Mosque association

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A mosque association is a form of organization under association law that either operates a mosque or intends to build a mosque as a developer . The Islamic variant is a "pious foundation" ( Waqf ) that has the task of maintaining a mosque.

Mosque of a Turkish-speaking mosque association in the northern German town of Uetersen

Mosque associations in Germany

Bilal Mosque in Aachen
Freimann Mosque in Munich-Freimann
Şehitlik Mosque in Berlin

In many cases, these associations have emerged from Turkish or Moroccan cultural associations with an attached prayer room, popularly known as backyard mosques . According to estimates by the federal government, there are around 2,600 mosque associations in Germany.

In Germany, several mosque associations have merged to form regional and national umbrella organizations since 1973. The amalgamations took place along the borders of certain nationalities and were partly characterized by linguistic, religious or political-ideological differences. The mosque associations took the place of the workers' associations and became focal points of an emerging Islamic infrastructure and acted as places of Islamic identification in a non-Islamic environment. The establishment of supraregional organizational structures along national, political and religious dividing lines reflected religious, political and cultural differences, tensions and conflicts in the home countries. The countries of origin, for their part, very soon took the opportunity to influence Islam in Germany through financial and personal support .

Club members and mosque-goers

Mosque associations differ from other associations in Germany in a different relationship between membership and participation structure. Ursula Neumann from the University of Hamburg describes it as follows: “Usual registered associations and organizations are usually member-related, i. H. a number of registered and contributing members work under a joint statute and are represented by a board of directors; Non-members have no opportunity to participate. Islamic religious associations, on the other hand, consist of a small group of members; they carry the mosque, which is open to a large number of visitors for active participation. The believers feel they belong to a certain mosque, but apart from donations and common prayer, they only participate informally in the decision-making process in the mosque. ” This self-image of the mosque associations is traced back to the tradition of Islamic foundations , whose offers are open to everyone.

The degree of organization of the approximately 3.4 million Muslims living in Germany is rather low. According to the Zentralinstitut Islam-Archiv-Deutschland, only just under 400,000 Muslims, i.e. a minority of 10 to 15%, have acquired membership in mosque associations in the legal sense. The Turkish Muslims have the highest degree of organization. Almost a quarter of all Muslims of Turkish origin (23%) are members of the association themselves, and another 22% are linked to an association through a family member. More than two thirds (72%) visit mosques at least occasionally and 40% use the cultural, social or educational offers of the mosques.

The number of male "participants in the weekly Friday prayer" is given by the Central Institute of Islam Archive Germany as 493,000. A 2001 study of Turkish workers found that 7.3% of Turks attend church services or other religious events several times a week, 24.7% once a week and 24.8% at least once a month. A representative study of Muslims in Germany in 2007 found that 11.4% visit mosques several times a week, 17.1% once a week, 8.1% several times a month and 4.5% at most once a month.

This roughly coincides with the observations of a Turkish Muslim functionary of the Alliance of Islamic Congregations in Northern Germany : “With our work we reach around ten percent of 150,000 Muslims in Northern Germany, that is 15,000 Muslims, 5,000 are regular mosque-goers. I suspect that the degree of organization of the Islamic communities covers around 30 to 40 percent of Muslims, whereby we have to differentiate between members in the Islamic associations and between the mosque-goers. "

deals

The mosque associations offer a wealth of activities, in the order of use according to a study: religious support / Koran courses, leisure activities / sports, rooms for marriage / circumcision , culture, education (homework / German), grocery store, social / legal advice, help in Everyday life / advice, hairdresser and pilgrimage organization. Mosque associations partly offer their own German courses, partly integration courses that are financed by the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees . The latter mostly in mosque associations of the DITIB but also through other organizations such as the “Islamic Community Penzberg ”.

Since 1997, many mosque associations organize every year in Germany on October 3 the Open Mosque Day to the particular non-Muslims are invited.

financing

Row of shops with bakery and call shop in the Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque Mannheim

The mosque association is usually financed through donations from mosque visitors, only to a small extent through membership fees. If a mosque association is recognized as non-profit , donations are tax-deductible in the same way as corresponding donations to public corporations or other non-profit institutions. In addition, many mosque associations calculate with income from renting and leasing shops (hairdresser, grocery store, café, bookshop) and party rooms. For some events, entrance fees or course fees are charged.

According to the information available to the Federal Government, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Iran also provide financial support to Muslim organizations in Germany.

