Sapindoideae

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Sapindoideae
Bladder Ash (Koelreuteria paniculata)

Bladder Ash ( Koelreuteria paniculata )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Sapindales (Sapindales)
Family : Soap tree family (Sapindaceae)
Subfamily : Sapindoideae
Scientific name
Sapindoideae
Burnett

The Sapindoideae are a subfamily in the plant family of soap tree plants (Sapindaceae). With around 121 genera and around 1900 species, it is by far the most species-rich of the four subfamilies within the Sapindaceae s. l.

description

Illustration of guaraná ( Paullinia cupana )

The representatives of the Sapindoideae are always woody plants. They grow as trees , bushes or lianas . The alternate leaves are often pinnate.

The flowers are usually too many together in inflorescences . The mostly unisexual, more rarely hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry or zygomorphic , usually four or five-fold. The petals have an appendage. There is a discus . Most three (two to six) carpels have become an ovary grown. There is only one ovule per carpel . Depending on the genus, berries , capsule fruits, stone fruits or split fruits that disintegrate into samaras are formed. The seeds often have an aril or a sarcotesta .

The chromosomes are 0.62 to 4.36 µm long.

Open fruits with seeds of Alectryon tomentosus
Foliage leaves and fruits of Blighia sapida
Fruits of Cardiospermum grandiflorum
Cupania vernalis fruits
Ripe fruits of Cupaniopsis wadsworthii
Fruit of Deinbollia pinnata
Longan tree fruits ( Dimocarpus longan )
Pinnate leaves and inflorescence of Jagera pseudorhus
Fruits of the lychee tree ( Litchi chinensis )
Rambutan fruits ( Nephelium lappaceum )
Soapnut tree ( Sapindus saponaria )
Foliage leaves and fruits of Sarcopteryx montana
Branch with leaves and fruits of Schleichera oleosa
Inflorescences of Serjania reticulata
Foliage leaves and inflorescence of Talisia esculenta
Toechima tenax leaves and inflorescences
Habit and flowers of Ungnadia speciosa

Systematics and distribution

The four subfamilies of the soap tree family (Sapindaceae) are differentiated according to the structure of the ovary ; the Sapindoideae have only one ovule , while the Hippocastanoideae , Dodonaeoideae and Xanthoceroideae have at least two ovules per ovary compartment (corresponds to a carpel ).

The subfamily of the Sapindoideae is divided into several tribes and contains 110 to 141 genera with (1200 to) about 1900 species . The three most species-rich genera are Serjania with around 226 species and Allophylus and Paullinia with around 200 species each, so they contain around half of all species of the Sapindoideae. About 40 genera are monotypical . In 2009 some genera were added to the Dodonaeoideae, which now contains 22 instead of 2 genera.

There are 110 to 141 genera (their range is indicated in each case ):

