913; died June 26, 1933 in Elberfeld), Social Democrat, shot dead in Elberfeld's Simonstrasse
  • Friedrich Dähler (died March 20, 1933), member of the Communist Youth Association, killed in Elberfeld.
  • Hans Dornemann (born March 5, 1898 in Aachen; died March 1933 in Düsseldorf), secretary of the community of proletarian free thinkers, shot dead by SA men in Düsseldorf in March 1933.
  • Walter Drescher (born 1903; died March 21, 1933 in Berlin), member of the communist house protection squadron, arrested, deported to the Maikowski House in Charlottenburg, severely abused there, admitted to Urban Hospital on March 18, 1933 and there on Died March 21 of his injuries.
  • Max Ebel (born 1878; died April 11, 1933 in Berlin), printer, union secretary, managing director of the outpatient clinics of the Association of the Berlin Health Insurance Fund, taken into protective custody by the SA on April 10, 1933, taken to the SA prison in Papestrasse , died there under unexplained circumstances (officially declared as suicide by hanging on the window cross of his cell)
  • Theodor Ebers (died December 1933 between Düsseldorf and Essen) communist, shot while fleeing from Düsseldorf to Essen
  • Benno Ehlers (born April 16, 1912; July 6, 1933 in Braunschweig) clerk, depot, member of the youth group of the Reichsbund Jüdischer Frontkampf in Braunschweig, arrested during a meeting on July 5, 1933 together with 10 other RjF members and in the SS cellar kidnapped in the Braunschweig Volksfreundehaus. Abused by SS men and died as a result of injuries. Officially declared death by heart attack. Buried in the Jewish cemetery.
  • Anton Erhardt (died February 18, 1933 in Chemnitz), communist functionary, stabbed to death by SA men in the street
  • Georg Eppenstein (born 1867, died August 3, 1933), independent chemist and managing director of Ruilos GmbH, Jude, mistreated by the SA in a storm club during the Köpenick blood week, died of his injuries
  • Franz Erk (born September 30, 1910 in Nuremberg; died April 23, 1933 in Moabit), technician, SA candidate in SA-Sturm 56 (Schöneberg). Erk was arrested on March 25, 1933, together with his friend, engineer and SA man Jürgen Rutenberg, for unlawful acts (forging auxiliary police ID cards, carrying out house searches without authorization, etc.) and transferred to the SA Surmbannlokal at Albrechtstraße 16. On March 27, 1933, he was taken to the SA prison on General-Pape-Strasse, where he was severely mistreated for two days. He died on April 22, 1933 of sepsis from the large wounds inflicted on him in the SA prison. Investigations into manslaughter initiated on his father's complaint were dragged off by the Gestapo and on October 12, 1933 the Prussian Ministry of Justice officially closed the case with reference to Prime Minister Goering's summary pardon of July 22, 1933, which was committed as part of the "national revolution" Offenses other than prosecution began.

murdered by the SA (nw)