Public financial support was granted for intercultural meeting centers in or on new mosques, for example in Berlin at the Şehitlik Mosque and at the Merkez Mosque in Duisburg . The restoration of the Wilmersdorf mosque in Berlin was also supported by the state. State subsidies are occasionally used for workers, the Islamic Center in Munich has been recognized as a community service center since 1986 and a "mosque civil service" was also used in Halle (Westphalia) . The "German Muslim district of Berlin" has its parish worker with a so-called one-euro job financed (working opportunities with additional expenses compensation) of Berlin.

Financing problems can lead to rent debts or even to foreclosure of the mosque. The approval process itself can also cause financing problems if it shakes the donor's trust over the long term.

Umbrella organizations

Most mosque associations have joined umbrella organizations throughout Germany and Europe, which can be traced back to corresponding organizations in their home countries.

  • The Turkish-Islamic Union of the Institute for Religion (DITIB) represents between 765 and, according to its own information, 875 mosque associations and around 130,000 members, making it by far the largest umbrella organization in Germany. The mosque associations are usually independent. The affiliation to DITIB takes place either when it is founded or by subsequent resolution by accepting a DITIB model statute. Together with the association's statutes, it regulates the relationship between the local association and the DITIB, as well as association contributions. The DITIB, which is closely connected with the Turkish Presidium for Religious Affairs , mediates and finances imams for the mosque associations centrally . Since 2002, the imams and preachers have received additional qualifications in addition to their theological training through a German course and regional studies. The Goethe-Institut organizes a compulsory four-month course with around 400 teaching hours. Since 2006 there has also been an additional offer from the Konrad Adenauer Foundation , which offers a one-week intensive course in cultural studies. In 2007, all hundred imams who subsequently go to Germany will undergo this additional intensive training course. The trained theologians can now stay in Germany for eight years instead of four.
  • The Islamic Community Millî Görüş (IGMG) employs 245 full-time and numerous part-time imams in 491 or, according to its own information, 514 mosque associations. According to its own information, the IGMG has 70,000 members, and according to the protection of the constitution around 26,500 members. The property management of Milli Görüs is taken over by the European Mosque Construction and Support Association (EMUG) with managing director Ibrahim El-Zayat .
  • The Association of Islamic Cultural Centers (VIKZ) is by its own account in about 300 communities and about 100,000, according to other estimates, around 20,000 members. The statutes of the VIKZ severely restrict the independence of mosque associations.
  • In 62 Bosnian mosque communities 15 part-time and 47 full-time imams are active, of which the majority has studied in Sarajevo. The Association of Islamic Communities of Bosniaks in Germany is a member of the Central Council of Muslims (ZMD), to which a total of around 500 mosques are assigned.
  • Most of the imams in the 40 Shiite mosques come from Iran and many of them have studied theology there. The majority of the 125,000 Shiites in Germany come from Turkey and Iran.
  • The 225 mosque associations of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat , who are estimated to have around 30,000 supporters, mostly of Pakistani origin, are building new and replacing old places of worship as part of their 100 mosque plan .
  • The approx. 500,000 to 700,000 Alevis in Germany use Cem houses instead of mosques. The Association of Alevi Congregation Germany eV (AABF) represents around 100 member associations with around 20,000 Turkish and Kurdish or non-Alevi members. The state - affiliated Cem Foundation , which comes from Turkey, is to maintain 10 associations and 1000 members.

Association bans

Since the legal abolition of the religious privilege in November 2001, mosque associations, like all other associations , can be banned by the German interior ministers if "their purpose or activities run counter to criminal laws or (they) are directed against the constitutional order or the idea of ​​international understanding" ( Article 9 (2) of the Basic Law , Section 3 (1) of the Association Act ). Accordingly, the local associations of the caliphate state were banned from December 2001 and the multicultural house in Neu-Ulm in December 2005 . In 2006, the Office for the Protection of the Constitution feared only very few mosques in Germany (15 or 39 of approx. 2600) that these could “function as radicalization and recruitment markets”.

Mosque construction

The miracle of Marxloh under construction in 2007, DITIB-Merkez-Mosque in Duisburg-Marxloh

For the location of a mosque club, in addition to the rental costs and proximity to the home, the connection to public transport is of decisive importance.

The strategies for dealing with the conflicts that arise during the construction of mosques vary. Many municipalities minimize the conflicts by locating mosques as inconspicuously as possible in commercial areas, while others actively use mosque construction conflicts to build sustainable dialogue structures. Mosque associations are increasingly using the route to finally establish themselves in German society with new mosques.

