burbot
| burbot | ||||||||||||
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Burbot ( lota lota ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Lota | ||||||||||||
| Oken , 1817 | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the species | ||||||||||||
| Lota lota | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The burbot ( Lota lota ) is a bone fish from the burbot family (Lotidae). It was first described by Linné in 1758 as Gadus lota , the generic name Lota is of a later date. The burbot is the only fish from the cod-like order that occurs exclusively in fresh or brackish water . In Germany it is one of the most endangered species and is therefore subject to fishing regulations in many German federal states . In 2002 the burbot was fish of the year in Germany .
On Lake Constance will Trüsche called in Switzerland also tric or Treische in Austria Rutte , southern Germany also Ruppe , burbot , burbot and burbot and northern German Quappaal .
distribution and habitat
The burbot is found in the Nearctic and Palearctic regions between the 40th and 70th parallel north. In Europe, its range is limited to the south by the Rhone , the Po and the northern Balkans . Although it can also be found in the brackish water of river mouths, it prefers the fresh water of deep lakes and cool rivers in a temperature range of four to 18 degrees Celsius. The burbot lives on gravelly or sandy ground at a depth of one to 700 meters, where it often hangs out under roots, stones and between dense vegetation during the day. She avoids muddy ground.
features
The burbot, a bottom-living and nocturnal predatory fish , can grow to a length of 150 centimeters and a weight of 34 kilograms, but usually does not grow larger than 40 centimeters. Its elongated body is round in cross-section at the front and is increasingly flattened laterally towards the rear. It has brown or black marbling on a yellow, light brown or brown base color. The belly is lighter in color. The burbot has two dorsal fins with soft rays, the second about six times longer than the first and almost half the length of the body. The anal fin is also noticeably long. The pelvic fins are throaty, which means that the burbot still carries them in front of the pectoral fins. The caudal fin is clearly rounded. The wide fish mouth of the burbot is slightly underneath and has a long beard on its chin. There are also two very short barbels behind the front nostrils.
Number of fin rays :
behavior
Below a length of about 20 to 30 centimeters, tadpoles feed on bottom-living invertebrates; as they grow, they mainly eat fish. Fish spawn is also ingested. When choosing their prey, they are quite opportunistic, but prefer soil-dwelling species such as gudgeons . The search for food takes place mainly in the twilight hours and at night. The day is mostly spent resting in hiding. In contrast to many other fish species, tadpoles are much more active in winter than in summer, during which they significantly limit their food intake.
During the spawning season from November to March, the tadpoles migrate to shallower water or upstream into smaller rivers. The spawning areas are visited individually, with the males trying to arrive before the females. The mating takes place at night over sandy or gravelly ground. The animals huddle together to form spherical structures. Each fish tries to get to the center of the group, leaving eggs or seeds there. A female can produce anywhere from 100,000 to 3,000,000 eggs, depending on size and habitat. Tadpoles do not care for broods. The yellow, amber or orange eggs, which are around one millimeter in diameter , sink to the bottom and mature within six to ten weeks. After hatching, the larvae grow from less than one centimeter to more than two centimeters in four weeks. Very rapid growth continues in the first four years of life, after which tadpoles grow increasingly slower.
Tadpoles reach sexual maturity in their third or fourth year of life. Life expectancy is usually around ten to twelve years. A significantly longer lifespan is likely to be possible in waters without human influence.
Burbot and human
The burbot is considered an excellent food fish . Their large, high-fat liver was already very popular with gourmets in the Roman Empire before the spawning season . In particular, their winter activity and their reputation as spawners made them unpopular with managers of salmonid waters . It was therefore often deliberately removed. Efforts are now being made towards re-naturalization in many places, for example in the Lippe , Ruhr , Nidda der Oste and on the Neckar . In some cases, funds from the fishing tax are made available for restocking measures with burbot as part of species aid programs, which is levied when fishing licenses are issued. At the end of May 2018, 1,500 tadpoles were resettled in the Stever . The burbot is protected in many bodies of water and may neither be fished specifically nor removed from the body of water.
literature
- Fritz Terofal u. a .: freshwater fish in European waters. Mosaik, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-570-01274-3 .
- Kurt Seifert, Alexander Kölbing: This is how fishing is fun. Bechtermünz, Eltville 1995, ISBN 3-8289-1645-7 .
- Roland Gerstmeier, Thomas Romig: The freshwater fish of Europe for nature lovers and anglers , 2nd edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-440-09483-9 , p. 311 ff.
- DM Cohen, T. Inada, T. Iwamoto, N. Scialabba: Gadiform Fishes of the World (Order Gadiformes). Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome 1990, ISBN 92-5-102890-7 ( FAO Species Catalog. Vol. 10).
Web links
- Burbot on Fishbase.org (English)
- Entry in the Animal Diversity Web (English)
- Minnesota Profile: Burbot ( Lota lota ) ( Memento from May 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- Lota lota inthe IUCN 2012 Red List of Threatened Species . Posted by: Freyhof, J., Kottelat, M., 2008. Retrieved on April 9, 2013.
- Quappe at Tierdoku.com, accessed August 22, 2016
Individual evidence
- ↑ Animal Diversity Web, Section "Physical Description"
- ↑ Burbot on Fishbase.org (English)
- ^ DM Cohen, T. Inada, T. Iwamoto, N. Scialabba: Gadiform Fishes of the World (Order Gadiformes). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome 1990 ( FAO Species Catalog. Vol. 10.), page 53
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from April 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Press report Ruhrnachrichten from May 21, 2018
Brook Loach (1984) | Bitterling (1985) | Schneider (1986) | European mud lamb (1987) | Brook lamprey , river lamprey (1988) | Bullhead (1989) | Brown trout (1990) | Minnow (1991) | Atlantic salmon (1992) | Cod (1993) | Nose (1994) | European eel (1995) | Sea trout (1996) | European grayling (1997) | Strömer (1998) | North Sea Bill † (1999) | Atlantic salmon (2000) | European sturgeon (2001) | Burbot (2002) | Barbel (2003) | Allis shad (2004) | Brown Trout (2005) | Bullhead (2006) | Tench (2007) | Bitterling (2008) | European eel (2009) | Crucian carp (2010) | Grayling (2011) | Lamprey (2012) | Trout (2013) | European sturgeon (2014) | Huchen (2015) | Pike (2016) | Flounder (2017) | Three-spined stickleback (2018) | Atlantic salmon (2019)