  • Paul von Essen (born March 1, 1886 in Allenstein; died June 1933), Social Democrat and Reich Banner Leader, slain during the Koepenick Blood Week
  • Leonard Esser (d. June 1933), abducted by the SA and never reappeared
  • Wilhelm Esser , worker from Gladbach, communist
  • Otto Fabian (born 1909; died March 5, 1933 in Kellinghusen), a red athlete, met SA men from SA Storm 13/212, from SA man Lempfert (from behind, on March 5, 1933 in Feldstrasse in Kellinghusen) [?]), Lempfert was sentenced on April 6, 1949 by the Itzehoe Regional Court to two years in prison for bodily harm resulting in death in unity with a crime against humanity
  • Paul Fischer (died February 5, 1933 in Chemnitz), Reichsbannermann in Chemnitz (member of the Haubach Comradeship), stabbed to death in a scuffle with National Socialists
  • Julius Frank (* 1910; died March 7, 1933) member of the Reichsbannermann, Jew, arrested and taken to an SA bar, where he was mistreated and beaten to death by SA members in his cell or stable and hung up; disguised as a suicide by hanging on the window cross ( Dolgesheim murder ).
  • Paul Franke (born November 18, 1914; died February 19 in Erfenschlag near Chemnitz), member of the Reich Banner, killed by SA men on the street
  • Otto Fürst (d. 1937), tortured for anti-fascist activity in March 1933 in the SA storm pub Demuth, died of the consequences after a long hospital stay
  • Albert Funk (born October 15, 1894 in Zwickau; died April 27, 1933 in Recklinghausen), KPD politician and member of the Reichstag, was overthrown from the 3rd floor of the police headquarters
  • Johann Gerdes (born April 16, 1896 in Groß Bornhorst; died March 5, 1933 in Oldenburg), communist, member of the state parliament in Oldenburg, lured out of his apartment by SA men and shot
  • Hilarius Gilges (died June 20/21, 1933 in Düsseldorf), dark-skinned amateur actor, communist, abducted from his apartment by the SA and SS, mistreated and killed on the banks of the Rhine (gunshot and stab wounds, dislocated arms).
  • Hans Goersmeier (born April 11, 1905; died June 26, 1933), young worker in Elberfeld, arrested and shot by the SA
  • Wilhelm Görmann: (+ at the end of March 1933 in Woldenberg, Neumark) worker, communist, shot by SA men, allegedly when he tried to evade arrest, "on the run".
  • Heinz Goldberg (died late 1933), Red Sports Unit
  • Max Goldschmidt (born 1902/1903; died April 26, 1933), tailor from Königsberg, member of the Communist Youth Association
  • Peter Greif (born October 1, 1902 in Konz; died January 5, 1933 in Ehrang, today Trier) chairman of the KPD local group Ehrang, was shot by the SA.
  • Chaim Gross (died August 1933), Jewish egg dealer, kidnapped by the SA and has since disappeared (nw)
  • August Grotehenne (died March 28, 1933 in Langelsheim) trade union official, abducted by SA men to the Bokemüller inn in Langelsheim, knocked unconscious there and repeatedly brought back to consciousness in order to continue to abuse him. He was u. a. turned upside down and got the genitals smashed with a wire-wound club.
  • Mendel Haber (died at the end of April 1933), Jewish merchant from Dortmund, arrested by the SA at the end of April 1933 and taken to an SA barracks, found dead in the Dortmund-Ems Canal in the Castrop-Rauxeler urban area at the beginning of May 1933 and in the Jewish area Buried in Castrop cemetery.
  • Hugo Handschuch (died September 2, 1933 in Munich), craftsman, taken into protective custody on August 23, 1933, mistreated in the Brauner Haus and either died of his injuries on the way to the police headquarters or died in Dachau concentration camp. Heart failure was officially given as the cause of death. An inquest, conducted under pressure from the family, showed cerebral palsy and skull injuries as the cause of death.
  • Alwin Hanspach (died March 11, 1933 in Zittau), worker, communist from Friedersdorf near Zittau, arrested, abused by the SS in the Saxon court and died as a result, according to other information shot by SS man Erich Hanisch (nw)
  • Walter Harnecker (died November 1933 in Berlin), sub-district leader of the Charlottenburg KPD, arrested by the SA, taken to the "Maikowski House" in Charlottenburg, killed there
  • Kurt Heinemann (born 1906/1907; died July 4, 1933), communist
  • Walter Heinze (born 1900; died February 23, 1933 in Leipzig), member of the SPD and the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold , murdered in a dispute with the SA
  • Hugo Helbing (born 1913; died June 1933), baker and social democrat, slain during the Köpenick Blood Week
  • Otto Helm (* 1911/1912; died February 14/15, 1933), carpenter, communist, injured on February 12, 1933 in Eisleben in an attack by the SA on a KPD assembly ( Eisleber Blutsonntag ), died on the night of February 14/15 in the municipal hospital from his injuries
  • Julius Henning (born January 12, 1898 in Elberfeld; died July 5, 1933 in Wuppertal), worker, shot by the SA in Elberfeld
  • Franz Huth (born 1906; died March 22, 1933 in Berlin), worker, functionary of the Red Young Front (RFB youth organization) in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg, abducted by SA members to Hedemannstrasse 10 and there on the instructions of the SA Sturmbannführer Julius Bergmann was immediately beaten to death
  • Illing (died February 2, 1933 in Annaberg ), member of the Reichsbanners, gunned down by National Socialists near the Annaberg Volkshaus, seriously injured by a shot in the stomach, died shortly afterwards in the Annaberg district hospital
  • Erich Janitzky (born July 21, 1900; died June 1933), mechanical engineer, newspaper distributor and communist, arrested by the SA during the Köpenick Blood Week and shot in front of the house at Alte Dahlwitzer Strasse 2 (renamed Janitzkystrasse in 1947)
  • Paul Jaros (died April 3-4, 1933 in Limbach near Chemnitz), blacksmith, communist, shot SA man Herbert Grobe in 1931 , allegedly while trying to get out of Limbach on the night of April 3rd, 1933 To flee the district court prison, "shot while trying to escape" (nw)
  • Michael Jeck (born August 4, 1882; died May 1933 in Weinheim), leather worker, managing director of the German Leather Workers' Association, hanged himself during an occupation of the trade union building of the NS factory cell organization under Kurt Niceus and the SS. The NS leadership and with it The Weinheimer Tageblatt tried, among other things, in a report from May 8, 1933, to portray suicide as the result of the victim's exposure to fraud.
  • Günther Joachim (born March 8, 1900 in Berlin; died March 22, 1933 in Berlin), lawyer, Jew, had defended opponents of the SA in trials before 1933 and thus incurred their hatred, arrested by the SA, in the universe State exhibition park mistreated and died in the police state hospital on Scharnhorststrasse
  • Richard John (died June 1933), Social Democrat, chairman of the gymnastics division of the Fichte workers' gymnastics club, killed by SA men during the Koepenick Blood Week
  • Hans Kaasch (born April 26, 1894; died March 1933 in Berlin), welfare worker, chairman of the Wedding District Assembly from 1921 to 1927, arrested, abused by the SA, died in hospital.
  • Walter Kasch (born July 9, 1912; died April 9, 1933 in Hamburg), a member of the KPD and the Red Young Front, shot dead by the Navy SA in a Hamburg arbor colony.
  • Max Kassel (died April 22, 1933 in Wiesbaden), Jewish merchant (milk trader), shot dead by members of the SA in his apartment
  • Hermann Kasten (born August 22, 1885 in Unseburg; died February 5, 1933 in Staßfurt), social democratic politician, mayor of Staßfurt, shot down with a revolver by an SA member.
  • Bernhard Kaster (died March 12th in Düsseldorf), worker athlete, tortured, then thrown on the street and then shot from behind.
  • Simon Katz (died May 5, 1933), artisan, Polish citizen, Jew, beaten to death
  • Heinrich Kiepenheuer (died June 8/9, 1933 in Düsseldorf), railroad worker, communist, arrested by SS men in his apartment on June 8, 1933; his disfigured body was found on a bridge over the Rhine on June 9.
  • Siegbert Kindermann (born February 4, 1915 in Berlin; March 12, 1933 in Berlin), baker's apprentice from Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg, Jew, Red Front [?] Arrested by SA people, deported to the SA barracks Hedemannstraße, where he was seriously mistreated and thrown out the window; buried on March 26, 1933 in the cemetery of the Jewish community in Weißensee
  • Konrad Klaas , communist, arrested in March 1933, on March 5, together with numerous other arrested persons, temporarily housed in the gymnasium of the Oberhausen secondary school and, together with Leo Longueville, arbitrarily shot by SA men while the prisoners were being emptied of the emergency bucket in the yard of the secondary school . It was officially stated that the two were shot while trying to escape.
  • Alfred Kollatsch (born December 2, 1914 in Berlin: † February 4, 1933), communist, on the night of February 3 to 4, 1933 during the persecution of National Socialists who had previously carried out a fire attack on him and four other communists, shot down at the corner of Emdener and Wieelssstrasse
  • Fritz Kollosche (died April 18, 1933), communist, active in the Charlottenburg house protection squadrons , abused and tortured to death in the torture cellar of SA Storm 33 in the "Maikowski House" on Rosinenstrasse in Charlottenburg
  • Salomon Kopf (born June 15, 1904 in Kalisch; died April 1933 in Varndsdorf), a merchant from Dresden, mistreated and seriously injured during the transport to the border, left behind at the border, found by the Czech border police and transferred to the border on April 1, 1933 Admitted to Varnsdorf Hospital, where he died of his injuries
  • Walter Korsing (born February 27, 1905 in Frankfurt an der Oder; died June 19, 1933 there), worker, member of the Reichsbanner, arrested by SA men on June 19, refused to give his name when he was "interrogated" Revealing SPD and KPD members of Reichsbanner people was then shot in the forehead and face by SA members on the Chaussee to Lebus (near the Ragoser Talweg), the first political murder victim in Frankfurt (Oder) .
  • Erwin Kraehkamp (died June 25, 1933), worker, communist, gunned down by members of the SA on the street in front of the Volkshaus in Elberfeld
  • Richard Krahl (born 1887/1888; died June 1933), worker, killed by members of the SA during the Koepenick Blood Week
  • Paul Krantz (died March 11, 1933 in Limbach near Chemnitz), young worker, mistreated and shot by SA men
  • Bernhard Krause (died March 5, 1933) Communist from Wiesenau, shot by an SA man in the Ziché restaurant
  • Otto Kreide (d. June 1933), Social Democrat, killed during the Koepenick Blood Week
  • Leo Krell (born December 24, 1906; died March 21, 1933 in Berlin), journalist, Jew , abducted and repeatedly mistreated on March 16 by members of SA Storm 27 in an SA home, later the SA prison in Papestrasse , died of the consequences in the state hospital of the police
  • Otto Kresse (born January 6, 1886 in Schönebeck (Elbe); died March 12, 1933 in Schönebeck (Elbe)), metal worker, social democrat, trade union official and city councilor, shot dead by SA people in a local election at a polling station
  • Georg Landgraf (died March 9th in Chemnitz), SPD member, publishing director of the Chemnitzer Volksstimme and city councilor in Chemnitz, was shot when he opposed the occupation of the Volksstimme's editorial building by an SA command
  • Erich Lange (born March 16, 1913; died March 21/22, 1933 in Gelsenkirchen), former SS man, joined the Communist League against Fascism in the summer of 1932, for which he also appeared as a publicity speaker; on the night of March 21-22, 1933 by SS men on the corner of Litzmannstrasse and Kreuzstrasse (today: Ebertstrasse / Am Rundhöfchen) "slain, shot and trodden down"; buried in the Westfriedhof in Hessler
  • Karl Lange (died June 1933 in Berlin), worker, murdered by the SA during the Koepenick Blood Week
  • Oswald Laufer (born April 8, 1905 in Wuppertal; March 7, 1933), businessman, son of Polish immigrants, Jew, member of the Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold, briefly taken into protective custody in 1933, on March 7, 1933 by the SA in Wuppertal shot in front of his father's shop on Wilhelmstrasse in Elberfeld; buried in the Jewish cemetery in Wuppertal-Elberfeld
  • Kurt Loer (died February 4, 1933 in Duisburg), communist, gunned down by members of the SA in Wilhelm-Ketteler-Strasse in the Dickeisbach settlement in Duisburg
  • Leo Longueville (March 5, 1933 in Oberhausen) Communist, arrested in March 1933, on March 5, together with numerous other arrested persons, temporarily housed in the gym of the Oberhausen high school and together with Konrad Klaas while the prisoners were emptying the evacuation buckets in the courtyard of the Secondary school arbitrarily shot by SA people. It was officially stated that the two were shot while trying to escape.
  • Johann Lücke (died March 2, 1933 in Bremen), member of the Reichsbann, gunned down by SS men on March 1, 1933 after returning from a rally of the Iron Front and died of his injuries the following day
  • Anton Macioszyk (born January 12, 1899; died June 30, 1933 in Misburg), draftsman and retoucher, employed in the large printing works in Osterwald, member of the SPD in Misburg, the Reich Banner and the board of directors of the book printer association. Furthermore, 1st chairman of the people's choir in Misburg and 1st chairman of the free religious community Misburg-Anderten. Before 1933 he drew anti-Nazi caricatures for the will of the people , a. a. about Hitler. Arrested by the SA in his apartment on the evening of June 23, 1933, taken to the Schrader SA bar in Misburg, where he was severely mistreated, then taken to the Misburg syringe house, where a fire broke out shortly afterwards that caused him severe burns and was taken to hospital and died there on June 30, 1933 of his injuries
  • Walter Majchrzak (born 1915; died September 1933), office apprentice, mistreated by the SA during the Köpenick Blood Week and died of the consequences in September 1933
  • Max Margoliner (born 1908/1909; died June / July 1933 in Breslau), Jewish merchant, abused by the SA in the Brown House in Breslau and died of his injuries in the Jewish hospital in Breslau-Süd (nw)
  • Mastalek (d. June 1933), Social Democrat, killed during the Koepenick Blood Week (nw)
  • Joseph May (died February 11, 1933 in Bensheim), killed as an uninvolved passer-by by accident in a clash between National Socialists and Communists on Rittersplatz in Bensheim on the afternoon of February 11, 1933 by a shot in the chest.
  • Erich Meier (born December 19, 1910 in Spandau; died March 11, 1933 in Berlin), chairman of the Communist Youth Association (KJVD) in the Berlin-Spandau sub-district, tortured and murdered by SA people
  • Friedrich Merseburg (born March 1, 1902; July 28, 1933 in Elberfeld), member of the Antifascist Kampfbund, mistreated and shot by SA members in Elberfeld
  • Grete Messing (died March 6, 1933 in Selb), worker and communist, shot by an SA man in front of her house
  • Metzger (died February 28 / March 1, 1933 in Worms), communist, killed on the night of February 28, 1933 to March 1, 1933
  • Alfred Meyer (dentist) (born March 24, 1898; died May 16, 1933), abducted, abused and killed by SA men. Found in the Bever dam with numerous stab and gunshot wounds.
  • Arthur Müller (born June 21, 1891 in Leipzig; died May 13, 1933 in Berlin), Social Democrat, functionary of the Reich Banner, abducted to the SA prison Papestrasse , abused and died of his injuries
  • Karl Müller (d. August 1933 in Wiesbaden), communist, arrested, mistreated by members of the SA, allegedly thrown from the 2nd floor of an administration building in Wiesbaden and then shot, officially while trying to escape as a prisoner, “on the run " shot
  • Otto Neu († July 13, 1933 in Stettin), communist, member of the illegal district leadership, shot on the street by SA men
  • Hermann Neumann (politician, 1882) (born October 8, 1882 in Buskow; died March 8, 1933 in Darmstadt), President of the State Insurance Institute of Hesse, former member of the Hessian State Parliament (SPD), arrested and murdered by members of the SA.
  • Max Neumann (born June 4, 1899 in Ortelsburg; March 16, 1933), merchant, Jew, was kidnapped by the National Socialists in one of the “Brown Houses” in Königsberg and terribly mistreated. He died undergoing medical treatment in a hospital in Berlin.
  • Franz Nitschmann (born March 1, 1909 in Oldenburg; died March 8, 1933), upholsterer, member of the KPD. Nitschmann was arrested by members of the SA on the evening of March 8, 1933 at the corner of Stubenrauchstrasse and Erdmannstrasse. The next day found shot together with Hans Balschukat and Ernst Preuss in the Malchower Forest.
  • Fritz Ott (died June 1933), Social Democrat, killed by the SA during the Köpenick Blood Week
  • Hans Otto (born August 10, 1900 in Dresden; died November 24, 1933 in Berlin), actor, fell out of a window in Vossstrasse by members of the SA after an interrogation .
  • Paul Pabst (born November 6, 1908 in Berlin; died April 23, 1933 in Berlin), worker, communist, fell out of the window on the 3rd floor of the SA quarter at Hedemannstrasse 5
  • Herbert Pangritz (born June 30, 1906 in Elbing; died March 23, 1933), worker, mistreated by SA men, died in hospital of serious internal injuries
  • Julius Pawel (d. April 22, 1933), communist, arrested, abused by the SS in the Saxon court and died as a result
  • Felix Philipp (born March 4, 1868 in Hirschberg; died March 8, 1933 in Breslau) metal worker, trade union secretary, deputy representative of the Lower Silesia Province to the Reichsrat, shot dead by members of the SA during the occupation of the Wroclaw trade union building
  • Arno Philippsthal (born September 13, 1887 in Güsten; died April 3, 1933 in Berlin), dentist, abducted by SA men to the SA prison in Papestrasse , abused and died as a result
  • Karl Pischel (died June / July 1933), Social Democrat, mistreated during the Köpenick Blood Week, died of the consequences (nw)