Conflicts of interest in the construction of mosques in Germany are mostly dealt with in the context of public building law ( type and extent of structural use in accordance with the land use plan and development plan ; parking space ordinance ) and immission control law (noise pollution). Well-known public controversies were, for example, about the construction of the Khadija Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat in Berlin-Heinersdorf , about the mosque projects of the Berlin association Inssan and about the DITIB Central Mosque in Cologne-Ehrenfeld , while the DITIB Merkez Mosque in Duisburg-Marxloh is considered a particularly low-conflict mosque construction project.

While the Catholic and Protestant churches are fundamentally committed to the right to build mosques, they want to rule out the conversion of church buildings into mosques after church closings. Two New Apostolic church buildings in Berlin, however, were rededicated as mosques.

Mosque associations in Austria

Prayer room of a mosque in Salzburg- Schallmoos

The approximately 400,000 Muslims in Austria maintain around 250 places of prayer, including the Islamic Center Vienna , which opened in 1979, and the Telfer Mosque, which was built in 2006 . The Islamic places of prayer are not established, managed and financed by the official Islamic Faith Community in Austria (IGGiÖ), but by independent mosque associations. These are mostly organized according to ethnic background or mother tongue, some belong to large umbrella organizations and often offer a whole range of other offers from the canteen to the grocery store to the hairdresser. However, the IGGiÖ is involved in the imams' visa procedure, during which their application documents are submitted to the Islamic denomination and they must give their consent. Exceptions to this are imams posted by the Turkish Presidium for Religious Affairs (associated with "Avusturya Türkiye İslam Birliği", ATIB) who are not subject to a visa procedure, as well as imams who already live in Austria.

The provincial government in Carinthia has decided to change the “Ortbildpflegegesetz” ( local image maintenance law), which is intended to prevent the construction of mosques and minarets.

Mosque associations in Switzerland

Mosque of the Turkish cultural association in Wangen near Olten

Of the more than 310,000 Muslims in Switzerland (around 250,000 Sunnis, 40,000 Alevis and an estimated 20,000 Shiites), around 160 and, according to other sources, around 250 rooms are used as mosques. These are mostly so-called backyard mosques, but also representative mosques such as the Mahmud Mosque (Zurich) and the Geneva Mosque . In addition to the religious orientation, the centers are organized according to language groups. Mostly, the organizational form of the association is used (Art. 60 ff. Civil Code ), but in addition also the legal form of a foundation (Art. 80 ff. Civil Code ).

The desire to build a mosque often leads to conflict. In Switzerland , among other things, the case in Wangen bei Olten , which has become known as the “ Swiss minaret dispute”, led to an escalating legal dispute.

Mosque associations in France

The Islam in France has been practiced in 2,147 mosques (as of 2006). According to a 2006 survey, 17% of French Muslims visit the mosque at least once a week and 8% at least once a month.

In addition to the intended organizational form of the Kultusverein ( association cultuelle according to the law on the separation of church and state of 1905 ), non-profit associations ( association à but non-lucratif according to the law of 1901 ) are often founded.

Due to French secularism, cultural associations are not allowed to receive state subsidies, but receive some tax advantages. New mosques are often supported by the municipalities through long-term leases with symbolic rent ( le bail emphytéotique ). The Interior Minister estimates that around 30% of the costs will come from public funds and around half from abroad (mainly Algeria, Morocco, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States).

The representation of French Muslims in the elected Conseil français du culte musulman depends on the size of the mosque (in square meters of mosque area).

literature

Mosque association

  • Jan-Peter Hartung: The pious foundation (waqf). An Islamic Analogy to Corporate? In: HG Kippenberg (Ed.): The legalized religion. The public status of religious communities. , Tübingen 2005, pp. 287-313. ISBN 3-16-148432-0
  • Thomas Schmitt: Islamic Organizations and Mosque Associations in Germany , An Overview 2003

