Emergency towing concept
An emergency towing concept is a plan that is intended to ensure the timely arrival of efficient salvage tugs at an accident victim before they get into a situation from which they cannot be towed free or only with the acceptance of severe environmental damage. Such concepts are mostly developed by government agencies. In addition to specifications for intervention times and size classes of tugs, such concepts often also contain other specifications, such as B. Shelters and support measures from units from the mainland. As a result of the creation of such plans, state-operated or subsidized emergency towing capacities with specialized units (emergency tugs) were set up in many countries . Often, new constructions of government ships (e.g. coast guards) are planned as multifunctional units with emergency towing and rescue capabilities. Even in countries where such state-supported concepts do not exist, there are often emergency towing capacities of private companies, as these towing jobs can be lucrative. However, in these countries there is no guarantee that all sea areas are equipped with sufficient capacities at all times, since private companies may only be interested in certain regions with a high probability of an accident occurring.
Emergency tug
An emergency towing vessel (ETV) is a rescue tug or a suitably equipped multi-purpose ship that - mostly operated by the authorities or on behalf of the authorities - in order to avert a danger to people, the environment or the safety and ease of traffic, those who are unable or disabled to maneuver Ships can move to a safe place or hold them against wind and current or drift in a controlled manner until commercial towing services take over the damaged vessel or its maneuverability is restored. Furthermore, requirements are placed on emergency tugs for accommodating larger groups of shipwrecked people, for fire extinguishing capacities, for operations in potentially explosive environments, etc. The boundary to commercial salvage tugs is fluid; sometimes privately operated tugs are also subsidized by a state in order to be able to ensure emergency towing capacities. In other countries, however, emergency towing capacities are mainly provided by the navy. Many of the newer emergency tugs in existence are built to one of several basic designs developed by Rolls-Royce.
German emergency towing concept
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The German emergency towing concept provides for a maximum intervention time of two hours for every emergency location at sea in the German area of responsibility. This requires three tugs in the North Sea and five in the Baltic Sea, despite the significantly smaller area. The required equipment and performance of the tugs are adapted to the size of the ship in the respective area of application. In order to be able to operate close to shore, maximum drafts are specified for each station. In addition, a ship with at least 200 t or 100 t bollard pull is stationed in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in order to be able to safely handle the specified measurement vessels. With wind force 9, gusts 11, these are a 13,000 TEU container ship in the North Sea (roughly equivalent to the Emma Mærsk class ) and a 135,000 tdw tanker in the Baltic Sea . A bollard pull of 200 t can only be achieved economically with a draft higher than the maximum of 6 m required for the North Sea. Therefore, this ship, the Nordic , needs a ballast-variable diving depth, the Baltic ship Baltic , on the other hand, needs a higher ice class due to the winter icing of the Baltic Sea . Both ships can also be used in potentially explosive areas for towing wrecked tankers with the corresponding cargo.
Four of the eight vehicles are multi-purpose vessels of the federal waterways and shipping administration . Another four are chartered, one from Schlepp- und Fährgesellschaft Kiel , three from members of the Coastal Protection Working Group , to which several German salvage companies have joined forces, also to ensure the necessary reserve capacity. With Nordic and Baltic, the working group operates the most powerful tugs in both seas and also provides two boarding teams for manning evacuated ships on the Nordic off Norderney and in Warnemünde. While the charter tugs are always available, the multi-purpose ships only move into their emergency towing stations from wind force 8. The annual charter costs for the tugs in 2005 amounted to around 15 million euros.
Since 2001 there has been an agreement with the Netherlands for mutual support. This affects the Dutch tug Ievoli Black (until 2009: Waker ) and the Nordic . In order to ensure the possibility of dispatching damaged ships to a place of refuge, the federal government also concluded a corresponding agreement with the five coastal states in 2005.
The chartered emergency tugs are used like the federally owned multi-purpose ships by the Waterways and Shipping Directorates North and Northwest. In the event of a complex damage situation, the emergency command in Cuxhaven can also fall back on the emergency tugs.
In contrast to some other countries, the German emergency towing concept does not provide for any fixed berths; However, the emergency command has a list of possible berths that can be allocated if necessary.