  • Max Plaut (born June 1, 1888 in Kassel; died March 31, 1933 in Kassel), lawyer, Jew, personal enemy of Roland Freisler , former NSDAP local politician in Kassel, on March 24, 1933 by SA people in the Kassel citizens' halls abducted and badly mistreated, died of his injuries after a few days
  • Richard Pöting (born October 18, 1886 in Freienwalde; February 11, 1933 in Berlin), locksmith in Berlin Wedding, murdered
  • Wilhelm Pötter (+ at the end of March 1933 in Woldenberg, Neumark) baker, communist, shot by SA men allegedly when he tried to evade arrest, "on the run".
  • Paul Pohle , (born 1883; died June 1933), metal worker and social democrat, member of the Reichsbanner, mistreated and hung up by the SA during the Koepenick Blood Week
  • Karl Pokern (born November 27, 1895 in Fischhausen; died June 22, 1933), butcher, member of the Red Aid and the Red Front Fighter League, tortured to death by the SA in the local court prison during the Köpenick Blood Week and weighted down with field stones in the Dahme sunk
  • Ernst Preuss (born January 17, 1909 in Charlottenburg, March 8, 1933), bricklayer, member of the KPD and the Communist Youth Association. Nitschmann was arrested by members of the SA and found shot dead on March 9th together with Hans Balschukat and Ernst Preuss in the Malchower Forest.
  • Emil Rentmeister (born December 12, 1905 in Duisburg; died May 2, 1933 in Duisburg) (incorrectly called Schmalhans in some death reports and in connection with them in literature based on the names of his foster parents), businessman, employee and secretary of the central association of the employees, abducted by SA men to the SA prison in the basement of the free trade union building and killed there; then buried in the forest between Duisburg and Dinslaken
  • Wilhelm Reupke (born July 6, 1877 in Langelsheim; died April 9, 1933 in Vienenburg / Hanover province), bricklayer, manager of the consumer association in Bündeheim (Braunschweig), beaten to death by members of the SA
  • Josef Ries (born November 7, 1900 in Bochum; died June 28, 1933 in Erfurt), bookseller, editor of the Thüringer Volksblatt , member of the KPD district management in Greater Thuringia , from police custody to SA members on the orders of Police President Werner von Fichte handed over, tortured by them for hours on the premises of the police dog club and then shot
  • Anna Roeder (born 1876;. 5-6 February 1933), landlady of the Communist traffic premises cardboard box in the Berlin Rubensstraße, during a robbery of storm troopers of the storm 6 to their restaurant on the evening of 5 February 1933 by a SA- Man shot down (abdomen shot), died shortly after being admitted to the Auguste Viktoria Hospital.
  • Paul Röhrens (born 1884; died July 7, 1933 in Berlin-Köpenick), worker, social democrat, mistreated by the SA during the Köpenick blood week and died of the consequences in the Köpenick hospital (nw)
  • Michael Rodenstock (born March 11, 1883; died May 2, 1933 in Duisburg), locksmith, secretary of the General Association of Public Works Employees, killed by SA people in the SA prison in the basement of the free union building and in the forest between Duisburg and Dinslaken buried
  • Erich Rohde (born June 10, 1906; died November 15, 1933), SA men kidnapped him to the notorious Lichtenberger Sturmlokal in Pfarrstrasse opposite the school (today Schulze-Boysen-Strasse) and tortured him. Only on November 15, 1933 was his body found in the bushes on Wiesenweg. The police refused to investigate.
  • Otto Rose (born; died June 25, 1933 in Braunschweig), worker, arrested by the SS on June 22, 1933, taken to the Volksfreunde House in Braunschweig, where he was mistreated (abrasions of the skin, fragments of tissue and bruises all over the body) in his Detention cell hanged
  • Max Rosenau (died March 25, 1934 in Gunzenhausen), businessman, Jew, killed by SA members with five stab wounds on March 25, 1934 during general riots by the SA against Jews in the apartment of his neighbor Lehmann ( Gunzenhausen Blood Palm Sunday )
  • Gerhardt Rosenbaum (born 1908/1909; died May 1933 in Berlin-Moabit), Polish Jew, mistreated in an SA barracks, died in Moabit Hospital (nw)
  • Arnold Rosenfeld (born July 29, 1888 in Creglingen; died April 2, 1933 in Würzburg), Jew, mistreated by SA members, died of the consequences
  • Jakob Rosenfelder (died March 25, 1934 in Gunzenhausen), businessman, Jew, SA men hanged in a shed in his neighborhood ( Gunzenhausen Blood Palm Sunday )
  • Salomon Rosenstrauch (born 1875/1876; died April 22, 1933 in Wiesbaden), Jewish merchant (silk merchant), attacked in his apartment and threatened with a weapon, died on the way to the hospital of a heart attack, e. T. is also stated that he was killed / shot and that heartbeat was only given as the official cause of death
  • Alfred Rotter (born November 14, 1886; April 5, 1933 in Liechtenstein), theater director, when the National Socialists wanted to kidnap him from his exile in Liechtenstein to Germany, he tried to escape his kidnappers. In doing so he fell to his death.
  • Gertrud Rotter , b. Leers (* 1894; April 5, 1933 in Liechtenstein), wife of Alfred Rotter, fell to their deaths together with him while trying to escape a kidnapping squad that was supposed to bring them to Germany.
  • Erich Rudolf (d. July 25, 1933 in Landsberg an der Warthe), communist from Dühringshof, arrested in connection with the death of the Hitler Youth Ernst Liebsch in 1932, shot on the way to the court prison "on the run"
  • Günther Rudolf (died July 25, 1933 in Landsberg an der Warthe), communist from Dühringshof, arrested in connection with the death of the Hitler Youth Ernst Liebsch in 1932, shot on the way to the court prison "on the run"
  • Jürgen Rutenberg (born October 28, 1904 in Steglitz; died April 5, 1933) engineer, SA candidate in SA Storm 56 (Schöneberg). Rutenberg was arrested on March 25, 1933, together with his friend, a technician and SA man Franz Erk, for unlawful acts (forging auxiliary police ID cards, carrying out house searches without authorization, etc.) and was transferred to the SA Surmbannlokal at Albrechtstrasse 16. On March 27, 1933, he was taken to the SA prison on General-Pape-Strasse, where he was severely mistreated for two days. He was then taken to police headquarters and from there to the detention center. He died on April 5, 1933 as a result of blood poisoning caused by severe abuse in the SA prison. Investigations into manslaughter, which were formally initiated on complaint from Erk's father, who also died due to severe abuse, were kidnapped by the Gestapo and on October 12, 1933 the Prussian Ministry of Justice officially closed the case with reference to Prime Minister Goering's summary pardon of July 22 1933, which put crimes committed as part of the "national revolution" beyond prosecution.
  • Hans Sachs (died March 31, 1933 in Chemnitz), Jew, entrepreneur, co-owner of Marschel Frank Sachs AG, killed or committed suicide by SA men in his office to avoid arrest
  • Hans Saile (born 1904/1905; died March 9, 1933 in Braunschweig), Social Democrat, advertising manager of the Braunschweig party newspaper Volksfreund , shot dead by the SS when the SS stormed the Volksfreund house
  • Hans Schall (born 1912; died 1933 in Berlin), young communist, arrested, taken to the Hans-Maikowski-Haus in Charlottenburg, got both hands cut off and died of his injuries
  • Erich Schalow (died February 10, 1934), police sergeant from Pyritz, shot by the National Socialists while on patrol
  • Waldemar Schapiro (died July 15, 1933 in Erfurt), owner of a stationery shop, KPD, beaten to death by SA members around Sturmführer Walter Laudien on a property in Steiger, and left behind, corpses found by walkers
  • Hermann Scheffler (born February 12, 1893 in Königsberg / Neumark; died September 19, 1933 in Berlin), carpenter from Berlin-Wedding, communist, member of the Berlin City Council, arrested by the SA on September 18, then in the police barracks Chausseestrasse (so-called cockchafer barracks ) badly mistreated, died on September 20 in the prison ward of the police state hospital
  • Bruno Schilter (born October 18, 1906 in Berlin; died August 1, 1933 in Berlin), worker, KPD, arrested by SA people from the "Sturmlokal" Keglerheim (Petersburger Str. 86), tortured, on the Black Bridge ( Thaerstraße) was murdered with three shots in the head and thrown onto the S-Bahn tracks
  • Johann Schlösser (born January 4, 1876 in Boisheim; died May 2, 1933 in Duisburg), Former, union secretary (authorized representative of the metal workers' association), went to the police after a house search in his house by the SA to the police As a result of asking for protection, he was arrested and handed over to an SS man, who took him to the SA prison in the basement of the free trade union building, where SA men abused and beat him to death; was buried with Julius Birk, Rentmeister, and Michael Rodenstock in the forest between Duisburg and Dinslaken
  • Anton Schmaus (born April 19, 1910 in Munich; died January 16, 1934 in Berlin), social democrat, shot down and mistreated by SA men and died a few months later of his injuries
  • Johann Schmaus (born December 5, 1879 in Munich; died June 22, 1933 in Berlin), Social Democrat, hanged in his own house by SA men
  • Walter Schneider (* 1932/1933; died February 14/15, 1933) miner, communist, injured on February 12, 1933 in Eisleben in an attack by the SA on a KPD assembly ( Eisleber Blutsonntag ), died on the night of 14 ./15. February in the Municipal Hospital from his injuries
  • Paul Schulz (born 1912; died February 2, 1933 in Berlin), unemployed plumber, non-party, attacked and stabbed by SA members on his way home from a visit to the cinema in Kirchstrasse (stitches in the arm and back, spinal column injury), in the hospital Westend died of his injuries.
  • Friedrich Schumm (born November 4, 1901 in Kiel; died April 1, 1933 in Kiel), lawyer and Jew, was arrested after he had fired at an SS man in defense of his parents' business and shot shortly afterwards in police custody , allegedly by an angry crowd
  • Walter Schütz (born October 25, 1897 in Wehlau; died March 29, 1933 in Königsberg), worker, KPD member, member of the Reichstag, arrested on March 29, 1933, abducted to the SA barracks in Königsberg and abused there (smashed, stabbed and trampled) and succumbed to his injuries.
  • Gustav Segebrecht (born October 12, 1874 in Stettin; died March 3, 1933 in Berlin), pensioner, died in the Stephan pub at Liebenwalderstrasse 41, bleeding to death from a shot in the back of the knee.
  • Hans Seidel (* 1914 in Großörner; died February 17, 1933 in Eisleben), worker (machinist), communist, seriously injured by striking a spade during an SA attack on a workers' meeting in Eisleben ( Eisleber Blutsonntag ), succumbed to his injuries.
  • Otto Selz (died March 15, 1933 in a forest near Weng, Landshut district office), cattle and goods dealer, Jew, kidnapped from his apartment by SA men on the morning of March 15 and slain.
  • Heinz Sendhoff (d. July 8, 1933 Erfurt), worker, in the first months of the illegality, a leading functionary of the Erfurt KPD, arrested on July 7, 1933 and beaten to death the following day by members of the SA on a property in Steiger, by his own Murderers brought to the morgue as an "unknown corpse"
  • Katharina Sennholz (born September 3, 1902 in Duisburg; born February 1, 1933 in Duisburg), worker, from a truck on the evening of February 1, 1933, while she was standing in the doorway on Bachstrasse in Horchfeld with her brother under fire, killed by a bullet in the chest
  • Michael Siegmann (born 1895; died April 14, 1933 in Munich), locksmith, social democrat, chairman of the Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse München Land, arrested on the night of March 13-14, 1933, taken to Stadelheim and abused there. Died of the consequences in hospital on April 14, 1933. Siegmannstrasse in Pasing was later named after him.
  • Wilhelm Spiegel (died March 11-12, 1933 in Kiel), lawyer, Jew, shot at his front door at night
  • Hans Spiro (born May 2, 1905 in Berlin; April 10, 1933 in Berlin), worker sportsman, abused in April 1933 in the Berlin SA district on Hedemannstrasse, rescued from the Spree Canal in May 1933 with his throat cut.
  • Josef Spitzer (born December 17, 1907 in Schneidemühl; died June 26, 1933 in Berlin-Koepenick), worker, communist, member of the Red Front Fighters' League, abused by the SA during the Koepenick blood week (forced to drink poison, among other things; also tried you hit him in the head with a swastika) and died as a result in the hospital
  • Paul Spitzer (born October 28, 1906; died June 30, 1933 in Berlin-Köpenick), worker, communist, KPD functionary, mistreated by the SA during the Köpenick blood week and died as a result
  • Walter Steinfeld (born 1909; died February 5, 1933 in Breslau), student at the Technical University of Wroclaw, member of Reichsbanner, stabbed to death by NSDAP supporters after a rally of the Iron Front in Breslau
  • Johannes Stelling (born May 12, 1877 in Hamburg; died June 22, 1933 in Berlin-Köpenick), SPD politician and member of the Reichstag, killed by SA men during the Köpenick Blood Week
  • Hermann Stern (born 1866; died March 25, 1933 in Creglingen), goods broker, Jew, mistreated by SA members in a pogrom, died of the consequences
  • Georg Stolt (born 1879 in Hamburg; died January 21, 1934 in Berlin), carpenter, communist, former member of the KPD state parliament, abducted by the SA to the Maikowski barracks and killed or shot there
  • Heinrich Strunk (born August 12, 1900; died June 29, 1933 in Wuppertal), weaver and cloth maker, father of three children, former NSDAP and SA member, had switched to the Communist League against Fascism and refused to sell flags for the National Socialists, arrested on March 20, 1933 and held in the Brauweiler concentration camp until June 15, 1933, taken from his apartment at night by SA men on June 29, 1933 and shot five in the head and three in the back under the Clausen Bridge killed
  • Wilhelmine Struth , b. Vreede (born 1904; died February 2, 1933 in Duisburg) worker, wife of a trade union leader, mother of a daughter, KPD cashier in Wanheimerort, killed by members of an SS troop led by Hermann Hardt when she was shot in the head The idea was to close the window of her house at Erlenstrasse 12 in Duisburg while the SS marched through the street.
  • Willy Teetz (died February 20, 1933 in Duisburg), shot from behind on the way home from an event on Winterstrasse at the railway underpass near Eckershorst
  • Matthias Theißen (died April 10, 1933 in Braunschweig) Secretary of the building trade union in Braunschweig, arrested by the SA in March 1933, severely mistreated in the "Volksfreunde-Haus" (with a whip, among others), with serious injuries to the St. Vincenz Hospital Admitted (due to his condition he could no longer lie down, so he was hung in a frame) and died of his injuries.
  • Erich Tornseifer (born June 20, 1908 in Berlin; died November 26, 1933 in Berlin), machinist, communist, member of the Communist Youth Association, tortured by SS men on November 24, 1933 in the Columbia House with canes and riding whips, seriously injured and taken to the state hospital and died of his injuries
  • Werner Uhlworm (born 1899; died February 19, 1933 in Erfurt), worker, KPD, attacked and shot by SA members on the corner of Blücherstraße / Bülowstraße (today Breitscheidstraße / Josef-Ries-Straße)
  • Unidentified communist [Erwin Glocke?] (Died February 12, 1933 in Eisleben), communist, killed in a scuffle in an attack by SA and SS men on a communist gymnasium in Eisleben.
  • Three unidentified communists (died July 14, 1933 between Woldenburg and Lauchstaedt), three communist prisoners from the Schwerin district, shot "on the run" while being transferred to the Sonnenburg concentration camp
  • unidentified communist (died July 14, 1933 in Bochum [?]), communist functionary from Bochum-Gerthe, shot “on the run” after being arrested
  • Unidentified communist (died August 1, 1933 [?] In Iserlohn), communist, shot by auxiliary police in a raid on the night of July 30 to August 1, 1933 in Iserlohn-Obergüne.
  • Unidentified communist (died August 5, 1933 in Chemnitz), communist functionary, gunned down by an SA man in the street and died of his injuries.
  • Erwin Volkmar (born November 22, 1906 in Berlin; died April 21, 1933 in Berlin), boxer, communist, shot by members of the SA
  • Leibel Vollschläger (died March 1933 in Berlin), Berlin Jew, kidnapped by SA men and dragged dead from the Spree a few days later
  • Paul Warnecke (died March 5, 1933 in Quickborn), worker, shot by SA man Gustav Jeske
  • Franz Wätzow (died June 1933), Social Democrat, killed by the SA during the Koepenick Blood Week
  • Arthur Weiner (died April 10/11, 1933 in Chemnitz), lawyer, deputy chairman of the Israelite community in Chemnitz, arrested by SA men in his apartment and found shot the next morning in a sand pit in Wiederau near Rochlitz.
  • Philipp Weiß (died February 28, 1933 in Worms), landlord, social democrat, trade unionist, shot dead during a raid by SA members on the Volkshaus in Petersstrasse in Worms during a rag ball on the night of February 28, 1933
  • Karl Wettmann (died February 3, 1933 in Duisburg-Hamborn), worker, member of the Kampfbund against fascism, father of two children, on the evening of February 3, 1933 in Duisburg at the corner of Lehnhofstrasse and Albrechtstrasse in Bruckhausen with an SA - Attack on communists by an SA troop from Marxloh, which led to a fight, killed by a fatal stab in the back.
  • Walter Wicke (born July 20, 1909 in Liegnitz; died April 29, 1934 remand prison in Hamburg), communist (nw)
  • Franz Wilczoch (born 1900/1901; died June 30, 1933 in Berlin-Köpenick), worker, communist, member of the Red Aid, abused by the SA during the Köpenick blood week and died as a result
  • Bernhard Wirsching (born January 28, 1908 in Marzahn; March 2, 1933 in Berlin), shot dead by SA members in his apartment
  • Karl Wolf (died July 3, 1933 in Braunschweig), functionary in the former Red Front Fighters Association, on 29/30. Abused by the SA and SS on June 6, 1933 and forced to jump out of the window, died on July 3, 1933
  • Josef Zauritz (died January 30/31, 1933 in Berlin), police officer, shot down by SA man Alfred Buske for no apparent motive

