Millî Görüş

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Millî Görüş , occasionally written Milli Görüsch (German "National View" ), is an Islamist movement that is active across countries . Its main organizational unit is a small Turkish party called the "Happiness Party " ( Saadet Partisi , SP), its mouthpiece is the Millî Gazete newspaper . However, the supporters are now independent of the happiness party: In addition to the focus on Europe, Millî Görüş is also active in North America , Australia and Central Asia .

Millî Görüş is controversial in many countries. Until Erdoğan came to power , the political parties of the Millî Görüş were banned in Turkey because of Islamist tendencies. The interior ministries of North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg see anti-Semitic character traits in the movement and thus, among other things, a clear opposition to the free-democratic basic order . Trials brought by Millî Görüş against these findings have been lost by their supporters. The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution came to the conclusion that Millî Görüş shows an anti-democratic understanding of the state and rejects Western democracies.

Necmettin Erbakan, co-founder of the Milli Görüş movement

history

Historically and ideologically , Millî Görüş has significant ties to the Turkish politician Necmettin Erbakan , who published a book in 1973 with the title “Milli Görüş”. The title means "National View".

Erbakan is said to have introduced the terms “Milli Görüş” and “Adil Düzen” (Just Order) into the Islamist debate in Turkey, because in Turkey, which sees itself as secular , the propagation of an “Islamic order” ( İslamî nizam ) bans a party and has criminal consequences could result. The "just order" propagated by the Milli Görüş movement is intended to include a comprehensive social, economic and political system of regulation based on Islam.

1970s: rise of the movement

Outside Turkey Millî Görüş early 1970s began migrant workers ( "guest workers") mostly from the rural areas of Turkey to recruit. In Germany , the first Milli-Görüş organization was founded in Braunschweig in 1972 under the name “Turkish Union Germany”, followed by the “Turkish Union Europe” founded in Cologne in 1976 . In 1982 it was renamed "Islamic Union Europe".

1980s: crisis and first split

The Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran and the beginning of the Afghan Civil War in the previous year marked the first ideological turn of the Millî Görüş, which subsequently became more and more radical. While Erbakan was in prison, Turkish nationalism developed much more radically in other European countries than in Turkey itself. In 1983, the non-Turkish Millî Görüş broke up into two camps, of which the more radicalized part converted to the community of Cemaleddin Kaplans , the later caliphate state ; Millî Görüş lost about two thirds of their communities. The Islamic Union subsequently sank into insignificance; In 1985 the Association of the New World View in Europe (AMGT) was practically founded as its successor organization, which represented the mainstream of the movement until the mid-1990s.

1990s: reorganization and modernization

In 1995 the AMGT split into two organizations: The newly founded successor organization Islamic Community Millî Görüş (IGMG) assumed the function of the umbrella organization of Milli Görüş associations in the European diaspora with regard to social, political and religious activities ; The European Mosque Construction and Support Community (EMUG) was established for mosque construction and financial matters .

After September 11, 2001: Renewed division and overcoming isolation in the diaspora

In Turkey, the political organization of the movement split into two parties after the FP 2001 was banned. The traditionalist wing around Erbakan founded the Saadet Partisi (SP) party, the reform wing the later governing party Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi . This split also led to tensions within the IGMG. The September 11, 2001 meant for Milli Görüş especially in the Diaspora another turning point, as the organizations of the movement now stepped out of their social isolation in the migration countries. At least in Germany so that one went generational change in the leadership of the movement organizations accompanied, from now on the specific German-Turkish educated class the ideological course of the movement.

Problems of foreign control and the relationship to Turkish politics

How far the control of Milli Görüs in Germany by the AKP , Turkish bodies or Diyanet goes is assessed differently by experts. Millî Görüş originally had an oppositional relationship with the Turkish state, but today experts speak of a diyanetization of the organization. With the takeover of the Islamic-oriented AKP in Turkey, the once clear boundaries between Ditib and Milli Görüş are now blurred. The head of Diyanet also appeared repeatedly at the IGMG in Germany as a teacher and leader. For Sevim Dagdelen , Member of the Bundestag , Milli Görüs is part of the “Erdogan Network in Germany”. The journalist Eren Güvercin speaks of the fact that the IGMG and DITIB act like associations for expellees and that the Office for Turks Abroad is bringing the association's youth "in line" with nationalistic indoctrination through youth programs marketed as a cultural program.