Emergency towing stations
| No. | area | Ship name | Bollard pull (in tons) |
Type | Stationing position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | North Sea | Nordic | 201 | chartered tugboat | 10 nm north of Norderney |
| 2 | North Sea | Mellum | 110 | Multipurpose ship of the waterways and shipping administration | 5 nm southwest of Heligoland |
| 3 | North Sea | Neuwerk | 110 | Multipurpose ship of the waterways and shipping administration | 5 nm southwest of Süderoogsand |
| 4th | Baltic Sea | Bülk | 40 | chartered tugboat | Kiel Fjord |
| 5 | Baltic Sea | Scharhorn | 40 | Multipurpose ship of the waterways and shipping administration | north of Hohwacht Bay |
| 6th | Baltic Sea | Baltic | 127 | chartered tugboat | Warnemünde |
| 7th | Baltic Sea | Arkona | 40 | Multipurpose ship of the waterways and shipping administration | Stralsund |
| 8th | Baltic Sea | Fair play 25 | 65 | chartered tugboat | Sassnitz |
Development of the emergency towing system in Germany
Due to a continuous decline in ship accidents, the salvage companies reduced their towing capacities in the 1970s. In the 1980s, commercial deep-sea tugs could hardly be operated economically, and continuous availability was no longer guaranteed in the German Bight . In response to this development, the water and shipping administration put a vehicle with considerable emergency towing capacity into service for the first time in 1984 with the multi-purpose ship Mellum . The expansion of the German territorial sea and the establishment of an exclusive economic zone on January 1, 1995 as well as the lack of reserve for the Mellum were further reasons to put a second ship into service. In September 1995, on the occasion of the Mellum's planned longer stay in the shipyard, the oil rig supplier Manta , also referred to as a multi-purpose ship, was chartered at short notice . In the tender for a longer-term charter, the accident of the oil tanker Sea Empress in February 1996 off Great Britain, during which the limits of the tugs used became apparent, which led to a review of the tender conditions. Finally, a 250,000 tdw tanker was selected as the measurement vessel and the deep-sea tug Oceanic was chartered in 1996. However, the provision of towing capacity was only intended for the German Bight, not for the Baltic Sea, and after the new multipurpose ship Neuwerk was put into service in 1998 , with which the concept of the Mellum had been continued and expanded, the charter was to expire.
In October / November 1998 the general cargo ship Pallas suffered an accident on the North Frisian coast , in which several attempts at towing with the participation of Neuwerk , Mellum and Oceanic failed. When the ship finally stranded in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park , beaches on Amrum and Föhr were contaminated with heavy fuel oil, and around 16,000 sea birds perished. The great public attention to this damage, which was caused by a ship without any particular hazard potential, revealed weaknesses in security at sea and led to a fundamental reassessment. On February 16, 2000, an independent commission of experts set up by the Federal Minister of Transport found , in addition to general organizational deficiencies, deficiencies in equipment in the emergency towing service. In addition, there is no sufficiently powerful tugboat in the Baltic Sea.
The new emergency towing concept was then developed on the basis of extensive scientific reports. The requirements could initially only be partially met with the existing vehicles and the tractors available on the market. Accordingly, starting in 2001, the concept could only be implemented gradually, starting with the additional charters. The Scharhörn and the Arkona , which was still in planning at the time and commissioned in 2005, were equipped with emergency towing capabilities. After a Europe-wide invitation to tender for corresponding 10-year charter contracts, the two large new vehicles finally went into construction in 2009. Baltic , based on the design of the Spanish Luz de Mar , replaced the 65-tonne tug Fairplay-26 at the Warnemünde station at the end of September 2010 , while Nordic replaced the ocean-going tug Oceanic at the Norderney station on New Year's Eve 2010/2011 .
The charter tugs do not have any identification that they are acting on behalf of the authorities. The accident on the Glory Amsterdam in October 2017 contributed to the fact that the captain hesitated to accept the assistance attempts of the Nordic, as he feared high salvage costs from a commercial salvage company. As a result, a stylized national emblem comparable to that of the coast guard ships (without the designation "coast guard") was attached to the Nordic .
The construction of two new emergency tugs was commissioned in 2019 by the Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration. These should go into operation in 2023 and 2024 and replace the Scharhörn and Mellum .