Club life

architecture

Mosque construction conflicts

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Major inquiry on the “Status of legal equality of Islam in Germany” ( Memento of the original from April 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of June 29, 2006 (Bundestag printed paper 16/2085) and response of the Federal Government of 19 April 2007 (Bundestag printed paper 16/5033) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmi.bund.de
  2. ↑ Cibedo - Office of the German Bishops' Conference: The recruitment since 1961 and the development of Islamic organizations in Germany ( Memento of the original from April 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cibedo.de
  3. ↑ Cibedo - Office of the German Bishops' Conference: The most important Islamic organizations in Germany ( Memento of the original from April 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cibedo.de
  4. ↑ Prof. Dr. Ursula Neumann to the committee of the Schleswig-Holstein Landtag (PDF; 60 kB) Reprint 15/4468, April 30, 2004
  5. ↑ a b c Islam in Germany - Attitudes of Muslims of Turkish origin: Religious practice and organizational representation of Muslims of Turkish origin in Germany  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Results of a nationwide survey by the Center for Turkish Studies , Faruk Şen / Martina Sauer, 2006@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / kunde6.juli.bimetal.de  
  6. ^ Islam Conference: In the Sign of Old Opposites - FAZ of September 27, 2006 according to the Central Institute Islam Archive Germany eV
  7. ↑ a b Data and facts about the second plenary of the German Islam Conference (DIK) in Berlin  ( page no longer available , searching web archives )  Info: The link is automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , BMI May 2, 2007@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.bmi.bund.de  
  8. ↑ a b c Keyword: Islam in Germany Deutsche Welle of March 29, 2006
  9. ↑ Situation of foreign employees and their family members in the Federal Republic of Germany. Representative study 2001, part A: Turkish, former Yugoslav, Italian and Greek workers and their family members in the old federal states and in the former West Berlin. Research report on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, January 2002. Volume of tables, p. 112, Table 7.15 (excerpt from "Muslims" in Germany - an approximation by Carsten Frerk ( memento of the original from October 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. ) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / fowid.de
  10. ↑ Karin Brettfeld and Peter Wetzels, Muslims in Germany ( Memento of the original from August 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Hamburg BMI 2007 page 110 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmi.bund.de
  11. ↑ Mosques as intermediaries ( memento of the original from September 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by Ahmet Yazici, deputy chairman of the Alliance of Islamic Congregations in Northern Germany , June 7, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / Menschen-metropole.de
  12. ^ German verbs in the mosque Westdeutsche Zeitung, September 12, 2007
  13. ↑ BAMF: ( Memento of the original from June 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. List of approved course providers @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.integration-in-deutschland.de
  14. ^ German oddities in 600 hours , Merkur Online from December 29, 2006
  15. ↑ two-thirds of the 250,000 euro costs borne by the community of the Şehitlik mosque and a third by the urban development administration: Muslims and Christians under one roof - a meeting center is being built in Neukölln Tagesspiegel from December 22, 2006
  16. ↑ Topping- out ceremony for Duisburg's KStA mosque on September 8, 2006: The mosque association of the “Turkish-Islamic Union of the Institute for Religion” (DITIB) bears the costs of more than 7 million euros for the construction of the mosque. The meeting place, also planned by the Catholic and Protestant congregations in Marxloh, is funded by the state and the EU with a total of 3.16 million euros through the URBAN and Socially Integrative City funds.
  17. ^ Mosque in Wilmersdorf: Complete with dome , Tagesspiegel of August 29, 2001: The State Monuments Office and the German Foundation for Monument Protection contributed a large part of the costs of around 250,000 marks.
  18. ↑ IZM recognition as a civil service ( memento of the original from May 9, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.islam-deutschland.com
  19. ↑ community service for Umut Mutlusoy in the DITIB mosque in Halle / Westfalen 2006
  20. ↑ DMK Berlin Gemeindeblatt July 2006  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 166 kB): MAE (additional expense allowance) measure by the job center as a community helper@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.dmk-berlin.de  
  21. ↑ Mevlane mosque at Kottbusser Tor in Kreuzberg was foreclosed, another mosque of the Federation in Charlottenburg was already foreclosed in July, rental debts also at the Emir Sultan mosque in Schöneberg: Kreuzberg mosque is foreclosed by Tagesspiegel from December 21, 2006
  22. ↑ Ditim admits lack of donations , Merkur Online on September 2, 2008
  23. ↑ Thomas Lemmen : Islamic Religious Exercise in Germany , Friedrich Ebert Foundation 2001
  24. ↑ a b c d In Germany there are already 159 mosques Die Welt from May 30, 2007, with reference to the 2006 spring survey  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the Central Institute Islam Archive Germany eV in Soest@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.euro-islam.info  
  25. ↑ A Muslim organization in the field of view of the Turkish and German public ( Memento of the original from December 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by Yunus Ulusoy, Böll Foundation @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.migration-boell.de
  26. ↑ a b c Difficult communication Overview of the second German Islam Conference from the Berliner Zeitung, May 4, 2007