  • Alectryon Gaertn. : The 25 to 30 species occur in eastern Malesia , Australia , New Zealand , New Caledonia , Vanuatu , the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Samoa , the Manuae (Cook Islands) and Hawaii .
  • Allophylus L .: The approximately 200 species aredistributed worldwidein the tropics and subtropics .
  • Allophylastrum Acev.-Rodr. : It contains only one type:
  • Allosanthus Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Amesiodendron Hu : It contains only one species:
  • Aporrhiza Radlk. : The roughly six species occur in tropical Africa.
  • Arytera flower : The approximately 28 species occur from Indo- Malesia to eastern Australia and on the Pacific islands.
  • Atalaya flower : of the approximately twelve species, nine occur in northern and eastern Australia , one of which is also found on the Lesser Sunda Islands ; one species isnative tosoutheastern New Guinea and two species in southern Africa .
  • Athyana (Griseb.) Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Beguea Capuron : it contains only one species:
  • Bizonula Pellegr. : It contains only one type:
  • Blighia K.D. Koenig : The six or so species are common in tropical Africa, for example:
    • Akee ( Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig )
  • Blighiopsis Van der Veken : It contains only one species:
  • Blomia Miranda : It contains only one species:
  • Boniodendron Gagnep. : Of the only two species, one occurs in China and one in northern Vietnam.
  • Bridgesia Bertero ex Cambess. : It contains only one type:
  • Camptolepis Radlk. : The four or so species occur in East Africa and Madagascar.
  • Cardiospermum L .: The twelve or so species are all common in the Neotropic ; one species also occurs in Africa.
  • Castanospora F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
  • Chimborazoa H.T.Beck : It contains only one species:
  • Chonopetalum Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Chouxia Capuron : The six or so species only occur in Madagascar.
  • Chytranthus Hook. f. : The approximately 30 species are common in Africa.
  • Cnesmocarpon Adema : The four or so species occur in Australia and Papua New Guinea .
  • Cubilia flower : it contains only one species:
  • Cupania L .: The approximately 45 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Cupaniopsis Radlk. : The approximately 60 species are distributed in Malesia, New Guinea, northern and eastern Australia, New Caledonia and on the Pacific islands.
  • Deinbollia Schumach. : The approximately 40 species are distributed in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Delavaya Franch. : It contains only one type:
  • Diatenopteryx Radlk. : The only two types occur in South America.
  • Dictyoneura flower : The three or so species are common in Malesia.
  • Dilodendron Radlk. : The one to three species are common in the Neotropics, excluding the Caribbean islands.
  • Longan trees ( Dimocarpus Lour. ): The six to seven species are common in southern Asia and Southeast Asia as well as Australia, for example:
  • Diploglottis Hook. f. : The twelve or so species occur in north-eastern Australia, one of them also in Papua New Guinea.
  • Diplokeleba N.E.Br. : The only two types are common in South America.
  • Elattostachys (flower) Radlk. : The approximately 20 species occur in Malesia, Australia and on the western Pacific islands.
  • Eriocoelum Hook. f. : The ten or so species occur in tropical Africa.
  • Erythrophysa E. Mey. ex Arn. : The nine or so species are common in Africa and Madagascar.
  • Glenniea Hook. f. : Of the approximately eight species, three are found in tropical Africa, one in Madagascar, one in Sri Lanka and three in Malesia.
  • Gloeocarpus Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Gongrodiscus Radlk. : The only three species occur only in New Caledonia.
  • Gongrospermum Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Guindilia Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. : The only three species occur in South America.
  • Guioa Cav. : The approximately 65 species are distributed in Southeast Asia, Malesia, eastern Australia, New Caledonia and the Pacific Islands.
  • Haplocoelopsis F.G.Davies : It contains only one species:
  • Haplocoelum Radlk. : The roughly six species occur in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Hornea Baker : It contains only one species:
  • Houssayanthus Hunz. : The only three species occur in South America.
  • Hypelate P.Browne : It contains only one species:
  • Hypseloderma Radlk. : It contains only one type:
    • Hypseloderma jubense (Chiov.) Radlk. : It occurs in Africa. It is believed to be in the genus Camptolepis .
  • Jagera flower : The only two species occur in the Moluccas , New Guinea and in Australian Queensland and northern New South Wales .
  • Bubble ash ( Koelreuteria Laxm. ): The only three species occur in southern China, Taiwan and Japan.
  • Laccodiscus Radlk. : The four or so species are common in West Africa.
  • Lecaniodiscus Planch. ex Benth. : The only three species are common in tropical Africa.
  • Lepiderema Radlk. : Of the eight or so species, six are found in Australia and two in New Guinea.
  • Lepidopetalum flower : The six to seven species occur from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to northeastern Australia and the Solomon Islands.
  • Lepisanthes flower : The approximately 24 species are distributed in tropical Africa, Madagascar, southern Southeast Asia, Malesia and northwestern Australia.
  • Litchi Sonn. : It contains only one type:
    • Lychee tree ( Litchi chinensis Sonn. ): The original home extends from tropical China to western Malesia. It is grown in the entire tropical belt.
  • Lophostigma Radlk. : The only two types occur in South America.
  • Lychnodiscus Radlk. : The approximately six to seven species occur in tropical West Africa.
  • Macphersonia flower : The eight or so species occur in tropical East Africa and Madagascar.
  • Matayba Aubl. : The approximately 56 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Melicoccus P Brownne : The ten or so species are common in the Neotropic, for example:
  • Mischarytera H. Turner : The approximately three species occur only in Australia and Papua New Guinea.