Victims of Fememorden

This column lists people who were captured and put to death in remote and unseen places (forests, country roads, fields, etc.) in "Nacht und Nebel". This includes in particular people who were liquidated during prisoner transports, whereby the victims were often officially declared as shot “on the run” for the purpose of concealment.

  • Hermann Behme (November 11, 1884 in Klein Mahner in the Salzgitter area; died July 5, 1933 near Rieseberg), lathe operator at MIAG, communist, works council member (chairman), arrested, mistreated and “up.” By SA men at Rieseberg during a transport shot while fleeing "( Rieseberg murders )
  • Georg Bell (born July 27, 1898 in Nuremberg; died April 3, 1933 in Durchholzen), former news agent of the SA leadership, shot dead by an SA command in Austria
  • Julius Bley (born January 1, 1890 in Cologne; died July 5, 1933), chemigrapher (printing plate manufacturer) at the Grashoff company, trade unionist and communist, arrested, mistreated, shot during a transport near Rieseberg by SA men "while on the run "( Rieseberg murders )
  • Else Cohn (died May 6/7, 1933, road between the villages of Gersdorf and Plau near Crossen, Küstrin district), for involvement in the death of the Nazi "martyr" Horst Wessel in 1930 on the evening of May 6, 1933 against At 11 o'clock on the edge of a country road near Crossen, shot several times in the temple
  • August Dosenbach (died October 21, 1933 near Knielingen), metal worker from Karlsruhe, member of the KPD, was an illegal border courier who transported forbidden documents from Alsace to Germany by a three-man commando of the Gestapo looking for couriers along the Rhine, “on the Escape "shot
  • Hermann van't Ende (born 1900; died July 12, 1933), packer, communist, "shot while trying to escape" as a prisoner while being transported from the Münster prison to the police prison in Essen. Van't Ende shot SS man Erich Garthe in Essen on October 12, 1931.
  • Felix Fechenbach (born January 28, 1894 in Bad Mergentheim; died August 7, 1933 in Scherfede), political journalist and poet, mistreated and murdered during an alleged transport to the Dachau concentration camp on Heydrich's orders near Paderborn
  • Andreas von Flotow (born July 25, 1900 in Wedendorf; died April 30, 1933 near Neubukow), former SA group leader and NSDAP member of the Reichstag, shot dead by SA members on the road between Neubukow and Teschow
  • Hanns Goersmann (1904/1905; June 1933 in Elbferfeld), shot by SA men in his car and thrown into a pond
  • Hans Grimminger (born July 26, 1899 in Velthof; died July 4, 1933 near Rieseberg), electrician at MIAG, member of the KPD company group and the Workers' Cyclist Association, arrested on June 30, 1933, in the AOK building mistreated in Braunschweig, together with ten other people during a transport near Rieseberg by SA men "shot while trying to escape" ( Rieseberg murders )
  • Hans Grohmann (born 1898; died May 26, 1933) painter and art historian, shot by SS men in the Kalkumer grove near Duisburg. A note "In memory of Schlageter" was attached to the body.
  • Erik Jan Hanussen (died March 24/25, 1933 near Berlin), clairvoyant, shot by members of the SA on the road between Zossen and Baruth outside Berlin
  • Erhard Heiden (died between April and September 1933 in Munich), former Reichsführer of the SS
  • Kurt Heinemann (born December 16, 1906 in Echternach; died July 4, 1933 near Rieseberg), tailor in Schöningen, KPD member, Jew, arrested and together with ten other men from SA men on a transport near Rieseberg the escape ”shot ( Rieseberg murders ).
  • Albrecht Höhler (born April 30, 1898 in Mainz; died September 20, 1933 near Berlin), member of the Red Front Fighter League , kidnapped by SA men in prison for manslaughter of SA leader Horst Wessel and shot near the Berlin-Frankfurt highway
  • Theodor Lessing (born February 8, 1872 in Hanover; died August 31, 1933 in Marienbad), philosopher, emigrated to Prague on August 30, 1933 from the assassins Rudolf Max Eckert, Rudolf Zischka and Karl Hönl through the window of his Shot down in his study and died of his injuries the next day in Marienvad hospital. The perpetrators escaped across the border.
  • Reinhold Liesegang (born June 6, 1900 in Güsten; July 5, 1933 near Rieseberg), worker, welder at the Vogtländer company, communist, trade unionist, together with ten other men during a transport at Rieseberg of SA men "on the run “Shot ( Rieseberg murders ).
  • Wilhelm (Willi) Ludwig (born August 28, 1888 in Braunschweig; July 4, 1933 near Rieseberg), Reichsbahn worker, KPD member, arrested, together with ten other men from SA men during a transport near Rieseberg “on the Escape ”shot ( Rieseberg murders ).
  • Hans Maikowski (born February 23, 1908 in Berlin; died January 30/31, 1933 in Berlin), SA-Sturmführer, after the march of the SA through Wilhelmsstrasse on the occasion of Hitler's appointment as Reich Chancellor, on the march back of his formation in it Quarters in Wallstrasse, shot down by his deputy Alfred Buske - probably on the orders of Joseph Goebbels - and died in hospital.
  • Jupp Messinger (born February 12, 1907 in Beuel; † July 11, 1933 in Bonn), worker from Beuel, communist, arrested as the alleged murderer of SA man Klaus Clemens and imprisoned by SA men in the court prison on Heerstraße tortured to death. It was officially alleged that he hanged himself in his cell
  • Stanislaus von Nayhauß (died June / July 1933 near Breslau), former officer, author of a pamphlet directed against National Socialism in which the criminal records of numerous Nazi officials were compiled and denounced, arrested in Breslau in June 1933, on July 20, 1933 salvaged from a pond as a corpse with arms and legs tied together and weighted down with a heavy stone
  • Richard Polleit (d. April 18, 1933) worker, communist, killed SS-Scharführer Reinke on July 30, 1932. Arrested by members of the intelligence department of the SA group Ostland, on the way to the police headquarters or on the way from there to an alleged court hearing by SA members "shot while trying to escape"
  • Kurt Freiherr von Possanner and Ehrenthal (born in Tyrol in 1898; died February 28, 1933 near Berlin), a blown Soviet agent at the NSDAP headquarters, shot dead during his deportation to Austria
  • August Doll (born 1904; died October 1, 1933 in Elberfeld), SA man, shot dead by his own people
  • Adolf Rall (died November 2, 1933 near Berlin), petty criminal and former SA man, shot dead in a wooded area outside Berlin
  • Otto Renois (born August 8, 1892 in Griesel; died April 4, 1933 in Bonn), communist, city councilor in Bonn, arrested by members of the SS on the night of April 3 to 4, 1933, on the way to the police station in Shot near Poppelsdorf Castle "on the run" after he had thrown his hat out of the car and told him to get it.
  • Walter Römling (born October 12, 1890 in Braunschweig; died July 4, 1933 near Riesenberg), unskilled worker at MIAG (machine worker), communist, works council worker functionary, arrested on July 30, 1933, mistreated in the AOK building and together with ten other prisoners "shot while trying to escape" during a transport
  • Rudolf Brothers : The two Rudolf brothers were arrested and interrogated by SS men in June or July 1933 in retaliation for their alleged involvement in the murder of Hitler Youth member Rudolf Liebsch in 1931 on the orders of SS group leader Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski , tortured and shot.
  • Wilhelm Schäfer (politician) (born September 24, 1896 in Frankfurt am Main; died July 17, 1933 in Frankfurt am Main), former National Socialist, had handed over the drafts for the Boxheim documents to the police in 1931 , on July 17, 1933 found shot
  • John Schehr (born February 9, 1896 in Altona; died February 1, 1934 in Berlin) communist, shot by the Gestapo on Schäferberg in Berlin "on the run"
  • Gustav Schmidt (September 19, 1908 in Holzwickede; died July 4, 1933) student, communist, arrested, mistreated in the AOK building and shot during a transport of SA members together with ten other men of SA men “while fleeing "( Rieseberg murders )
  • Eugen Schönhaar (born October 29, 1898 in Esslingen am Neckar; died February 1, 1934 in Berlin) communist, shot by the Gestapo on Schäferberg in Berlin "on the run"
  • Rudolf Schwarz (born March 3, 1904 in Berlin; died February 1, 1934 in Berlin) communist shot by the Gestapo on the Schäferberg in Berlin "on the run"
  • Alfred Staats (born November 20, 1912 in Braunschweig) commercial clerk, KPD member, arrested, tortured to confess the killing of SS man Landmann, together with ten other men on a transport near Rieseberg of SA people " on the run ”shot ( Rieseberg murders ).
  • Willi Steinfass (May 13, 1892 in Braunschweig; died July 4, 1933), worker at MIAG (machine worker), communist, arrested on July 2, 1933, mistreated in the AOK building in Braunschweig, together with ten other people at one Transport at Rieseberg by SA men "shot while trying to escape" ( Rieseberg murders )
  • Erich Steinfurth (born August 10, 1896 in Mittenwalde; died February 1, 1934 in Berlin), communist, shot by the Gestapo on Schäferberg in Berlin "on the run"
  • Unknown man (* between 1900 and 1913; died April 1933), shot and burned on April 28, 1933 found in the Sternbecker Gutsforst. The dead died from a shot in the neck that came out in the eye.
  • Helmuth Unger (born July 11, 1906; died June 23, 1933), former member of the Berlin SA, shot dead by members of the SA on suspicion of having acted as a police spy before 1933
  • Karl Franz Wendt (born 1904; died March 1933), newsman

People who died violently in concentration camps and prisons

In the period between February 1933 and June 30, 1934, more than 100 people were violently put to death in concentration camps. This was significantly more than the number of deaths in the course of “legal” executions due to official death sentences during the same period (cf. the section for 1933 in the list of people executed in the German Reich ). The percentage of political prisoners who fell victim to "wild" killing measures (targeted murder or unplanned, but approvingly accepted killing as part of abuse, etc.) in concentration camps and prisons was significantly higher than the total number of protective prisoners than the proportion of people put to death in the context of judicial executions in relation to the regular prisoners (detained for non-political, criminal reasons). During the seventeen months under consideration, tens of thousands of people were arrested for political reasons, with the highest number of people held in protective custody being reached in the weeks of the great wave of arrests following the fire in the Reichstag on February 28, 1933. Thereafter, there was a gradual decrease in the number of protective custody prisoners: at the end of July 1933 their number in the whole of the Reich was around 27,000, of which 15,000 were in Prussia. A larger number of these were released on the occasion of the Christmas amnesty of December 1933, but the number remained large enough that a larger number of concentration camps were still required to accommodate them. The ratio was roughly one killing (by judicially ordered execution) to 10,000 prisoners per month for regular (criminal) prisoners and one killing (by wild death) to 3,000 prisoners per month for (political) protective custody prisoners.