  27. ↑ Example of a more recent DITIB statute: DITIB-Villingen statute  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / ditib-villingen.de  
  28. ↑ The relationship of the churches and religious communities to the state in the system of German state church law  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 152 kB) Dr. Thomas Lemmen, Christoph Müller-Hofstede@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.ekkw.de  
  29. ↑ Mosque Association controlled by Ankara , Kölner Stadtanzeiger on June 11, 2008; Mosque association controlled by Ankara  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Website Lale Akguen@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.laleakguen.de  
  30. ↑ Interview with Hasan Karaca: “The use of the German language should be expanded” Qantara, April 17, 2007
  31. ^ Minarets between church towers Berliner Zeitung, June 7, 2007
  32. ↑ Constitutional Protection Report Hamburg 2005
  33. ↑ a b c On the way to becoming an integration guide? The understanding of the role of imams in Germany is changing ( memento of the original from October 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. By Hansjörg Schmid, Herder Korrespondenz - monthly issues for society and religion, 61st year, issue 1, January 2007, pp. 25–30 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.akademie-rs.de
  34. ↑ a b Islamic Associations: What They Say and What They Think Security Today, March 25, 2005
  35. ^ Articles of Association of the VIKZ ( Memento of the original of March 29, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vikz.de
  36. ↑ The Muslims Are Coming! , Spiegel dated December 28, 2006; Schäuble wants “German Muslims” , Spiegel dated September 27, 2006
  37. ↑ according to Ismail Kaplan, spokesman for the AABF, quoted from Ursula Spuler-Stegemann : Expert opinion on the Alevis  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , July 2003@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.alevi-du.com  
  38. ↑ Baden-Württemberg Constitutional Protection Report 2006 pp. 42 and 88.
  39. ↑ 39 mosques in Germany suspect ( memento from September 5, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Netzeitung from March 18, 2006.
  40. ↑ Islamic community life 'made in Berlin': pluralization, professionalization and urban competence ( memento of the original from December 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by Alexa Färber @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.migration-boell.de
  41. ↑ Islam largely arrived in Germany - review of a two-year research project (PDF; 91 kB), Academy of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart
  42. ↑ Working aid of the German Bishops' Conference No. 172 "Christians and Muslims in Germany" ( Memento of the original from April 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. dated September 23, 2007 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cibedo.de
  43. ↑ Christians and Muslims in Germany. Clarity and Good Neighborliness (PDF; 394 kB) Handout 86, Evangelical Church in Germany November 2006
  44. ↑ Catholic position, under 5.2: Cultic use by non-Christian religious communities (e.g. Islam, Buddhism, sects) is not possible due to the symbolic effect of such a measure. Working aids 175: REUSE OF CHURCHES (PDF; 68 kB) German Bishops' Conference, September 24, 2003
  45. ↑ Evangelical position, under 4.4 .: Especially when selling to (as is already the case with use by) non-Christian religious communities, this leads to a diffusion in public perception: the external symbolic value is still associated with the Christian church, but inside there is a other god worships. (...) Uses that openly contradict the symbolic value of the church building are to be excluded. What should be considered when a church is no longer used as a church? (PDF; 169 kB) Guidelines of the Theological Committee of the VELKD and the DNK / LWB, November 2003 ISSN  1617-0733
  46. ↑ Churches become mosques. In Neukölln and Tempelhof, the New Apostolic Church sold two places of worship to Muslim associations , Tagesspiegel on October 6, 2007
  47. ↑ Flickr photo in Berlin-Neukölln, Flughafenstrasse: Church becomes mosque
  48. ↑ IGGiÖ website: Overview of prayer rooms and mosques in Austria ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.derislam.at
  49. ↑ Background: Must mosques minarets have? , The Press, August 25, 2007
  50. ↑ a b IGGiÖ: Mosque construction in Austria ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.derislam.at
  51. ↑ Schakfeh: Radical Preachers from Islamic Religious Community not allowed , ORF News July 15, 2005
  52. ↑ Carinthia decides to ban mosques ( memento of the original of March 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , February 15, 2008 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.igmg.de
  53. ↑ Federal Statistical Office, 2000 Population Census ( Memento of the original dated December 29, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bfs.admin.ch
  54. ^ Tower of Basel Peter Mühlbauer , Telepolis from May 11, 2007
  55. ↑ Muslims in Switzerland ( Memento of the original from February 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by Hamit Duran, www.islam.ch February 8, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.islam.ch
  56. ↑ www.islam.ch ( Memento of the original from February 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Addresses of mosques, clubs and associations in Switzerland @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.islam.ch
  57. ↑ Diversity - The Appearance of Islam in Switzerland ( Memento of the original from May 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Joachim Müller, Infosekten, February 14, 2002 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kath.ch
  58. ^ "Islam en France", Center Information Etudes Migrations Mediterraneennes
  59. ↑ CSA / LA VIE 2006 survey ( Memento of the original from January 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.csa-fr.com
  60. ↑ Enquête sur le financement des nouvelles mosquées Cécilia Gabizon, Figaro 22/12/2008