Today Imams of the Diyanet work for the Association, which finances the Office for Turkish Abroad. a. Youth and public relations work of the association. In return, the organization has repeatedly acted politically together with other Turkish-Islamic associations and with the participation of Turkish embassy staff on Turkish political issues and is referred to as part of "Erdogan's lobby" in Germany. The Islamic scholar Susanne Schröter speaks of an association of different organizations of Turkish origin under Erdoğan's agenda and cites the IGMG's defense of the DITIB in the espionage affair as an example. The cooperation between Ditib and Milli-Görüs mosque associations in Germany is described as more or less close.

With the AKP member and former Milli Görüs general secretary Mustafa Yeneroglu there is another element of control and influence. He heads the AKP's “Election Coordination Center for Abroad”. IGMG youth groups from Germany organized several trips to meetings with the radical Turkish preacher Nurettin Yildiz .

ideology

Fatih Mosque in Bremen -
Gröpelingen operated by the IGMG

The ideology of Millî Görüş was vague from the start, so that the movement founder Erbakan was the central figure of integration. Milli Görüş has remained a reservoir for different groups of people and ideologies to this day.

Islam

The most important ideological commonality is the relation to Islam. This goes so far that, in the opinion of many social scientists , the ideology of the movement is Islamist , although the IGMG has today said goodbye to earlier theocratic demands. This image of Millî Görüş also shapes the reception in the European public : The Dutch magazine Elsevier describes the head of IGMG Germany as “very conservative ” and “ militant ”.

anti-Semitism

Another ideological bracket of the movement has traditionally been anti-Semitism . However, the leadership of the IGMG has now publicly distanced itself from anti-Semitism and condemned it, even though parts of the movement still promote an anti-Semitic and anti-Masonic worldview.

Hostility to integration

Millî Görüş emerged as a movement with the aim of converting Turkey into an Islamic state. The goal of Islamization is also being pursued in the secular societies of Europe. It is criticized that Millî Görüş is creating a parallel society in Europe for mainly Turkish and Turkish Muslims and that it is "extremely anti-integrative". A study by the Islam expert Heiko Heinisch on behalf of the Austrian Integration Fund of Viennese Mosque Associations revealed that the most negative influence on the integration process comes from the Millî Görüş mosque: there, the fundamental rejection of the majority society and its values ​​is preached, along with Islamic superiority an accompanying claim to world domination, which, if necessary, should also be enforced by force.

Forms of action

politics

In Turkey, the Milli Görüş movement is represented by the political party, the Saadet Partisi . In Europe, the Milli Görüş movement has not yet been organized as a political party.

Mosque associations

Mevlana Mosque in Berlin

Building and operating mosques is the most important goal of the European diaspora associations. Some mosque associations have been at the center of the public debate about Millî Görüş in recent years, such as the Mevlana Mosque in Kreuzberg in 2004 .

education

Millî Görüş awarded scholarships to Turkish students who wanted to study at Turkish state universities in other European countries because of the headscarf ban in force until 2010 .

Organization field

The number of Milli Görüş followers is difficult to estimate. In the mid-1990s the AMGT had around 70,000 members in the European diaspora.

The structure of the Milli Görüş movement is complex. The reason for this is seen by some observers in the fact that Necmettin Erbakan's ideology has led to several party bans (and, as a result, the establishment of new parties) and the Turkish party law prohibits parties from organizing abroad.

Millî Görüş has a dual organizational structure: in Turkey, parties are the main organizers; in the countries of the Turkish diaspora , various associations are the most important organizations of the movement, which, besides Germany, are mainly represented in France, the Netherlands and Austria. Milli Görüş has smaller branches in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, England, Italy, Belgium and Switzerland.

Turkey: parties

In Turkey, the most important organizational supporters of Milli Görüş have been political parties from the start. These were Millî Nizam Partisi (MNP) founded by Necmettin Erbakan in 1970 , Millî Selamet Partisi (MSP) founded in 1973 , Refah Partisi (RP) founded in 1987 and Fazilet Partisi founded in 1997 . The SP and parts of the AKP are currently sponsoring organizations. At least the SP maintains contacts with the IGMG.