  • Hans Alexander (died September 2, 1933 in the Esterwegen concentration camp ), Reichsbannerführer, shot dead in the Esterwegen concentration camp
  • Josef Altmann (died February 12, 1934 in the Dachau concentration camp), hung up by SS guards in the bunker of the Dachau concentration camp
  • Emerich Ambros (born May 22, 1896; died September 26, 1933 in the Hohnstein concentration camp ), Hungarian-German anti-fascist, SPD
  • Josef Amuschel (died August 1933 in Dachau concentration camp), member of the opposition SA, arrested in Munich at the end of August 1933, severely abused in the Brown House (smashed soles of the feet, burns from cigarettes), transferred to Dachau concentration camp, continued to be abused there. He died shortly after his arrival in Dachau as a result of his intestines being torn by a jet of water introduced into his anus
  • Wilhelm Aron (born June 3, 1907 in Bamberg; died May 19, 1933 in Dachau concentration camp),
  • Rolf Axen (born February 8, 1912 in Tarnopol, Galicia; died September 23, 1933 in Dresden), murdered during interrogation at Dresden Police Headquarters.
  • Isaak Baruch (born January 3, 1905; October 20, 1933 in the Neusustrum concentration camp), Jew from Cologne, killed during a work detachment in front of the entrance to the Neusustrum concentration camp: members of the SS threw an object (stone, peat, etc.) from the camp path in the direction of the moor and instructed Baruch to run after it; when he did so he was shot down with a carbine. When the injured man tried to sit up, one of the SS men involved gave him a "catch shot" with a pistol.
  • Josef Bauernfeind (born July 11, 1876; died August 9, 1933 in Essen), communist, arrested for distributing leaflets and murdered in the SA torture cellar in the former brick factory on Frintroper Strasse in Essen.
  • Rudolf Benario (born September 20, 1908 in Fürth; died April 12, 1933 at the Dachau concentration camp), economist, Jew, shot “on the run” in a grove near Dachau
  • Erich Bergmann (died September 10, 1933 in Esterwegen concentration camp), miner from Wattenscheid, communist, shot while collecting wood
  • Otto Böhne (born December 4, 1897 in Wuppertal; died February 25, 1934 in Papenburg)
  • Michael Blöth (born August 5, 1906; died March 13, 1934), died after being arrested in prison
  • Max Bremer (born April 14, 1875 in Seesen; died March 17, 1933 in Seesen prison), businessman in Seesen, Jew, co-owner of the Bloch and Bremer department store, arrested on March 15, 1933, on the way to the police station of two SS men from Gandersheim shot in the back, died of injuries after four days in the Osterode hospital. Sometimes it is also said that he was found hanged in his prison cell or died as a result of abuse and that this was disguised as a suicide by hanging.
  • Fritz Bürk (born 1893; died November 28, 1933 in the Dachau concentration camp), Stricker from Memmingen, communist, singled out by SS-Scharführer Wilhelm Birzle during a coal haul command and shot in the camp latrine (nw)
  • Richard Danisch (born October 19, 1902; died October 10, 1933 in Esterwege concentration camp), worker, fetched from the camp's bunker by SS guards and shot in a moat by SS man Podschwadek
  • Willi Dolgner (born April 11, 1894 in Berlin; died January 11, 1934), communist, arrested and beaten to death in custody after torture
  • Max Dollwetzel (born 1883; died September 28, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), locksmith, communist, slain in his cell
  • Fritz Dressel (born June 1, 1896; died May 7, 1933 in Dachau concentration camp), KPD functionary, murdered in the Dachau bunker
  • Ernst Eckstein (politician) (born February 21, 1897; died May 8, 1933, Breslau-Dürrgoy concentration camp ), communist, deported to the Breslau-Dürrgoy concentration camp, died as a member of a work detachment due to lack of security while hauling tree trunks
  • Otto Eggerstedt (born August 27, 1886; died October 12, 1933 in the Esterwegen concentration camp ), SPD member of the Reichstag, shot by SS squad leaders Eisenhut and Groten during a work detachment
  • Otto Eschenbach (died 1933 in Sonneburg concentration camp), prisoner from Frankfurt an der Oder, was killed in Sonneburg concentration camp.
  • Alwin Franz August Esser (born 1911/1912; died November 10, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), member of the Communist Youth Association
  • Felix Fechenbach (born January 28, 1894; died August 7, 1933), Social Democrat, former secretary of the Bavarian Soviet Republic, shot by SS men on the way from Detmold prison to Dachau concentration camp
  • Hugo Feddersen (died July 22, 1933), worker, communist functionary, arrested on March 26, 1933 and deported to a concentration camp. Slain there in his cell
  • Wilhelm Franz (born June 1909; died October 17, 1933 in the Dachau concentration camp), KPD functionary, hung up by SS guards in the bunker of the Dachau concentration camp
  • Eugen Fritsch (born July 21, 1884 in Mülsen-St. Niklas near Glauchau; died September 11, 1933 in the Hohnstein concentration camp), SPD politician, resistance fighter
  • Joseph Götz (born November 15, 1895; died May 9, 1933 in Dachau concentration camp), KPD functionary, member of the state parliament, shot by SS guards
  • Ernst Goldmann (died April 12, 1933 at Dachau concentration camp), shot in a wood near Dachau
  • Fritz Gumpert (died April 15/16, 1933 in the Königstein-Halbestadt concentration camp), worker from Heidenau, died of abuse, according to the death certificate of gastric and intestinal bleeding
  • Paul Guse (born August 21, 1894 in Neukirchen; died October 20, 1933 in Neusustrum concentration camp), police officer, member of the Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold and the SPD, arrested on May 29, 1933 for subversive attitudes, by SS Relatives shot when he tried to help the Jewish prisoner Isaak Baruch when he was mistreated on his way back from the moor to the Neusustrum concentration camp.
  • Erich Haasch (died 1933 in Meissnershof concentration camp)
  • Mendel Haber (died late April / early May 1933): businessman from Dortmund, Jew. Arrested by the SA at the end of April 1933. Found dead in the Dortmund-Ems Canal in the Castrop-Rauxeler urban area in early May 1933
  • Karl Hacker (born 1903; died November 23, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), worker, communist, functionary of the Barmbeck weight training club
  • Hermann Hagendorf (born February 18, 1900 in Coswig; died June 20, 1933 in Oranienburg concentration camp), worker, communist, head of the local Red Front Fighters Association, beaten to death by guards (officially a kidney infection was given as the cause of death)
  • Amandus Hartung (born 1901; died September 17, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), communist
  • Leonhard Hausmann (died May 12, 1933 at Dachau concentration camp), communist, shot by SS man Ehmann
  • Friedrich Heinrich (born 1911/1912; died October 2, 1933 in Lichtenburg concentration camp), beaten to death by arrested SS men
  • Otto Christoph Heitmann (born October 6, 1908; died October 20, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), seaman from Hamburg, head of the ISH Maritime Cell, newsman for the Polish Navy
  • August Hennig (died January 4, 1934 in Neuustrum concentration camp), KPD functionary, sent to carry wood and "shot while trying to escape"
  • Martin Hering (born September 20, 1879 in Struppen; died November 22, 1933 in the Hohnstein concentration camp), communist, deported to the concentration camp, abused and died of injuries
  • Hesse (died September 15/16, 1933 in Dachau concentration camp), shot while collecting wood
  • Werner Hesse (* 1912 in Zeulenroda; September 26, 1933 in the Esterwegen III concentration camp), hairdresser, mistreated and shot after a successful attempt to escape from the concentration camp and recapture in the Esterwegen III concentration camp
  • Christian Heuck (born March 18, 1892; died February 23, 1934 in Neumünster), KPD politician and member of the Reichstag, killed by SS men in his cell in the Neumünster prison
  • Erich Honstein (born February 23, 1904 in Eisenach; † July 1, 1934 in Halle (Saale)), KPD functionary, arrested on June 24, 1934, then severely tortured and died of his injuries on July 1.
  • Martin Hoop (born April 14, 1892 in Lägerdorf, Steinburg district; died May 11, 1933 in the Zwickau-Osterstein concentration camp), communist, subdistrict secretary of the KPD, arrested on May 2, 1933, deported to Osterstein Castle concentration camp, where guards mistreated him and killed while in custody (likely in his cell) or died as a result of abuse
  • Heinrich Hundskopf (born 1868; died June 14, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp)
  • Herbert Hunglinger (born 1880; died April 26, 1933 in Dachau concentration camp), retired police major. D., NSDAP member since 1920, after the NSDAP got its hands on the files of the Munich police department in 1933, it is said to have turned out that he informed the political police about internal party matters, then deported to Dachau and there forced to stay in the Dachau bunker to hang
  • Otto Hurraß (born April 21, 1902; died February 23, 1934 in Lichtenburg concentration camp), worker, slain by SS men
  • Albert Janka (born May 10, 1907; died April 13, 1933), German communist
  • Arthur Kahn (died April 12, 1933 at the Dachau concentration camp), shot in a wood near Dachau
  • Erwin Kahn (died April 16, 1933 in Munich), a businessman from Munich or Nuremberg, a Jew, shot down by SS men together with three other prisoners on April 12, 1933 in a wood near Dachau, seriously injured, brought to the hospital and arrested there died of his injuries
  • Michael Kazmierczak (born November 20, 1933 in Berlin), communist, active in the underground KPD as head of the courier apparatus, arrested on November 18, 1933, deported to the Columbiahaus concentration camp in Berlin, where he was severely mistreated (the body was missing its nose ; one eye was knocked out, the left ear was half torn off; it had a cut in the face and stitches on the head; the left arm was broken three times, the fingertips were stabbed), it was officially declared that he had committed suicide by hanging buried in the Berlin-Marzahn cemetery
  • Karl Karcz (born November 15, 1881 in Czersk, West Prussia; died April 10, 1933 in Harburg), metal worker, after a torchlight procession of the SA in Harburg on the night of February 6 to 7, 1933 by Hugo members of the SA Bornemann, Bernhard Rohrbeck and Edwin Hoffmockel were shot down by storm Niehaus des Sturmbanns II / 9 in front of the Gasthaus Stadt Hannover, as was Martin Leuschel; after he was hospitalized with serious injuries, he died of them in April
  • Delwin Katz (born August 3, 1887; died October 17, 1933 in the Dachau concentration camp), doctor from Nuremberg, hung up by SS guards in the bunker of the Dachau concentration camp
  • Walter E. Klausch (born May 8, 1907; died June 16, 1933 in Oranienburg concentration camp), construction technician from Potsdam, communist, hanged from his suspenders
  • Fritz Klein (born 1901; died June 24, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), communist
  • Alfred Kleindienst (born 1913/1914; died October 27, 1933 in the Esterwegen concentration camp), prisoner, sent to carry wood and "shot on the run" with a shot in the head and stomach
  • Simon Koje (born December 3, 1896 in Rowna; died October 10, 1933 in the Neusustrum concentration camp), Russian, "shot while trying to escape" by the camp guard
  • Dalmatius Konietzny (born 1886; died April 21, 1933), communist from Lugau, allegedly involved in the killing of an SA man in 1932, slain by SA men while in custody in Oelsnitz concentration camp and officially committed suicide by hanging in declared in his cell.
  • Vladimir Kotkow (d. July 30, 1933), Russian revolutionary, "shot while trying to escape" during a transport from Hammerstein to Sonnenburg
  • Maximilian Kubitzek (born 1898; died October 3, 1933 in the Brandenburg concentration camp ), worker, KPD functionary in the Friedrichshain district of Berlin, died after severe abuse
  • Michael Kukurudza (died May 30, 1933 in Börnicke ), Polish citizen, mistreated and died as a result
  • Simon Laibowitsch (died September 9, 1933 Heuberg concentration camp), Jew from Eberbach, beaten to death by guards
  • Karl Lehrburger (born 1904; died May 25, 1933 in the Dachau concentration camp), Jew, shot by SS squad leader Johannes Steinbrenner in the bunker of the Dachau concentration camp
  • Karl Lesch (born 1896; died November 30, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), seaman, communist, port workers association functionary, beaten to death
  • Martin Leuschel (born 1904/1905; died February 4 or 7, 1933 in Harburg near Hamburg), metal worker, fatally injured by SA man Bornemann, when he met a group of people in front of Georg's inn after a meeting of the metal workers' association Reus ("City of Hanover") shot at the Großer Schlippsee, where Leuschel died immediately and Karl Kracz was seriously injured; According to other sources, he was shot in the stomach during an argument with SA men after a torchlight procession at the place mentioned, where he died after a few hours in the hospital
  • Hermann Liebmann (died May 19-20, 1934 in the Hohnstein concentration camp ), former Saxon interior minister, died as a result of abuse
  • Friedrich Lux (born September 28, 1892 in Imten, Wehlau district, East Prussia; died November 6, 1933 in Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), dock worker, communist, member of the KPD Central Committee, employee of Hans Kippenberger , tried the illegal KPD after the Reichstag fire -Organization in Hamburg, arrested by the Gestapo in July 1933 and sent to the Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp as a protective prisoner, where he died of abuse
  • Ludwig Marum (born November 5, 1882; died March 29, 1934 in Kistau concentration camp), SPD politician and member of the Reichstag, strangled in the concentration camp by the deputy camp manager Karl Sauer, Karl Heupel and Eugen Müller (driver and caretaker of Gauleiter Robert Wagner)
  • Arthur May (born 1902; died June 22/23, 1933), editor of the Aachener Arbeiterzeitung , member of the KPD, as a leading communist hates the National Socialists ("Hetzer, Aufwiegler, Volksverführer"), in June 1933 during a police raid in on Mauerstrasse in Aachen after the political police had been looking for him for four months, handed over to an auxiliary police command of SS members by the police after a few days, on the transport to the Jülich citadel near Bourheim by several Shots in the back killed (the medical inspection suggested shots in the neck at close range), officially "shot while trying to escape"
  • Karl Menzel (born 1897; died December 11, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), communist
    Stumbling block for Hans August Neick in Erichstr. in St. Pauli
  • Sebastian Nefzger (born January 19, 1900 in Munich; died May 26, 1933 in Dachau concentration camp), merchant, Jew, abused in the Dachau bunker and murdered by strangulation (officially declared as a suicide by opening the wrists)
  • Hans August Neick (born 1903; died September 17, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), communist
  • Max Niedermeyer (born November 22, 1898; died April 3, 1933 in the Osterstein concentration camp) worker, trade unionist, chairman of the KPD local group Johanngeorgenstadt; killed in the Osterstein concentration camp.
  • Ludwig Pappenheim (born March 17, 1887; died January 4, 1934 in the Neusustrum concentration camp ), social democrat, editor, sent to carry wood and "shot while trying to escape"
  • Oskar Konrad Pflaumer (born 1904; died August 17, 1933), communist, mechanic, arrested by SA men on August 16, 1933 in Nuremberg and taken to the main police station; Transferred to an SA bar during the night for a confrontation with other communists, where he was severely mistreated and died in the early hours of the morning after being returned to the police station
  • Gertrud Piter (died September 21/22, 1933 in Brandenburg), communist, mistreated by guards and hung up in her cell
  • Paul Prüfert (d. July 30, 1933), communist, "shot while trying to escape" during a transport from Hammerstein to Sonnenburg
  • Ernst Putz (born January 20, 1896; died September 12, 1933 in Berlin-Moabit), KPD politician and member of the Reichstag, murdered in Moabit prison
  • Fritz Rau (born May 12, 1904 in Stuttgart; died December 20, 1933 in Berlin-Moabit), KPD functionary, editor-in-chief of the district organ of the KPD class struggle in Halle (Saale) , during an interrogation in his prison cell in Berlin-Moabit slay.
  • Ernst Richer (born 1879/1880; died April 28, 1934 in the Lichtenburg concentration camp), bricklayer from Hintersinn near Prettin, arrested by SS men for greeting prisoners with the red front salute, taken to the guard room, abused there and sent to the Injuries died
  • Karl Gustav Wilhelm Ritter (born October 30, 1877 in Frankfurt an der Oder, died August 11, 1933 in Sonnenburg concentration camp), wheelwright from Frankfurt (Oder), arrested on May 2, 1933 and taken to Sonnenburg concentration camp in August 1933, where he died on August 11, 1933 after being severely mistreated by the guards; officially death was reported as suicide
  • Max Sailer (born June 11, 1912 in Bamberg; died September 1933 in Dachau concentration camp), toolmaker
  • Paul Schabe (died July 30, 1933) communist, "shot while trying to escape" during a transport from Hammerstein to Sonnenburg
  • Friedrich Schaffner (died November 16, 1933 in Dachau concentration camp)
  • Louis Schloss (died May 16, 1933 in Dachau concentration camp), Jew, merchant, murdered in the Dachau bunker
  • Siegfried Schmitz (died September 1933)
  • Franz Schneider (communist) (* 1894; died April 22, 1933 in the Kleve prison), communist, killed by SA men in the Kleve prison and officially declared as a suicide.
  • Karl Schulz (politician, 1884) (born June 7, 1884; died June 30, 1933 State Police Hospital, Berlin), blacksmith, KPD functionary and former member of the Prussian state parliament, arrested on February 28, 1933, in Moabit prison badly mistreated, transferred to the police state hospital on June 16, 1933, where he died as a result of his mistreatment.
  • Walter Schulz (born May 31, 1883; died March 16, 1933 in Wittstock), communist, city councilor, consultant and assessor in the labor court, abducted to Wittstock local court prison on March 16, 1933 and killed there shortly after his admission
  • Max Sens (born November 27, 1902; died June 28, 1933 in Oranienburg concentration camp), machine fitter from Zerbst, communist, beaten to death by guards
  • Fritz Solmitz (born October 22, 1893; died September 19, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), social democratic journalist and politician (member of the Hamburg citizenship), Jew, found hanged in his cell in the Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp after severe abuse (uncertain whether Suicide or killing by guards)
  • Franz Stenzer (born June 9, 1900; died August 22, 1933 in Dachau), communist and member of the Reichstag, shot by SS man Dürnagel in the Dachau concentration camp
  • Karl Stetter (died October 1933 Heuberg concentration camp), Reichsbannerführer from the Rheingau, died of pneumonia due to a lack of medical care
  • Martin Stiebel (born 1899; died April 9, 1934 in Dachau concentration camp), Jew, communist, hung up by SS guards in the bunker of the Dachau concentration camp
  • Alfred Strauss (born August 30, 1902; died May 24, 1933 in Dachau concentration camp), lawyer, shot dead by an SS guard in Dachau concentration camp
  • Johann Templin (born 1897; died September 17, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), communist
  • Rudolf Timm (* 1901 near Kaltenkirchen; † January 23/24, 1934 in the Neumünster Police Prison), communist functionary, killed by hanging in his cell by members of the SS in the Neumünster Police Prison (disguised as a suicide)
  • Erich Tornseifer (born June 20, 1908 in Berlin; died November 26, 1933 in Berlin) mechanical engineer (machinist), communist, political leader of the KPD in Berlin-Moabit, deported to the Columbia-Haus concentration camp, where he was mistreated with a cane and riding crop, Admitted to the police state hospital on November 24, 1933, died of his injuries.
  • John Wilhelm Ernst Trettin (born 1892; died November 6, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), from Hamburg (?), Communist, slain
  • Hellmut Türk (born October 21, 1908 in Lübbenau; died April 22, 1933 in Hohnstein concentration camp), communist,
  • Karl Umland (born 1898; died May 17, 1934 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), communist
  • Richard Ungermann (born July 9, 1908; died May 16, 1933 in Meisnerhof concentration camp ), steel worker (furnace worker in the Hennigsdorf steelworks) from Velten, communist, arrested on May 14, 1933, taken to Meisnerhof and shot there two days later. His body was sewn into a sack and sunk near Hennigsdorf in the Havel
  • Karl Vesper (born May 17, 1883; died November 27, 1933 in Columbia-Haus concentration camp ), mechanic, communist, severely disabled, chairman of the KPD-affiliated International Association of War Victims in Berlin-Lichtenberg, on November 8, 1933 from SA members arrested, taken to the Columbia-Haus concentration camp and killed there by SS members
  • Ewald Vogt (born August 21, 1905 in Berlin; died August 21, 1933 in the Columbia Haus concentration camp), machine fitter, former works council at the Hennigsdorf rolling mill, KPD member, brought to the Columbia Haus concentration camp on August 20, 1933, there Killed by members of the guards, officially "cardiac muscle relaxation" was given as the cause of death
  • Ernst Walter (born July 18, 1893 in Dedelow near Prenzlau; died May 13, 1933 in the Meissnershof concentration camp), worker from Döberitz, independent, sent to carry wood and "shot while trying to escape"
  • Wilhelm Wieden (born November 21, 1911 in Castle Burg an der Wupper near Wermelskirchen; died October 19, 1933 at the Neusustrum concentration camp), shot while fleeing from Kemma shortly before Neusustrum
  • Wilhelm (died May 19, 1933 in Dachau concentration camp), Reichsbanner functionary, died as a result of abuse
  • Kurt Willkomm (born August 28, 1905 in Hirschberg / Riesengebirge; died November 16, 1933 in Hanover), young teacher and bank clerk, communist functionary, member of the KPD district leadership in Hanover, arrested on November 5, 1933 and shortly afterwards in the Gestapo - Imprisonment died as a result of ill-treatment in custody
  • Emil Winkler (born May 17, 1882 in Peilau; died September 17, 1933), Social Democratic chief police officer, died as a result of the injuries sustained in the Columbia House and in the Oranienburg concentration camp
  • Friedrich Wüllenweber (born 1904; died December 15, 1933 in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp), communist