Emergency towing systems in other countries
Australia
Australia has had an emergency towing concept since 2006, which is part of the National Maritime Emergency Response Arrangement (NMERA) adopted in 2008 . Part of the concept are mainly ocean tugs from private companies based in Australian ports. A specialized ship is only intended for the particularly endangered northeast quadrant of the Australian sea area:
- Pacific Responder , Cairns Base, modified anchor-handling tug, 82 ton bollard pull, Torres Strait and Great Barrier Reef area of operations
Algeria
After the freighter Béchar crashed off the Algerian coast in November 2004 and efficient help apparently failed due to a lack of suitable ships, Algeria ordered three emergency tugs with 200 t bollard pull and general SAR equipment in 2010, which were based on the Rolls-Royce design UT 515 CD and are very similar to the French Abeille Bourbon and its sister ship. The first new building (built by STX ( today : VARD) in Brattvaag) was handed over in March 2012 and named El Moundijd . The ships are operated by the Algerian Navy . Algeria, together with France and Spain, will therefore provide the most modern emergency towing units in the Mediterranean from 2012.
China
In China, the China Rescue and Salvage of Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China (CRS) has emergency towing capacities. There are three stations, Yantai, Shanghai and Guangzhou Salvage. The CRS stations together have around 40 larger and smaller tugs, not all of which are suitable as emergency tugs, but also two units with around 200t bollard pull. Some of these are chartered tugs from the Svitzer-Coess tugboat company, which belongs to the AP Møller-Mærsk group
A selection:
- De Da , bollard pull 220t, Shanghai location, chartered by Svitzer-Coess
- De Hong , bollard pull 185t, Shanghai location, chartered by Svitzer-Coess
- DE YI , 122t bollard hoist, Shanghai location
- De Hui , bollard pull 207t, Guangzhou location
- De Yue , 196t bollard hoist, Guangzhou location
- SUI JIU 201 , 88t bollard pull, Guangzhou location
- De Jia , MPV, Bollard Pull 173t, Yantai site
- De Mei , MPV, 187t bollard pull, Yantai location
France
In France there are five specialized emergency tugs made by the shipping company Abeilles International :
- Abeille Bourbon , Brest base, 200 ton bollard pull ,
- Abeille Liberté , base Cherbourg , 200 ton bollard pull,
- Abeille Flandre , Toulon base, 160 ton bollard pull,
- Abeille Languedoc , La Rochelle base, 160 ton bollard pull,
- Jason , Toulon base, 124 ton bollard pull
The Abeille Bourbon and the Abeille Liberté are based on the Rolls-Royce Design UT515 and were built in 2005 by the My Klebust shipyard , which is part of the Kleven Maritime Group . The older Abeille Flandre (ex Neptun Suecia) and Abeille Languedoc (ex Neptun Gothia) are based on the Rolls-Royce Design UT 507 and were built by Ulstein Hatlo A / S in 1977/78 .
Great Britain
After the Braer disaster off the Shetlands in 1993, Great Britain developed an emergency towing concept that has been in force since 1995. As part of this concept, three emergency tugs with about 100 t bollard pull each have been chartered since 1995:
- Brodopas Moon
- Far Turbot
- Far Minara
From 2002/2003 until the end of 2011, four emergency tugs specially designed for this purpose were in use:
- Anglian Monarch , 152 t bollard pull
- Anglian Prince , 170 t bollard pull
- Anglian Princess , 180 t bollard pull
- Anglian Sovereign , 180 t bollard pull
The annual cost for 2007 was given as £ 12 million. Since the beginning of 2012, only the Anglian Sovereign was in service for the sea area of the Orkneys and Shetland for a few months after the other positions had been abandoned for cost reasons.
The government explained that the salvage of ships "should be a business between the ship owner and the salvage company" and that the provision of emergency towing capacities is "not the correct use of tax revenues". However, in 2012 two tugs were again used for emergencies on the Scottish north and west coast stationed. In a report on the emergency towing concept from 2008, the need for further provision of emergency towing capacities was pointed out.