  • Mischocarpus flower : The approximately 15 species are distributed in Southeast Asia, Malesia and Australia.
  • Molinaea Comm. ex Juss. : The nine or so species occur only in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands.
  • Namataea D.W. Thomas & DJHarris : It only occurs in Cameroon .
  • Neotina Capuron : The only two species occur only in Madagascar.
  • Nephelium L .: The approximately 22 to 35 species are distributed in Southeast Asia and Malesia, for example:
  • Otonephelium Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Pancovia Willd. : The approximately 13 are common in tropical Africa.
  • Pappea Eckl. & Zeyh. : It contains only one type:
    • Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. : It occurs from tropical East Africa to southern Africa.
  • Paranephelium Miq. : The four or so species are common in Southeast Asia and western Malesia.
  • Paullinia L .: The approximately 200 species are common in the Neotropic. Only the species Paullinia pinnata is also found in tropical Africa.
  • Pavieasia Pierre : The three or so species occur in southern China and northern Vietnam.
  • Pentascyphus Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Phyllotrichum Thorel ex Lecomte : It contains only one species:
  • Placodiscus Radlk. : The approximately 15 are common in tropical West Africa.
  • Plagioscyphus Radlk. : The ten or so species only occur in Madagascar.
  • Podonephelium Baill. : The four or so species only occur in New Caledonia.
  • Pometia J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : The only two species are common in Malesia and the Pacific Islands.
  • Porocystis Radlk. : The only two types are common in the Neotropic.
  • Pseudima Radlk. : The only three species occur in South America.
  • Pseudopancovia Pellegr. : It contains only one type:
  • Pseudopteris Baill. : The only three species occur only in Madagascar.
  • Radlkofera Gilg : It contains only one type:
  • Rhysotoechia Radlk. : The approximately 14 species are distributed in Australia, New Guinea and Malesia.
  • Soap trees ( Sapindus L. ): The approximately 13 species occur from warm-temperate areas to the tropics, for example:
  • Sarcopteryx Radlk. : The approximately twelve species are common in Malesia, New Guinea and eastern Australia.
  • Sarcotoechia Radlk. : The eleven or so species are common in New Guinea and northeastern Australia.
  • Schleichera Willd. : It contains only one type:
    • Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. : It occurs only from tropical Southeast Asia to Indochina and Malesia.
  • Scyphonychium Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Serjania Mill .: With about 226 kinds are widespread in the Neotropic.
  • Sinoradlkofera F.G.Mey. : The only two species are found in China and northern Vietnam.
  • Sisyrolepis Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Smelophyllum Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Stadmania Lam. : The six or so species are distributed in tropical East Africa, southern Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands.
  • Stocksia Benth. : It contains only one type:
  • Storthocalyx Radlk. : The four or so species only occur in New Caledonia.
  • Synima Radlk. : The only two species are common in New Guinea and southeastern Australia.
  • Talisia Aubl. : The approximately 52 species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Talisia esculenta (A.St.-Hil.) Radlk. : From central to northern Brazil, Paraguay and Guyana.
  • Thinouia Triana & Planch. : The approximately nine species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Thouinia Poit. : They are found in Mexico and the West Indies, for example.
  • Thouinidium Radlk. : The approximately seven species occur in Mexico and on the West Indies.
  • Tina Schult. : The six or so species only occur in Madagascar.
  • Tinopsis Radlk. : The eleven or so species only occur in Madagascar.
  • Toechima Radlk. : The seven or so species are common in New Guinea and Australia.
  • Toulicia Aubl. : The approximately 14 species occur in South America.
  • Trigonachras Radlk. : The eight or so are common in Malesia.
  • Tripterodendron Radlk. : It contains only one type:
  • Tristira Radlk. : It contains only one species:
  • Tristiropsis Radlk. : The three or so species are found on the Pacific Islands, Australia, Solomon Islands, and Malesia.
  • Tsingya Capuron : It contains only one species:
  • Ungnadia Endl. : It contains only one type:
    • Ungnadia speciosa Endl. : It occurs in the southern US states of New Mexico and Texas and in the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas.
  • Urvillea Kunth : The approximately 14 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Vouarana Aubl. : It contains only one type:
    • Vouarana anomala (Steyerm.) Acev.-Rodr. : It occurs in northeastern South America.
  • Xerospermum flower : The only two left are common in Indochina and Malesia.
  • Zanha Hiern : It contains only one or two types:
  • Zollingeria in short : The roughly three species found in Southeast Asia and Malesia.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Sven Buerki, F. Forest, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez, Martin W. Callmander, JA Nylander, M. Harrington, I. Sanmartín, Philippe Küpfer & Nadir Alvarez: Plastid and nuclear DNA markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal levels in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae) , In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 51, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 238-258: full text PDF, 476 kB.
  2. ↑ Sapindoideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 5, 2013 ..
  3. ^ David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  4. ↑ a b c d e Nianhe Xia & Paul A. Gadek: Sapindaceae , p. 6 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China . Volume 12 - Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1
  5. ^ David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( Lychnodiscus in Google Book Search).
  6. ↑ RHMJ Lemmens, D. Louppe & AA Oteng-Amoako: Timbers 2 . In: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa . Volume 7, Part 2. Prota, 2012, ISBN 978-92-9081-495-5 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

Web links

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