Victims of judicial murders

  • Josef Büchler (died August 5, 1933 in Butzbach), Steinhauer, sentenced to death for breach of the peace and manslaughter on February 25, 1933 in Lindenfels for a clash between SA members and supporters of the Iron Front and executed in Butzbach on August 5, 1933
  • Josef Engel (born 1905; died November 30, 1933 in Cologne), window cleaner, communist, member of the Red Front Fighters League, on July 22, 1933 because of his alleged involvement in the February 24, 1933 murder of the SA men Winand Winterberg and Walter Spangenberg sentenced to death by the Cologne jury court and executed with a hand ax in Klingelpütz prison
  • Johannes Fick (born 1903; died March 8, 1934 in the courtyard of the Lübeck Castle Monastery), coachman, member of the Reichsbanner, was involved in a dispute on July 31, 1932 (Reichstag election) in which the SA man Willi Meinen was killed, after Fick and Karl Kaehding chased him and stabbed him several times, arrested on July 30, 1933, sentenced to death by the Lübeck court on September 16, 1933 for collective murder, executed with the guillotine in March 1934
  • Kurt Gerber (born 1909/1910; died November 28, 1933 in Breslau), painter, member of the Reichsbanner, sentenced to death by the Breslau Special Court in an unusual case of rapid justice on October 31, after serving the SA on October 25, 1933 Man had fatally wounded the doctor with a knife, then beheaded without appeal in November
  • Hermann Hamacher (born 1911; died November 30, 1933 in Cologne), worker, communist, executed with an ax for alleged involvement in the murder of SA men in the Klingelpütz prison
  • Heinrich Horsch (born 1908; died November 30, 1933 in Cologne), worker, communist, on July 22, 1933 for allegedly participating in the murder of the SA men Winand Winterberg and Walter Spangenberg vom Kölner on February 24, 1933 The jury sentenced to death and executed with a hand ax in Klingelpütz prison
  • Richard Hüttig (born March 18, 1908; died June 14, 1934 in Berlin-Plötzensee). anti-fascist resistance fighter, beheaded with a hand ax in the open air
  • Peter Huppertz (d. March 27, 1934 in Düsseldorf), worker, executed with a hand ax in the Ulmer Höh prison for alleged involvement in the murder of SS-Scharführer Kurt Hilmer in 1932
  • Gustav Lange (d. March 20, 1934 in Königsberg), sentenced to death by the Königsberg jury court and executed for the alleged murder of an SA man
  • August Lütgens (born December 16, 1897 in Lübeck; died August 1, 1933 in Altona), communist, executed by beheading
  • Marinus van der Lubbe (died January 1934 in Leipzig), accused of being a Reichstag arsonist, executed by beheading in Leipzig
  • Otto Lukat (born April 28, 1904 in Jodringkehnen; died March 27, 1934 in Düsseldorf), bricklayer, communist, because of the alleged involvement in the murder of SS-Scharführer Kurt Hilmer in 1932 in the Ulmer Höh prison with a hand ax executed
  • Walter Möller (born January 28, 1905; died August 1, 1933 in Altona), communist, executed by beheading
  • Matthias Josef Moritz (born 1913; died March 27, 1934 in Düsseldorf), worker, communist, executed with a hand ax in the Ulmer Höh prison for alleged involvement in the murder of SA-Scharführer Hilmer in 1932
  • Emil Schmidt (born 1884; died March 27, 1934 in Düsseldorf), worker, communist, city councilor in Düsseldorf, executed with a hand ax in the Ulmer Höh prison for alleged involvement in the murder of SS squad leader Kurt Hilmer in 1932
  • Walter Siedelmann (died March 20, 1934 in Königsberg), sentenced to death by the Königsberg jury court and executed for the alleged murder of an SA man
  • Bruno Tesch (born April 22, 1913 in Kiel; died August 1, 1933 in Altona), communist, executed by beheading
  • Otto Wäser (born 1912; died November 30, 1933 in Cologne), worker, communist, executed with an ax for alleged involvement in the murder of SA men in the Klingelpütz prison
  • Bernhard Willms (born 1908; died November 30, 1933 in Cologne), worker, communist, executed by ax for alleged involvement in the murder of SA men in Klingelpütz prison
  • Karl Wolff (born September 17, 1911; died August 1, 1933 in Altona), communist, executed by beheading

People who went missing in concentration camps after being abducted

People who took their own lives due to the political situation

  • Erich Baron (born July 20, 1881 in Berlin; died April 26, 1933 there) lawyer, journalist, communist functionary. Baron had been the domestic editor in the KPD's press office since 1921 and, since 1924, general secretary of the Society of Friends of the New Russia, publisher of the magazine Das neue Russland, and Jewish descent. Baron was arrested on the night of February 27-28, 1933. He was found hanged on April 26, 1933 in his cell in the prison on Lehrter Strasse
  • Walter Beyer (died April 13, 1933 in Krefeld), alderman in Krefeld, opposed his resignation, was then harassed and committed suicide as a result
  • Karl Kaehding (born 1906; died September 18, 1933 in Lübeck), Reichsbanner member, was involved in a dispute on July 31, 1932 (Reichstag election) in which the SA man Willi Meinen was killed after Kaehding and Willi Fick persecuted him and stabbed him several times, arrested on July 30, 1933, arrested on July 30, 1933, sentenced to death by the Lübeck court on September 16, 1933 for collective murder, allegedly committed suicide shortly after the sentence was pronounced in Lübeck remand prison .
  • Nelly Neppach , b. Bamberger (born September 16, 1898 in Frankfurt am Main; died May 7, 1933 in Berlin), tennis player, Jewish, excluded from tournaments in her sport due to her descent, poisoned herself on the night of May 7th, 1933 in her Berlin apartment with Veronal, because she could not bear the loss of the center of her life.
  • Paul Nikolaus , bourgeois Paul Nikolaus Steiner, (born March 30, 1894 in Mannheim; died March 31, 1933 in Zurich) playwright, cabaret artist and conférencier, fled into exile in Switzerland, where he committed suicide
  • Ernst Oberfohren (born March 15, 1881 in Dümpten; died May 7, 1933 in Kiel), DNVP member of the Reichstag, found shot dead in his apartment in Kiel, allegedly died by suicide, e. T. is assumed that he was forced to commit suicide.
  • Friedrich Odenkirchen (also Fritz Odenkirchen) (born June 9, 1888 in Elberfeld; April 1933 in Düsseldorf), city councilor and alderman in Düsseldorf, taken into protective custody on allegations of corruption, mistreated, found hanged in a room in Düsseldorf city hall; unsure whether suicide or killed by the SA
  • Spangenberg (died May 5, 1933 in Prenzlau), communist, arrested on suspicion of an explosives attack, allegedly took his own life by hanging in his cell in the Prenzlau district court prison.
  • Heinrich Zieger (born February 24, 1900 in Eisenbach; died December 28, 1933 in Eisenach), worker, communist, head of organization of the KPD in the Eisenach sub-district, member of the Eisenach city council (deputy parliamentary group chairman), arrested again on October 26, 1933, mistreated, killed himself in the Eisenach district prison

National Socialists who were killed by political opponents

  • Paul Berg (died February 12, 1933 in Eisleben), SA man, after a demonstration by the SA and SS, which led to an attack on a KPD bookstore and gymnasium, when the SA entered the building through chest and Headshot killed.
  • Vogel (died May 5, 1933 in Wuppertal), SA man, gunned down by unknown perpetrators on May 5, 1933 in Wuppertal-Wülfrath and died of his injuries.

documentation

The corpses of numerous people who were violently killed during the National Socialist terror of 1933/1934 in Berlin and the surrounding area of ​​Berlin were brought to the morgue on Hannover'schen Strasse. The dates of these dead were recorded in the so-called "ledger" of the morgue, which recorded the deaths brought into the morgue. On this basis, historians such as Kurt Schilde have reconstructed the personal details and place and dates of death of a number of victims of the terror of these years, which otherwise have not been handed down or have only been handed down in a distorted way. Today the main books are kept in the university archive of the Humboldt University in Berlin.

For example, the following are recorded in the main ledger for 1933: Gustav Segebrecht (serial no. 380), Hermine Bix (serial no. 411), Siegbert Kindermann (serial no. 480), Alexis Hallervorden (serial no. 554), Schyze beginning (serial no.1620).

literature

Contemporary writings :

  • Brown book about the Reichstag fire and Hitler terror . Facsimile reprint of the original edition from 1933 , Frankfurt a. M. 1978. (also known as "Braunbuch I")
    • contains: "« Murder List »of the« Third Reich »", in: ibid., pp. 332–354. (List of 250 actual or alleged murder cases)
  • Brown Book II. Dimitrov versus GÖRING: Revelations about the real arsonists , Paris 1934.
  • Germany on the swastika. Documents of Huns fascism , Prague 1933.
    • contains: "List of seven hundred and forty-seven documented murders of the defenseless in Hitler-Germany", in: ibid., pp. 405–461. (List of actual and alleged murder cases between January 1933 and March 1934)
  • The German people accuse. Hitler's war against the peace fighters in Germany. A book of facts , Paris 1936 (published anonymously by Maximilian Scheer ; new edition from 2012, edited by Katharina Schlieper)
  • The yellow spot. The extermination of 500,000 German Jews. With a foreword by Lion Feuchtwanger , Paris 1936.