India
The Indian Coast Guard (ISCG) has ordered three multi-purpose ships based on the Rolls-Royce design UT517, called the Samudra-class, which are being built by the Indian ABG shipyard. The first ship entered service in 2010.
- ICGS Samudra Prahari , bollard pull unknown
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, a chartered emergency tug has been kept available for emergency towing purposes since 1995 (after a corresponding concept was drawn up in 1994 as a result of the Braer accident off the Shetland Islands). In the concept, the safe handling of a VLCC oil tanker, i.e. H. of a 200,000-ton ship, challenged in a severe storm. Until 2010 the ship used was the Waker with 118 tons of bollard pull (the former Solo from Greenpeace). The Waker suffered a total loss due to a machine fire in 2009 and was replaced in 2010 by the new Ievoli Black building with a bollard pull of 120 tons, followed in 2013 by the Ievoli Amaranth with around 130 t bollard pull. The tug is ready for use in the port of Den Helder and, from wind force 5, moves to a position in front of the Dutch Wadden Islands. The ship is managed by Svitzer Wijsmuller . There are also cooperation agreements between the Netherlands and Germany that also provide for the Nordic to be used for accidents in Dutch waters.
- Guardian (ex Ievoli Amaranth) , 130 t bollard pull
Norway
On the Norwegian coast, five chartered ships operate as emergency tugs in three different zones for the Norwegian " Kystverket " (Norwegian Coastal Administration, not identical to the Kystvakt ): "Sone Nord" (north and north-west Norway ), "Sone Vest" (Bergen / Ålesund), “Sone Sør” (Kristiansand). The operations center for all sea areas is the VTS center Vardø. Furthermore, the multi-purpose coast guard units of the Barentshav class (currently three ships: Harstad , Bergen , Sortland ) of the Norwegian Kystvakt are also designed for emergency towing situations.
- Sone North:
- NSO Crusader , 144t bollard pull
- Normand Jarl , bollard pull 150t
- Beta , 118t bollard pull
- Sone Vest:
- BB Ocean , bollard pull 75t
- Sone Sør:
- BB Connector , bollard pull 65t
- Coast Guard Units :
- KV Harstad , base Fosnavåg / Western Norway, bollard pull 100t, ice class 1C
- KV Bergen , base?, Bollard pull 100t, ice class 1C
- KV Barentshav , Base Sortland / Northern Norway, bollard pull 100t, ice class 1C
Russia
The Russian Navy has three rescue and emergency tugs assigned to different units:
- SB-406 (launched in 1984), 88th Rescue Ship Brigade in Polyarny
- Shakhtar (launched 1985 as SB-922 )
- SB-921 (launched in 1985), in July 2012 in the Gulf of Aden used
Sweden
The Swedish Coast Guard owns three multi-purpose vessels of the same type that are kept ready as emergency tugs. These were built in Romania by the Damen shipyard group and put into operation from 2009 to 2010.
- KBV 001 Poseidon , based in Gothenburg - 100 t bollard pull
- KBV 002 Triton , based in Slite on Gotland - 100 t bollard pull
- KBV 003 Amfitrite , stationed in Karlskrona - 100 t bollard pull
Spain
The Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima , under the Ministry of Economy, Public Works and Reconstruction, operates a total of 14 emergency tugs and multi-purpose vessels on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, most of them state-owned, but some are chartered. Two of the tugs have a bollard pull of over 220 tons.
In detail these are:
- Emergency tugs / specialized ETV
- Don Inda - 228 t bollard pull, Galicia operational area
- Clara Campoamor - 228 t bollard pull, operational area west Mediterranean
- Luz de Mar - 128 t bollard pull, Strait of Gibraltar operational area
- Miguel de Cervantes - 128 t bollard pull, Canary Islands area of operation
- These emergency tugs are equipped with night vision devices, oil control equipment, multi-purpose rooms, etc. and are intended exclusively for emergency towing operations and other serious emergencies at sea. The German Baltic is a sister ship of the Luz de Mar and the Miguel de Cervantes . The annual costs for these four tugs are given as € 4.95 million.