Diaspora: associations

Mosque of the Millî Görüsch in Salzgitter

Outside Turkey, mosque associations mostly organized in the IGMG form the most important organizational backbone of Millî Görüş. According to its own information, the IGMG looks after 87,000 members in 514 mosques across Europe (as of 2005) and thus exerts a great influence on the Muslims living there, especially in Germany. There are also a number of group-specific organizations, such as women's, student and youth associations. The IGMG's real estate is managed by the European Mosque Construction and Support Organization (EMUG).

Germany

In Germany, the IGMG , based in Cologne- Holweide, is the largest organization of Millî Görüş. It looks after 8% of German mosques, making it the most important Muslim association in Germany alongside the Turkish-Islamic Union of the Institute for Religion . The exact number of its members is not known: According to its own information, it has 57,000 members; the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution suspected only 27,000 members in 2007 in Germany. In contrast, an empirical estimate from 2000 assumes around 80,000 members. The total number of parishioners in Germany in 2005 is estimated at 230,000.

In May 2011, Kemal Ergün was elected chairman. Bekir Altaş has been acting general secretary since the end of February 2015.

In Berlin, the IGMG has a number of closely related organizations, such as the Islamic Federation Berlin .

The IGMG is the largest member of the Islamic Council for the Federal Republic of Germany , one of the Muslim umbrella organizations in Germany and, through this, an indirect member of the Coordinating Council of Muslims in Germany . Millî Görüş and the Islamic Council also include the Islamic Federation Baden-Württemberg, the Islamic Federation in Bavaria, the Islamic Federation of Lower Saxony and the Muslim Social Welfare Service in Europe.

How far the control of Milli Görüs in Germany by the AKP , Turkish bodies or Diyanet goes is assessed differently by experts. For Sevim Dagdelen , Member of the Bundestag , Milli Görüs is part of the “Erdogan Network in Germany”. Ankara's influence over the Diyanet or other organizations is likely to have increased lately: According to press reports, the association receives money from the Turkish state and the Diyanet boss is celebrated at events by Milli-Görüs. According to the former legal advisor of the DITIB federal association, Murat Kayman , a quarter of the IGMG imams are from Diyanet and, in connection with the current developments, he speaks of Milli Görüs becoming diyanetized: "The success of Turkey's own political and ideological understanding of Islam has been achieved caught up with the IGMG here in Germany. " The federal government says: "According to the Islamic Community Milli Görüs ( IGMG ) 43 Diyanet imams are currently employed in IGMG communities." With the AKP member and former Milli Görüs general secretary Mustafa Yeneroglu there is another element of control and influence. He heads the AKP's “Election Coordination Center for Abroad”.

An extensive fraud process is being carried out against the old leadership of the German IGMG in Germany. It is about the postponement of 5 million, tax evasion and social security fraud, which could also bring new insights into the question of the control of Milli Görüs from abroad.

IGMG youth groups from Germany organized several trips to meetings with the radical Turkish preacher Nurettin Yildiz.

Netherlands

In 2006 Milli Görüş had around 30,000 followers in the Netherlands and runs 23 mosques of its own; The Dutch part of the IGMG should be more liberal and reform-oriented than the German sister organizations. The best-known representative of Millî Görüş in the Netherlands is the long-time managing director Haci Karacaer.

France

Due to the immigrant structure, Millî Görüş is less represented in France ; in the elections for the Conseil français du culte musulman , the movement only made lists in Paris and the Auvergne with the Algerian-dominated Grande Mosquée de Paris , which they received there between 30% and 50% of the vote.

Austria

In Austria , instead of the IGMG, the Islamic Federation coordinates the Millî-Görüş mosque associations. Millî Görüş is said to be represented here by 30 local associations.

In 2019 a Milli Görüs youth center will open in Vienna's 15th district. The constitution protection determined.

Switzerland

In Switzerland , Millî Görüş mainly looks after mosques in the German-speaking part.

Mass media

Millî Görüş transports his ideology through a number of mass media, including the daily newspapers Millî Gazete , Yeni Haraket and Anadoluda Vakit, as well as the television channel TV5 .

Millî Gazete is the semi-official mouthpiece of the Millî Görüş.