Secondary literature:

  • Joachim Fest : The Face of the Third Reich. Profiles of a totalitarian rule . Munich, Piper 1963, ISBN 3-492-21842-3 .
  • Lothar Gruchmann : Justice in the Third Reich . 1998.
  • Kurt Schilde : Victims of the Nazi terror in Berlin in 1933. Biographical sketches , in: Christoph Kopke / Werner Treß (Hrsg.): The day of Potsdam. March 21, 1933 and the establishment of the National Socialist dictatorship , Berlin 2013, pp. 178–211.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl Dietrich Bracher: The National Socialist Seizure of Power , 1960 (reprint 2013), p. 871.
  2. ↑ Joachim Fest : The face of the Third Reich. Profiles of a totalitarian rule . 1963, p. 202.
  3. ↑ Ian Kershaw: Hitler 1889-1936 , Stuttgart 1998, p. 631.
  4. ↑ Dimitrov versus Goering. Braunbuch II , Paris 1934. (Reprint Cologne, Frankfurt / Main 1981).
  5. ^ Kurt Schilde: SA prison Papestrasse. Traces and certificates . 1996.
  6. ^ Andreas Eichmüller: No general amnesty. The prosecution of Nazi criminals in the early Federal Republic , Munich 2012, p. 402.
  7. ↑ Richard Assmann . Association of Antifascists Köpenick. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  8. ^ "Two executions during the arrest", in: Vossische Zeitung of April 5, 1933 ; Karl Heinz Jahnke: Young communists in the resistance fight against Hitler fascism . 1977, p. 24.
  9. ^ Heinz Ludwig Arnold: German Literature in Exile, 1933-1945. Documents . 1974, p. 45.
  10. ^ The Brown Book of the Hitler Terror an the Burning of the Reichstag , 1933. Balschukat was born on March 18, 193 in Berlin.
  11. ↑ Dortmund under the swastika, p. 20f. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Westfälische Rundschau of February 14, 1983. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nrw.vvn-bda.de
  12. ↑ Śląski kwartalnik historyczny Sobótka . Vol. 1956. Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Miłośników Historii, p. 384.
  13. ^ Wilhelm Matull: Ostdeutsche Arbeiterbewetzung , 1973, p. 131.
  14. ↑ a b Willibald Gutsche (Ed.): History of the City of Erfurt , 2nd, edited edition Weimar 1989, p. 433.
  15. ^ Resistance in Berlin against the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945. Ein Biographisches Lexikon , Vol. 1 (letters A and B, Abegg-Byl), 2004, p. 114.
  16. ↑ stolpersteine-gelsenkirchen.de .
  17. ^ Hans-Rainer Sandvoss: Resistance in Neukölln , Berlin 1990, p. 44 .; Another two dead in Berlin. new victims of the political incidents, in: Vossische Zeitung of February 4, 1933
  18. ↑ a b Persecuted Doctors under National Socialism: Documentation on the exhibition on the SA prison General-Pape-Strasse . Robert Koch Institute, 1999, p. 25.
  19. ^ A b Rudolf Tappe: Tatort Duisburg 1933–1945 . 1993, p. 85.
  20. ↑ Kurt Schilde: "Victims of Nazi Terror 1933 in Berlin", in: Christoph Kopke / Werner Treß (eds.): The day of Potsdam. March 21, 1933 and the establishment of the National Socialist dictatorship , Berlin 2013, p. 209.
  21. ↑ Bastian Fleermann: "... follow up until it is destroyed". Wave of arrests and violence against political opponents in Düsseldorf in spring 1933 . In: Rhein-Maas. Studies on history, language and culture , Vol. 1 (2010), pp. 167–198
  22. ↑ Carina Baganz: Education for the Volksgemeinschaft , 2005, p. 80. Böge was born on April 6, 1892.
  23. ↑ leaflet on the assassination Walter Böge
  24. ↑ Memorial book of the Nazi victims Elberfeld .
  25. ^ Heinz Neugebauer: Proletarisch-Revolutionäire Literatur 1918 to 1933. Ein Abriss , p. 321; State Center for Political Education Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: From self-assertion to resistance. Mecklenburg and Pomerania against National Socialism 1933 to 1945 , 2004, p. 117.
  26. ↑ Street names in Karl-Marx-Stadt . Karl-Marx-Stadt Information, 1989, p. 26.
  27. ↑ Horst H. Müller: Memorials and memorials of the workers' movement in the Erfurt district , Erfurt 1964, p. 27.
  28. ↑ Wolfgang Benz (Ed.): The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps , Munich 2005, p. 41.
  29. ↑ Ulrike Puvogel / Martin Stankowski: Memorials for the Victims of National Socialism: A Documentation. Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Thuringia , 1999, p. 550.
  30. ^ Edith Raim: Justice between dictatorship and democracy. Reconstruction and prosecution of Nazi crimes in West Germany 1945-1949 , Munich 2013, p. 739.
  31. ↑ Kurt Schnöring: Auschwitz began in Wuppertal: Jewish fate under the swastika , 1981, p. 60.
  32. ↑ Memorial book for the Nazi victims from Wuppertal
  33. ↑ Entry on Dornemann's wife Luise Dornemann at the foundation for coming to terms with the SED dictatorship .
  34. ↑ Wolfgang Benz (Ed.): The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps , Munich 2005, p. 41.
  35. ^ Doctors persecuted under National Socialism: Documentation on the exhibition on the SA prison General-Pape-Straße . Robert Koch Institute, 1999, p. 57; Kurt Schilde / Rolf Scholz / Sylvia Walleczek: SA prison Papestrasse. Traces and Testimonials , 1996, p. 101.
  36. ↑ Cornelia Schmitz-Berning: Vocabulary of National Socialism , p. 233.
  37. ↑ Lorenz Pfeiffer / Henry Wahlig: Jews in Sport during National Socialism. A historical handbook for Lower Saxony and Bremen , Göttingen 2012, p. 92.
  38. ^ Georg Eppenstein . Association of Antifascists Köpenick. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  39. ^ Siemens: "The SA man on the track", p. 158f.
  40. ^ A b Karl Heinz Jahnke: Youth in Resistance , p. 213.
  41. ↑ Paul von Essen . Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime - Bund der Antifaschisten Köpenick. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  42. ↑ bda-koepenick.de
  43. ↑ Calendar photo brings back dark memories .
  44. ^ Wilhelm Ernst Winterhager: The Kreisau Circle . 1985, p. 46; Citing a report on a speech by Theodor Haubach at Fischer's funeral in the Illustrierte Republischen Zeitung on February 25, 1933.
  45. ↑ Adolf Diamant: Gestapo Chemnitz and the Gestapo branches in Plauen iV and Zwickau , 1999, p. 25.
  46. ↑ SA local "Demuth" bda-koepenick.de
  47. ↑ bda-koepenick.de
  48. ↑ Wuppertal Memorial Book
  49. ^ "Shot on the run", in: Vossische Zeitung of April 1, 1933 .
  50. ^ A b Karl Heinz Jahnke: Youth in Resistance , p. 215.
  51. ↑ a b c Hans-Norbert Burkert: "Grabbing power" Berlin 1933 . 1982, p. 113.
  52. ^ Alfred Oehl: Der Massenmord in Rieseberg 1933 , 1981, p. 31.
  53. ↑ Dietmar Scholz: On the life and fate of the Jews in Castrop 1699–1942 . 2010, p. 56. With reference to the city ​​gazette for Castrop-Rauxel and the surrounding area of May 4, 1933. See also Rote Erde of April 28, 1933; According to the Brown Book, he was identified by his wife several times in the head, knife wounds, etc.
  54. ↑ Richard Bauer: Munich, "Capital of the Movement": Bavaria's Metropolis and National Socialism . 1993, p. 236.
  55. ^ A b Adolf Diamant: Gestapo Chemnitz and the Gestapo branch in Plauen . 1999, p. 31.
  56. ^ Hotel Sächsischer Hof - SS torture cellar in Zittau
  57. ^ Zittau: Hitler's election hit ( Memento from March 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  58. ↑ Wolfgang Benz (Ed.): The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps , Munich 2005, p. 41.
  59. ^ Karl Heinz Jahnke: Youth in Resistance , p. 217.
  60. ↑ reichsbanner-hessen.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.reichsbanner-hessen.de  
  61. ^ Hugo Helbing . Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime - Bund der Antifaschisten Köpenick. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  62. ↑ a b Heavy collisions again. Two more dead in Eisleben , in: Vossische Zeitung from February 15, 1933 (evening edition).
  63. ↑ Wuppertal Memorial Book .
  64. ↑ Hans-Rainer Sandvoss: Resistance in Prenzlauer Berg and Weißensee , Berlin 2000, p. 111f.
  65. ↑ Dresdner People's Newspaper of February 3, 1933. ( digitized version )
  66. ↑ Rene Schickele: The blue notebooks. Edition and Commentary , 2002, p. 155 .; "Shot while trying to escape", in. Vossische Zeitung of April 5, 1933
  67. ^ Heinz Keller: Weinheim 1933-1945 - Time Sketches. In Otto Bräunche u. a .: The town of Weinheim between 1933 and 1945. Ed. Stadt Weinheim. Weinheim 2000, ISBN 3-923652-12-7 , p. 21. (Weinheimer Geschichtsblatt 38)
  68. ^ W. Michael Blumenthal: The Invisible Wall. Germans and Jews , p. 348. Kindermann, who was eighteen years old at the time of his death, is believed to be the first Jew to be murdered after the seizure of power.
  69. ↑ Richard John .
  70. ↑ Kurt Schilde: "Victims of Nazi Terror 1933 in Berlin", in: Christoph Kopke / Werner Treß (eds.): The day of Potsdam. March 21, 1933 and the establishment of Nazi rule , p. 199.
  71. ↑ Franziska Bruder: Memory must not die. Barbara Reimann, a biography from eight decades in Germany , 2000, p. 207.
  72. ^ Klaus Moritz: Justice and the persecution of Jews. Nazi crimes in court . 1978, p. 73.
  73. ↑ Detlev Peukert: The KPD in Resistance , 1980, p. 88.
  74. ↑ Kurt Schilde: "Victims of Nazi Terror 1933 in Berlin", in: Christoph Kopke / Werner Treß (eds.): The day of Potsdam. March 21, 1933 and the establishment of the Nazi regime, p. 199; Hans-Rainer Sandvoss: Resistance in Prenzlauer Berg and Weißensee , Berlin 2000, p. 112f.
  75. ↑ Another two dead in Berlin. New victims of political incidents, in: Vossische Zeitung of February 4, 1933 .
  76. ↑ Biography in the Kiezer weblog from Klausenerplatz ; Knut Bergbauer / Sabine Fröhlich: Monument figure. Biographical approach to Hans Litten, 1903-1938 , 2008, p. 243.
  77. ↑ Refugee Dies in Czech Hospital ; see. also Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation Dresden. Working group commemorative book: Book of memory. Jews in Dresden. Deported, murdered, missing 1933–1945 . 2006.
  78. ↑ Stumbling blocks for Frankfurt (Oder) and Slubice ( Memento of the original from September 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stolpersteine-ffo.de
  79. ↑ http://www.gedenkbuch-wuppertal.de/de/person/kraehkamp Memorial book for the Nazi victims from Wuppertal
  80. ↑ heimatmuseum-treptow.de ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.heimatmuseum-treptow.de
  81. ^ Karl Heinz Jahnke: Young Communists in the Resistance Struggle against Hitler Fascism , p. 24.11.
  82. ^ Eisenhüttenstadt and its surroundings (= values ​​of our homeland . Volume 45). 1st edition. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1986, p. 44.
  83. ↑ bda-koepenick.de
  84. ^ Doctors persecuted under National Socialism . Robert Koch Institute, 1999, p. 18.
  85. ↑ Beatrix Herlemann : We have stayed what we always were, Social Democrats , 2001, p. 74.
  86. ^ Gelsenkirchener Allgemeine Zeitung of March 23, 1933; as well as derwesten.de
  87. ↑ bda-koepenick.de
  88. ^ Social Democratic Party of Germany: Committed to Freedom: Commemorative Book of German Social Democracy in the 20th Century , 2000, p. 199.
  89. ^ Rudolf Tappe / Manfred Tietz: Tatort Duisburg 1933 - 1945 , 1989, p. 65.
  90. ^ Johann Lücke was shot by the Nazis in 1933 . Spurensuche-Bremen.de. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  91. ^ Gerda Zorn: Resistance in Hanover . 1977, p. 217.
  92. ↑ bda-koepenick.de
  93. ^ Leo Beck Institute - Year Book . 1970, p. 158.
  94. ↑ bda-koepenick.de
  95. ^ "Another death victim ...", in: Vossische Zeitung of February 12, 1933 .
  96. ↑ Hans-Rainer Sandvoss: Resistance in Spandau (= issue 3 of the series of publications on the resistance in Berlin from 1933 to 1945). German Resistance Memorial Center , Berlin 1988, p. 52 (with illustration)
  97. ↑ Erich-Meier-Strasse . In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
  98. ↑ Memorial book for the Nazi victims from Wuppertal .
  99. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Arendt: On the role of women in the history of the German people . 1984, p. 224.
  100. ↑ Hans Berkessel: "“ A ”National Socialist Revolution is a thorough matter" , (= The time of National Socialism in Rhineland-Palatinate Vol. 1), 2000, p. 70.
  101. ↑ Lothar Bembenek: Not all are dead who are buried. Resistance and persecution in Wiesbaden 1933-1945 , 1980, p. 29.
  102. ^ Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz: Publications from the archives of Preussischer Kulturbesitz , vol. 11, p. 95.
  103. ↑ The Situation of the Jews in Germany 1933. The Black Book - Facts and Documents. Paris 1934, reissued, Ullstein, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-550-07960-5 .
  104. ↑ shields. "Sacrifice", p. 283.
  105. ↑ Fritz Ott . Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime - Bund der Antifaschisten Köpenick. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  106. ↑ Wolfgang Benz / Barbara Distel / Angelika Königsede: The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps , Munich 2005, p. 50.
  107. ↑ Braunbuch, 1933, p. 338. The Braunbuch names him Pangeritz and cites a witness report as evidence of his murder; In the 1933 Berlin address book he appears as a carpenter with his residence at Schlegelstrasse 13. Pangritz, Herbert, carpenter . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1933, Part 1, p. 1967. “Schlegelstrasse 13” (no longer listed in 1934).
  108. ^ W. Michael Blumenthal: The Invisible Wall. Germans and Jews . 1999, p. 348.
  109. ↑ bda-koepenick.de