- Salvage tug
- Seven salvage tugs with bollard pulls between 60 and 105 tons are distributed over the entire Spanish coast (as well as one unit each on the Balearic and Canary Islands): the María Pita, María Zambrano, María de Maeztu, largely identical in construction to the SAR ships (see below) and Marta Mata with 60t bollard pull each as well as the Alonso de Chaves (105t), Punta Salinas (98t, Canary Islands) and the Punta Mayor (81t).
- SAR multi-purpose vessels
- Three identical SAR multi-purpose tugs with a bollard pull of 60 tons are stationed in Galicia / Biscay ( SAR Gavia , BS-15) and the southern Mediterranean coast ( SAR Mesana , BS-34 and SAR Mastelero , BS-23).
United States
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In the United States of America emergency tugboats are (both from the Navy Navy Fleet Ocean Tugs of the Powhatan-class manned by civilian crews, supplemented by Marine radio operator) provided and by private companies available, however, the latter in contrast to many Countries, on a purely private basis, i.e. without government funding. After the terrorist attacks of 2001, a commission identified the need for up to ten additional powerful emergency tugs with a bollard pull of over 100 t. However, it has apparently not yet been implemented.
- Navy emergency tugs ( Powhatan class ), if still in service:
- USNS Catawba (T-ATF-168) , bollard pull 54 t
- USNS Navajo (T-ATF-169) , 54 ton bollard pull
- USNS Sioux (T-ATF-171) , bollard pull 54 t
- USNS Apache (T-ATF-172) , bollard pull 54 t
- Units of private companies that can be used as emergency tugs (exemplary):
- Ocean Class Tug, 4 Units, Crowley Marine Corporation, 165 Tons Bollard Pull (approximately 150 Metric Tons)
swell
- ↑ a b BMVBS: Maritime emergency preparedness ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c Richard White: The Design of Costguard Vessels , in RUSI Journal February 2008, pp.113ff ( Memento of the original from July 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (online via www.rusi.org; PDF; 267 kB)
- ↑ a b Coastguard and anti-pollution vessels from Rolls-Royce , skipsrevyen.no (English) ( Memento of the original from February 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Waterways and Shipping Directorate North: Emergency towing concept ( Memento of the original dated November 7, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed February 25, 2011
- ↑ Answer of the Federal Government of July 20, 1995 to a small question from MP Gila Altmann on the subject of "Deep-sea tugs flying the German flag and coastal protection" (PDF; 362 kB)
- ↑ Report of the Independent Expert Commission “Havarie Pallas” from February 16, 2000 ( Memento of the original from August 18, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - 1.64 MB
- ↑ Answer of the Federal Government of November 7, 2001 to a small question from Members Goldmann, Friedrich, Koppelin and others. a. on the topic of "Improving coastal protection" (PDF; 360 kB)
- ^ Baltic: An impressive new ETV for the German coast , Maritime Journal v. October 12, 2010 ( Memento of the original from November 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Investigation report 408/17. Federal Bureau of Maritime Casualty Investigation, March 6, 2019, p. 114 , accessed on March 31, 2020 .
- ↑ Nordwest-Zeitung: Coastal Protection: Emergency tug "Nordic" shows its flag. Retrieved April 6, 2020 .
- ↑ New emergency tugs ordered for the North and Baltic Seas. ndr.de, December 20, 2019, accessed on December 22, 2019 .
- ↑ Australian Maritime Safety Authority: National Maritime Emergency Response Arrangements ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ AMSA: Pacific Responder fact sheet ( Memento of the original from May 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 420 kB)
- ^ Vessel wreck case before court: Prosecutor gets tough on defendants , elmoudjahid.com Nov. 2004
- ↑ Algeria lacks rescue equipment, causes deaths , albawaba.com Nov. 2004
- ↑ L'Algérie se paye trois sisterships de l'Abeille Bourbon , Mer et Marine 01/2012
- ^ First of three Algerian Emergency Towing Vessels is delivered , maritime connector, March 23, 2012
- ↑ Svitzer-Coess: Fleet list ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c Shanghai Salvage Co: Fleet list ( Memento of the original dated December 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ DEHUI Sea-going Tug Delivered - Company News: China Merchants Heavy Industry ( Memento of the original from December 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ CRS: Fleet ( Memento of the original from September 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ CRS Guangzhou: SUI JIU 201 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b CRS Yantai: Fleet ( Memento of the original dated February 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Bourbon Online: Assistance et Sauvetage , accessed on April 3, 2012 ( Memento of the original of May 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Kleven Maritime: Abeille Bourbon ( Memento of the original from March 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 243 kB)
- ↑ Kleven Maritime: Abeille Liberté ( Memento of the original from May 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 252 kB)
- ^ Remorqueur de haute mer Abeille Flandre , netmarine.net
- ↑ Remorqueur de haute mer Abeille Languedoc , netmarine.net
- ↑ a b c Emergency Towing Vessels Assessment of Requirements (PDF; 3 MB), report, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, 2008
- ↑ UK's last coastguard tug 'saved' , BBC News , March 21, 2012
- ^ A b New deal on emergency tug for Scotland until 2015 , BBC News, June 12, 2012.
