Moritz Schreber

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Moritz Schreber
"Straight holder" for correct sitting posture
Orthopedic chin strap to avoid a bad bite

Daniel Gottlob Moritz Schreber (born October 15, 1808 in Leipzig ; † November 10, 1861 there ) was a German orthopedist and professor at the University of Leipzig .

life and work

Moritz Schreber was born as the child of the Leipzig lawyer Johann Gotthilf Daniel Schreber (August 12, 1754 - April 19, 1837) and Friederike Charlotte. Grosse (April 1, 1779 - December 30, 1846) was born. He learned at the Thomas School and studied medicine at the University of Leipzig. Schreber's draft of an "orthobiotics" appeared in 1839 as a hygienic and dietetic precautionary catalog. In 1844 he took over the orthopedic sanatorium in Leipzig, which was founded by Ernst August Carus (1795–1854) as the “Sanatorium for the Curvy” .

In his writings he mainly dealt with the health of children and the social consequences of city life at the beginning of industrialization . In addition to "systematic therapeutic gymnastics ", he also promoted training for city youth through work in the countryside, for example in poor and special gardens , since the surroundings of the tenement barracks offered few corresponding opportunities.

In the programmatic foreword of the educational guide Kallipädie (1858) he wrote:

“Even very inadequate giving of nature can often be compensated in astonishing way by a well-calculated upbringing, of which the most obvious authoritative examples in the ever increasing results of educational institutions for the deaf, blind, dumb, cretins , morally neglected children and the like. s. w. can be seen. The happiest gift of nature, however, is left to stunt if the educational development of it is lacking. "

- Moritz Schreber

At this time, the term health also included the idea of ​​“healthy drive discharge”, which is why Schreber experimented with mechanical devices to prevent masturbation , among other things . In addition, he recommended ax-hewing and sawing movements, in difficult cases cold hip baths in the evening, cold water lists and rubbing the pubic area with cold water. In order to shape healthy bodies, Schreber also constructed numerous devices: such as orthopedic chin straps to prevent bad bites, shoulder straps that kept the child in bed in a supine position, and “straight holders” for sitting upright.

Schreber was a member of the Leipzig Freemason Lodge Minerva to the three palms . He died in Leipzig in 1861. His grave in the New Johannisfriedhof there can no longer be found today.

family

Schreber's wife Pauline (1815–1907) was the daughter of the physician Wilhelm Andreas Haase and had the lawyer Karl Friedrich Christian Wenck as an uncle. They had three daughters and two sons. The eldest son Daniel Gustav (1839–1877) committed suicide . The second son was the Saxon judge and brief President of the Senate at the Dresden Higher Regional Court, Daniel Paul Schreber , whose autobiographical description of his severe mental illness Memoirs of a Nervous Illness (1903) was interpreted by Sigmund Freud on the theoretical basis of psychoanalysis .

One uncle was the physician and naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber .

Allotments

See also: allotment garden

The known allotments do not go to an initiative Schreber back, but on him with the pathological anatomist Carl Ernst Bock developed and in 1847 from the Leipziger gymnastics club emerged or from the political movement of the gymnastics associations dietary orthopedic approach to achieving health through " physical training". The first "Schreberverein" was founded after Schreber's death in 1864 by the Leipzig school director Ernst Innozenz Hauschild and named in honor of Schreber. In the immediate vicinity of the association, Schreberbrücke , Schreberstrasse and Schrebergäßchen also bear his name.

The Schreberplatz at Johannapark in Leipzig, which opened in 1865 , initially had nothing in common with a garden. In the meadow, which was intended for children to play and do gymnastics, the teacher Heinrich Karl Gesell laid out the first beds and gardens as an opportunity for the children to work. The fenced-off allotment gardens for families later developed from them . Health care in the 19th century included light, air, sun and movement, so that Schreber also has a place in the history of movement therapy . In this popular educational sense with the intention of raising children and young people to be friends of nature, he was also an employee of the journal Die Gartenlaube .

reception

Alice Miller saw Schreber as a main exponent of “ black pedagogy ”, the consequences of which she examined in detail in her literature.