According to information from the Hessian Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the newspaper Anadoluda Vakit , which has now been banned in Germany, was close to Milli Görüş.

reception

Brochure of the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior on " Islamic Extremism " (with Millî Görüş as the most important branch of it) alongside brochures on Scientology and organized crime

Millî Görüş in all countries where it is active, exceptionally controversial: In Turkey, a number of their was parties banned , the OPCs of the federal and the countries observe the organization.

In addition to criticism of "inscrutable association links", Millî Görüş is accused of the following:

Anti-democratic tendencies

Because of the focus on Islam and presumed extra-institutional goals, Millî Görüş is accused, especially by Germany and Turkey, of being hostile to democracy. According to a ruling by the Administrative Court of Mannheim , IGMG functionaries are not allowed to be naturalized to Germany because of “endangering democracy”. In addition to the anti-Semitism outlined above, Islamism in particular - and in Germany also nationalism allegations - are raised as grounds for hostility towards democracy.

German constitutional protection agencies accuse Millî Görüş of an "ideological interpretation" of Islam. The aim is to "overcome the western order and replace it with an Islamic community." At the general assembly of the IGMG in April 2001, Erbakan had suggested the Islamization of Europe through Muslim immigration. Even after Erbakan's death in 2011, the new leader Mustafa Kamalak declares: “The Millî Görüş movement will continue to march towards the goals set by our leader - the establishment of a new, great Turkey and a New World - with the same determination.” (SP homepage , March 7, 2011)

According to the German constitution protection authorities, Millî Görüş is also characterized by a specific Turkish nationalism.

Economic ties

In the 1990s, Millî Görüş was said to be involved in the “ Yimpaş Affair ”. Milli Görüş members and officials are said to have targeted so-called “ Islamic Holdings ” in mosques and Islamic associations . The Mevlana Mosque in Berlin openly advertised the acquisition of profit shares from dubious Islamic holdings. The money that seeped away is said to have formed the financial and political basis of today's ruling party, the AKP, among other things.

Alleged links to violent Islamism

Since March 2009 it became known that the Munich public prosecutor's office was investigating the German IGMG general secretary Ücüncü and other functionaries of Islamic organizations on suspicion of the formation of a criminal organization . They were accused of illegally collecting money in Germany to be passed on to militant Islamist groups such as Hamas . For this purpose, membership fees and donations in particular should have been taken abroad. In addition, the tax authorities should have been deceived about the actual financial situation of the association. But also the insured community should have been damaged by withheld and misappropriated social security contributions . In the course of this, shortly after the referendum on the ban on minarets in Switzerland , several mosques nationwide and the headquarters of the association in Kerpen were searched by police and customs.

The allegations were dropped in September 2010 and the investigation was ceased entirely. The General Secretary of the IGMG commented on this with the words: "The procedure apparently had a political background".

See also

literature

  • Schirin Amir-Moazami: The Islamic Community Milli Görus in the field of tension between transnational dynamics and German Islamic politics. In: Dietrich Reetz (Ed.): Islam in Europe: Religious life today. Waxmann, Munich 2010, 109–144.
  • Thomas Lemmen : Islamic Organizations in Germany . Friedrich Ebert Foundation , Bonn 2000, p. 40–47 ( library.fes.de [PDF; accessed on August 20, 2008]).
  • Lutz Berger: Religious Authority and Milli Görüş. Two variants of a traditionalist Islam in Turkey. In: Rüdiger Lohlker (Ed.): Hadith Studies. Conversation with the tradition of the prophet. FS for Prof. Dr. Tilman Nagel. Dr. Kovac, 2009, pp. 42-76.
  • Werner Schiffauer : The Islamic Community Milli Görüs - a lesson on the intricate connection between migration, religion and social integration. In: KJ Bade, M. Bommes, R. Münz (eds.): Migration report 2004. Facts - analyzes - perspectives. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York 2004, pp. 67–96, digitized version (PDF; 1.3 MB), also available on Google Books, partly with the same text also as e-text: Werner Schiffauer: Die Islamische Gemeinschaft Millî Görüş . Centrum voor Islam in Europa (Universiteit Gent), Gent ( online [accessed on August 20, 2008] history of the IGMG).
  • Werner Schiffauer: After Islamism. An ethnography of the Islamic community Millî Görüş . Suhrkamp, ​​Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-518-12570-0 .

Web links

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