- ↑ Salvage World Q4 / 2010: UK to withdraw Emergency Towing Vessels ( Memento of the original from July 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Commissioning of Samudra Prahari , ICGS ( Memento of the original of July 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Netherlands Emergency Tow Vessel , fire-rescue.nl
- ↑ Technical data of the Ievoli Black at the Marnavi shipyard, Naples (PDF; 2.1 MB)
- ↑ Ships Particulars: Ievoli Black , fire-rescue.nl
- ↑ Rijkswaterstaat : Rijksrederij neemt noodsleepvaartuig Ievoli Amaranth in gebruik ( Memento of the original from August 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - Announcement of March 5, 2013 (nl.)
- ↑ Dutch Coast Guard - press release of June 4, 2010 ( Memento of the original of October 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Dutch)
- ↑ Ievoli Amaranth word… Guardian! Newdeep.nl from January 7, 2016 (Dutch)
- ↑ The Vardo Vessel Traffic Service , www.kystverket.no ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 8.9 MB)
- ↑ Kystverket: VTS Centers
- ^ New Norwegian Coast Guard vessel designed and equipped by Rolls-Royce , Offshore Shipping Online, March 18, 2005
- ↑ Kleven Maritime: Bartenshav - Bergen - Sortland ( Memento of the original from August 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 3.2 MB)
- ↑ skipshistorie.net: 1984 MS STAD SENJA
- ↑ Solstad Offshore ASA: Normand Jarl specifications ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.2 MB)
- ↑ Bukser og Berging: AHTS 'Beta' -. Specifications ( Memento of the original from September 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Bukser og Berging: Voith AHT 'Ocean' - Specifications ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Bukser og Berging: 'BB Connector' - Specifications ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Shakhtar rescue tug (Russian), accessed on July 18, 2012
- ↑ Kustbevakningen: KBV 001-003 operativa ( Memento of the original dated June 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , (Swedish "Coast Guard: KBV 001-003 in operation") accessed April 27, 2012.
- ↑ Ladies MPV 8116 ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English), accessed April 27, 2012.
- ↑ Vehicle data sheet ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish; PDF; 74 kB), accessed on April 27, 2012.
- ↑ Salvamento Maritimo: Bulques poli-valent
- ↑ Plan nacional de salvamentos 2006–2009 (PDF; 138 kB)
- ↑ Diario oficial Boletín Oficial del Estado , June 19, 2007 (PDF; 88 kB)
- ↑ A REASSESSMENT OF THE MARINE SALVAGE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES , National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994 , online via National Academies Press OpenBook
- ↑ Marine Salvage Capabilities , Report of the Committee for Marine Salvage Capability, 2003 (PDF; 2.1 MB)
- ↑ United States Navy Fact File: T-ATF Fleet Ocean Tugs ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Crowley Maritime: Ocean Class DP1 & DP2 vessel specifications ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
literature
- Bluhm, B .; Brenk, V .; Schroh, K .: Update of the system concept on measures to combat oil and other pollutants on the water in the Federal Republic of Germany . Ed .: Federal Environment Agency, special unit of the federal government “Oil accidents sea / coast”, special unit of the coastal states “Oil accidents sea / coast”. Self-published, Cuxhaven / Berlin 1994.
Web links
- German coast security concept , federal waterways and shipping administration
- Maritime emergency preparedness , Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
- Internet presence of the Coastal Protection Working Group