Ingrid Müller-Münch wrote about the educational methods he carried out and propagated: “Schreber taught his children to worship and fear him as a god-like figure. He tortured her with various mechanical devices, tied her up, forced her into a frame that forced the children to walk straight as a pin by means of straps and steel springs. Had these devices manufactured and sold. Beatings have already been used to discipline the baby, because: 'Such a procedure is only necessary once or at most twice, and - you are master of the child forever.' "

In 1923 the Schrebergasse in Vienna- Donaustadt (22nd district) was named after him, in 1927 in Hietzing (13th district) the Dr.-Schreber-Gasse and in the same year in Döbling (19th district) also a Dr. Schreber-Gasse , as well as at an unknown time in Meidling (12th district) the Dr.-Schreber-Weg .

The writer and theologian Klaas Huizing wrote the novel In Schreber's Garden in 2008 based on material that has been handed down on Moritz Schreber and his son Paul . The problematic development that Paul had to go through within the given environment is shown, as well as the emergence of his assumed madness through massive repression of sexual identity. The novel was staged as a play under the same title in 2010.

Fonts

  • Gymnastics from a medical point of view, at the same time as a matter of state. Leipzig 1843 ( online  - Internet Archive )
  • The Peculiarities of the Child's Organism in a Healthy and Diseased State (1852) ( online  - Internet Archive )
  • The House Friend as Educator and Guide to Family Happiness and Human Refinement (1861)
  • Medical indoor gymnastics (1855); (This became a bestseller) ( Leipzig edition 1875 online  - Internet Archive )
  • Callipedia or education for beauty through lifelike and even promotion of normal physical formation, healthy health and mental refinement and, in particular, through the greatest possible use of special educational resources (Leipzig, 1858) ( digitized and full text in the German text archive )

literature

documentary

  • André Meier: Moritz Schreber - From child fright to garden godparent (documentary film), MDR 2007.

Web links

Commons : Moritz Schreber  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gundolf Keil: Review of: Florian Mildenberger: Medical instruction for the bourgeoisie. Medicinal cultures in the magazine "Die Gartenlaube" (1853–1944). Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2012 (= medicine, society and history. Supplement 45), ISBN 978-3-515-10232-2 . In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 306-313, here: pp. 309 f.
  2. ↑ From the history of Leipzig university orthopedics . In: Ärzteblatt Sachsen. October 2015.
  3. ↑ Rudi Palla : The art of kneading children. Eichborn, Frankfurt a. M. 1997, p. 168.
  4. ↑ The Art of Kneading Children. P. 180
  5. ↑ The Art of Kneading Children. P. 176 ff.
  6. ↑ Eugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freemaurerlexikon. Revised and expanded new edition of the 1932 edition, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-7766-2161-3 (951 pages).
  7. ^ William G. Netherland: The Schreber case. The psychoanalytic profile of a paranoid personality , p. 19ff
  8. ^ Gundolf Keil : Vegetarian. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 29–68, here: pp. 55–57.
  9. ↑ Florian Mildenberger : Medical instruction for the bourgeoisie. Medicinal cultures in the magazine "Die Gartenlaube" (1853-1944). Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2012 (= medicine, society and history. Supplement 45), ISBN 978-3-515-10232-2 , p. 32 f.
  10. ↑ http://www.planet-wissen.de/sport_freizeit/garten/gartenkultur/kleingarten.jsp (accessed on June 11, 2013)
  11. ↑ Arnd Krüger : History of movement therapy. In: Preventive Medicine. Springer loose leaf collection, Heidelberg 1999, 07.06, 1–22.
  12. ↑ Manfred Vasold: Schreber, Daniel Gottlieb Moritz. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1306.
  13. ↑ Ingrid Müller-Münch: The beaten generation. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2012, p. 64.
personal data
SURNAME Schreber, Moritz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schreber, Daniel Gottlob Moritz (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German doctor, educator and university lecturer
DATE OF BIRTH October 15, 1808
PLACE OF BIRTH Leipzig
DATE OF DEATH November 10, 1861
Place of death Leipzig