  110. ↑ Hans-Rainer Sandvoss: Resistance 1933-1945: Wedding, Berlin , 1983, p. 19.
  111. ^ "Shot on the run", in: Vossische Zeitung of April 1, 1933 .
  112. ↑ bda-koepenick.de
  113. ↑ Karl Poker . Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime - Bund der Antifaschisten Köpenick. Retrieved on May 9, 2011. Today reminds u. a. the Karl-Pokern-Straße in Friedrichshagen at poker.
  114. ↑ shields. "Sacrifice", p. 283.
  115. ↑ Duisburg Research , Vol. 16. Duisburg City Archives, p. 15.
  116. ↑ Manfred Weißbecker: Against fascism and the danger of war. A contribution to the history of the KPD in Thuringia , Erfurt 1967, p. 59.
  117. ^ "Communist bar attacked. Fatal shot on landlady" , in: Vossische Zeitung of February 6, 1933.
  118. ↑ bda-koepenick.de
  119. ↑ Erich Rohde in the Antifa Wiki
  120. ^ Alfred Oehl: Der Massenmord in Rieseberg 1933 , 1981, p. 90; Reinhard Bein: Zeitzeichen: Stadt und Land Braunschweig 1930-1945 , 2000, p. 69.
  121. ↑ a b Hartwig Behr: Vom Leben und Dieben, Juden in Creglingen , p. 145.
  122. ^ Lothar Bembenek: Resistance and persecution in Wiesbaden . 1990, p. 274.
  123. ↑ "Shot on the run", in: Vossische Zeitung of July 26, 1933.
  124. ↑ "Shot on the run", in: Vossische Zeitung of July 26, 1933.
  125. ^ Siemens: "The SA man on the track", p. 158f.
  126. ↑ Reinhard Jacobs: Terror under the swastika. Places of remembrance in Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt , 2000, p. 18.
  127. ↑ Wolfgang Benz (Ed.): The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps , Munich 2005, p. 41.
  128. ^ East German contributions from the Göttingen working group , Vol. 53.
  129. ↑ Willibald Gutsche (Ed.): History of the City of Erfurt , 2nd, edited edition Weimar 1989, p. 436.
  130. ↑ Hans-Rainer Sandvoss: Resistance in Friedrichshain and Lichtenberg , Berlin 1998, p. 101.
  131. ^ Rudolf Tappe: Tatort Duisburg 1933-1945 . 1993, p. 88. Today Johann-Schlösser-Straße in Duisburg and several monuments commemorate him.
  132. ^ "SA.-murderer daggers young workers Schulz", in: Rote Fahne from February 3, 1933 .
  133. ↑ a b Uwe Danke: Schleswig-Holstein and National Socialism , 2006, p. 103.
  134. ↑ Kurt Schilde: "Victims of Nazi Terror 1933 in Berlin", in: Christoph Kopke / Werner Treß (eds.): The day of Potsdam. March 21, 1933 and the establishment of the National Socialist dictatorship , Berlin 2013, p. 183; Archives of the HU Berlin: Forensic Medicine before 1945: General Ledger 1933 (serial number 380).
  135. ↑ http://www1.bpb.de/popup/popup_quellentext.html?guid=3ONNYP ( Memento from October 9, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
  136. ↑ Manfred Weißbecker: Against fascism and the danger of war. A contribution to the history of the KPD in Thuringia , Erfurt 1967, pp. 59, 66.
  137. ^ Rudolf Tappe / Manfred Tietz: Tatort Duisburg 1933-1945 , 1989, p. 61.
  138. ↑ Benedikt Weyerer: Munich 1933 - 1949: City tours on political history , 1996, p. 213.
  139. ↑ Wolfgang Benz / Barbara Distel / Angelika Königsede: The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps , Munich 2005, p. 50.
  140. ↑ bda-koepenick.de
  141. ↑ Paul Spitzer . Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime - Bund der Antifaschisten Köpenick. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  142. ^ Political bloody acts on Sunday, in: Vossische Zeitung of February 6, 1933 .
  143. ^ Entry on Strunk in the Wuppertal Memorial Book .
  144. ^ Rudolf Tappe / Manfred Tietz: Tatort Duisburg 1933 - 1945 , 1989, p. 62.
  145. ^ Rudolf Tappe / Manfred Tietz: Tatort Duisburg 1933 - 1945 , 1989, p. 66.
  146. ^ Alfred Oehl: Der Massenmord in Rieseberg 1933 , 1981, p. 31.
  147. ↑ Wolfgang Benz : Der Ort des Terrors , 2005, p. 58.
  148. ^ "Schreckensbilanz des Sonntag", in: Vossische Zeitung of February 13, 1933.
  149. ^ "Shot on the run", in: Vossische Zeitung of July 15, 1933
  150. ^ "Shot on the run", in: Vossische Zeitung of July 15, 1933 .
  151. ↑ Shot on the run in Vossische Zeitung on August 2, 1933 .
  152. ^ "KPD functionary shot", in: Vossische Zeitung of August 6, 1933 .
  153. ^ W. Michael Blumenthal: The Invisible Wall. Germans and Jews , p. 348.
  154. ^ Karl Heinz Jahnke: Youth in Resistance, 1933–1945 . 1985, p. 234.
  155. ↑ Franz Wätzow . Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime - Bund der Antifaschisten Köpenick. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  156. ^ Friedrich Salzburg: My life in Dresden before and after January 30, 1933 , 2001, p. 37.
  157. ↑ Hans Berkessel: National Socialist Rule, Persecution and Resistance: Documentation of the series of events "Mainz in the time of National Socialism" , 2004, p. 10.
  158. ^ Rudolf Tappe / Manfred Tietz: Tatort Duisburg 1933 - 1945 , 1989, p. 64; "Clashes, house searches, bans. Another fatality in the political struggle", in. Vossische Zeitung of April 2, 1933
  159. ^ Karl Heinz Jahnke: Youth in Resistance , p. 235.
  160. ↑ Franz Wilczoch . Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime - Bund der Antifaschisten Köpenick. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  161. ^ Alfred Oehl: Der Massenmord in Rieseberg 1933 , 1981, p. 91.
  162. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Klaus Drobisch , Günther Wieland : System of the Nazi concentration camps, 1933–1939 . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1993, ISBN 978-3-05-000823-3 , p. 129.
  163. ^ Daniel Siemens: The Making of a Nazi Hero: The Murder and Myth of Horst Wessel , pp. 187f. Cohn was discovered by a mushroom picker about 25 meters from the Corsse-Grünberg road on the afternoon of May 7th. After an autopsy, she was buried in the Jewish cemetery on May 10th. Proceedings initiated because of the crime were later put down on the instructions of Hermann Göring. On August 19, the Attorney General's Office ordered the police and registration authorities to remove all entries relating to Cohn from their lists.
  164. ↑ Green angle. Manor, community, district . Bürgererverein Grünwinkel, 2009, p. 300 and 384 (with facsimile of the obituary). Today August Dosenbach Strasse in Karlsruhe commemorates him.
  165. ↑ Murderer of an SS man. Communist shot while trying to escape . In: Night edition , July 13, 1933.
  166. ^ A b Kurt Schnöring: Auschwitz began in Wuppertal . 1981, p. 60.
  167. ^ Rudolf Tappe: Tatort Duisburg 1933-1945 . 1993, p. 116.
  168. ^ Karl Gutzmer: Chronicle of the city of Bonn . 1988, p. 162.
  169. ↑ Communist murderer hangs himself . In: Night edition , July 17, 1933.
  170. ^ "Murderer of an SA leader shot while trying to escape", in: Berliner Illustrierte night edition of April 19, 1933.
  171. ^ "Two executions during the arrest", in: Vossische Zeitung of April 5, 1933 ; Ulrike Puvogel: Memorial for the victims of National Socialism . 1995, p. 507.
  172. ↑ Ronald M. Smelser / Enrico Syring: The SS. Elite under the skull. 30 CVs , 2000, p. 31.
  173. ↑ http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/index.php?id=dfg-viewer&set%5Bimage%5D=6&set%5Bzoom%5D=default&set%5Bdebug%5D=0&set%5Bdouble%5D=0&set%5Bmets%5D = http% 3A% 2F% 2Fcontent.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de% 2Fzefys% 2FSNP27112366-19330503-0-0-0-0.xml "The corpse find in Gutsforst Sternbeck", in: Vossische Zeitung of May 3, 1933 (morning edition) .
  174. ↑ Michaelis (editor): Causes and Consequences , Vol. 9, p. 346f.
  175. ^ Stanislav Zamecnik: That was Dachau , 2007, p. 46.
  176. ↑ a b c d e f Martin Broszat : Bavaria in the Nazi era . 1979, Vol. 2, p. 360.
  177. ↑ Hans-Peter Klausch: Tätergeschichten: the SS commanders of the early concentration camps in Emsland , 2005, p. 244.
  178. ^ Entry on Bauernfeind at the Stolpersteinen in Borbeck .
  179. ^ Otto Böhne in the Wuppertal Memorial Book
  180. ↑ Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig , 2004, p. 103; Alfred Oehl: The mass murder in Rieseberg 1933 , 1981, p. 90.
  181. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Klaus Drobisch: System of Nazi concentration camps: 1933–1939 , p. 128.
  182. ↑ [1] .
  183. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents . 1971, p. 19.
  184. ↑ Eugen Fritsch (1884-1933) . In: Saxon Biography
  185. ^ Carina Baganz: Education for the national community. The early concentration camps in Saxony , 2005, p. 195.
  186. ^ Entry on Guse in the Wuppertal Memorial Book .
  187. ↑ Wolfgang Benz : Place of Terror , p. 66.
  188. ↑ Rote Erde, April 28, 1933.
  189. ^ City gazette for Castrop-Rauxel and the surrounding area of ​​May 4, 1933.
  190. ↑ Hans-Peter Klausch: Tätergeschichten: The SS commanders of the early concentration camps in Emsland , 2005, p. 150 and 196f.
  191. ↑ Wolfgang Benz : Terror without a system. The first concentration camps under National Socialism 1933–1935 , p. 18.
  192. ↑ Schilde, p. 192.
  193. ↑ stolpersteine-hamburg.de
  194. ↑ Hans Peter Klusch: Tätergeschichten , 2005, p. 223
  195. ^ "Death jump in the prison", in: Vossische Zeitung of April 24, 1933 .; Wolfgang Benz: The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps , Munich 2005, p. 176.
  196. ↑ Viola Gerhard: Fund brings history into the present . In: Free Press . April 21, 2018 ( freiepresse.de ).
  197. ↑ Hans-Rainer Sandvoss: Resistance in Friedrichshain and Lichtenberg , Berlin 1998, p. 101.
  198. ↑ Werner Bethge: Bright stars in a dark night . 1988.
  199. ↑ Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder (eds.): The place of terror: history of the National Socialist concentration camps
  200. ^ Klaus Drobisch: System of the Nazi concentration camps: 1933-1939 , p. 131.
  201. ^ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance 1933-1945. Reports and documents . 1980, p. 18f.
  202. ^ Klaus Drobisch: System of the Nazi concentration camps: 1933-1939 , p. 131 i.
  203. ^ Albert Kirschgens, Gerd Spelsberg: Unity instead of law and freedom: Aachen 1933 , 1983, p. 113.
  204. ↑ Wolfgang Benz : Terror without a system. The first concentration camps under National Socialism 1933–1935 , 2001, p. 20.
  205. ↑ Ulrike Puvogel / Martin Stankowski: Memorials for the Victims of National Socialism: A Documentation. Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Thuringia , 1999, p. 845.
  206. ↑ Stumbling blocks for Frankfurt (Oder) and Slubice ( Memento of the original from September 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Karl-Ritter-Platz in Frankfurt has been a reminder of him since 1948. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stolpersteine-ffo.de
  207. ^ Klaus Drobisch: System of the Nazi concentration camps . P. 128.
  208. ↑ Ulrike Puvogel / Martin Stankowski: Memorials for the Victims of National Socialism: A Documentation. Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Thuringia , 1999, p. 372; National Socialism in Wittstock .
  209. ↑ Biography of Max Sens ( Memento of the original from March 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at the Brandenburg Memorials Foundation @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stiftung-bg.de
  210. ^ Julius Schätzel: Stations to Hell. Concentration camps in Baden and Württemberg . 1980, p. 17.
  211. ^ Hans Günther Richardi: School of violence . 1983, p. 306.
  212. ^ Kurt Schilde / Johannes Tuchel: Columbia-Haus, 1990, p. 195.
  213. ↑ Hans-Rainer Sandvoß: Resistance in Friedrichshain and Lichtenberg , Berlin 1998, p. 102.
  214. ^ Hans-Rainer Sandvoss: The "other" Reich capital: Resistance from the workers' movement in Berlin from 1933 to 1945 , Berlin 2007, p. 289; Ingo Wirth / Hansjürg Strauch / Klaus Vendura: The Institute for Forensic Medicine at the Humboldt University in Berlin 1833-2003 , 2003, p. 141.
  215. ^ Gerhard Paul, Klaus-Michael Mallmann: The Gestapo. Myth and Reality . 1996, p. 147.
  216. ^ Martin Kukowski (editor): Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt. Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse , Munich 1998, Series B Traditions of the territorial states , vol. 3, p. 117 ( digitized version ).
  217. ^ Elke Imberger: Resistance "from below": Resistance and dissent from the ranks of the labor movement and Jehovah's Witnesses in Lübeck and Schleswig-Holstein 1933-1945 p. 87; "Two death sentences in the Lübeck murder trial", in: Vossische Zeitung of September 17, 1933 .
  218. ^ A b Wilhelm Matull: East Prussia workers movement . 1970, p. 149.
  219. ^ "When the Nazis switched off politics in Krefeld" .
  220. ↑ Ulrike Puvogel: Memorials for the Victims of National Socialism. A documentation. Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Schleswig-Holstein , 1995, p. 752; "Two death sentences in the Lübeck murder trial", in: Vossische Zeitung of September 17, 1933 .
  221. ↑ Karl Schabrod: Resistance against Flick and Florian: Düsseldorfer Antifaschisten über their Resistance, 1933-1945 , 1978, p. 33. Dissertation Contributions from interested parties, especially the contributions of [Paragraph] 9 of the Municipal Tax Act of July 14, 1893 , Tübingen 1913.
  222. ^ "Suicide in prison", in: Vossische Zeitung of May 6, 1933 .
  223. ↑ "Terrible balance on Sunday. Six fatalities, numerous injured - bloody unrest in Eisleben", in: Vossische Zeitung of February 13, 1933 .
  224. ^ SA man shot ", in: Vossische Zeitung, May 5, 1933 .
  225. ↑ See: Humboldt University Berlin: University Archives : Forensic Medicine before 1945, main books 1933 and 1934.