Swallow nymph

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Swallow nymph
Swallow nymph, male

Swallow nymph, male

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Tribe : Emeralds (Trochilini)
Genre : Thalurania hummingbirds ( Thalurania )
Type : Swallow nymph
Scientific name
Thalurania furcata
( Gmelin, JF , 1788)

The swallow nymph ( Thalurania furcata ) is a species of bird in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) found in Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Argentina and Paraguay . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

Swallow nymph, female

The male swallow nymph reaches a body length of about 9.5 to 12.9 cm, with a weight of about 3.6 to 6.8 g; the females have a body length of about 8.0 to 10.7 cm and a weight of about 3.0 to 5.0 g. The medium-long straight beak is black. The predominant part of the upper side of the male is dark bronze green, whereby the upper head and the neck are colored dark bronze colored. The throat is glittering green, the belly and the band across the back are purple. The forked tail is blue-black, the under-tail-coverts dark steel-blue with wide, matt white borders. The female is light green on the upper side, with a duller and more bronze tint on the upper head. The underside is pale gray. The rear part of the tail feathers is steel blue black and the three outer control springs are speckled white. Male juveniles are almost entirely bronze-green on the upper side and matt bronze-green on the underside. Female juveniles are on average a little more bronze-green in color on the upper side than adult specimens and usually have some light yellow-brown fringes on the face, neck and rump .

Behavior and nutrition

The swallow nymph gets its nectar in the forests and adjacent habitats in eastern Colombia of epiphytes such as bromeliads plants and ericaceous , tendrils of the genus Mucuna and Gurania , lianas from the kind of long threads from trees of the genera Inga , coral trees , Genipa , Tachigali , Quararibea , Syzigium , from scrub such as red and acanthus and from large herbs such as heliconias and costus . In Bolivia, swallow nymphs have been observed to get their nectar by pecking at cactus flowers of the Stetsonia coryne species . They also catch small arthropods in flight ; less often they collect them from the plants. Small flies like two-winged flies and wasps like hymenoptera are important factors in their diet. To do this, they eat small ants, other insects and spiders. They aggressively defend their food territory around the blooming flowers against other hummingbirds such as the cinnamon-red shadow hummingbird or other bird species. Nonetheless, a certain amount of food source sharing has been observed with the black-breasted mango-kibri , the bronze-backed gloss-throat, or even the cinnamon-red shadow hummingbird on certain plants such as Calliandra surinamensis . In dense forest areas, the swallow nymph uses all strata to get food.

Vocalizations

The vocals consist of a continuous series of bright, two-syllable, thin metallic si-tsit..si-tsit..si-tsit ... tones. There is also a repeated series of three to seven insect-like tsi-si-si..tsi-si-si-si-si..tsi-si-se .. sounds. A monotonously repeated single chirp is also part of her repertoire. When the swallow nymph is seated, it gives off a short dry chirping, which is followed by quick, dry trilling or chattering in flight.

Reproduction

In the foothills of the eastern Andes, swallow nymphs were observed in breeding mood from April to October. For the Amazon region in eastern Colombia, the information on the breeding season ranges from August to October. Active nests were discovered in Ecuador from July to September. The breeding season for northern Brazil is December to March, in eastern-central Brazil from November to March, in southeastern Brazil from November to March. So far, nests have only been described for eastern Ecuador. It was a small goblet 1.5 to 2.5 meters above the ground. One of the nests was built over water, the other on an epiphytic fern. The nests attach the birds to sloping horizontal branches and use almost exclusively fallen seeds for construction, which appear pale on the inside and pale brown on the outside and are attached to the branches with cobwebs. Additional material is brought in during the incubation. A few pieces of braid are attached to the outer wall. The nests are approx. 46 mm high. The outer radius is approx. 41 mm, the inner radius approx. 18 to 23 mm, the inner depth is 18 to 20 mm. One of the Ecuadorian nests was on a 4-meter-high nightshade tree about 10 cm away from a colony of the jointly acting spider species Anelosimus eximus . The two white eggs weighing about 0.50 to 0.58 g are about 12.9 to 15.0 × 8.6 to 10.0 mm in size. The incubation period is approx. 15 days and the eggs are hatched by the female. The nestlings fledge after 22 to 25 days. In Ecuador, a female has been observed to successfully defend herself against intruders of the genus Dolichoderus by pecking them away with her beak.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area (green) of the swallow nymph

The swallow nymph prefers moist forests such as Terra Firme and Várzea , forest edges, higher secondary vegetation, semi-open habitats, shady plantations and gardens. In the woods it prefers to move in lighter areas. In some areas she is likely to be in more undergrowth environments. However, there is no further information here.

Subspecies

So far 13 subspecies are known:

  • Thalurania furcata refulgens Gould , 1853 occurs on the Paria Peninsula and the Sierra de Cumaná in northeastern Venezuela.
  • Thalurania furcata furcata ( Gmelin, JF , 1788) is distributed in eastern central Venezuela via Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana to northeastern Brazil.
  • Thalurania furcata fissilis by Berlepsch & Hartert, E , 1902 occurs in southeastern Venezuela, western central Guyana and Roraima in northern central Brazil. This subspecies is distinguished by a longer beak and the dense blue under-tail-covers.
  • Thalurania furcata orenocensis Hellmayr , 1921 is widespread on the upper reaches of the Orinoco in southern Venezuela. In this subspecies, the skull and back are much darker. The blackish blue tail also looks darker. A purple band is drawn across the front back.
  • Thalurania furcata nigrofasciata ( Gould , 1846) occurs in southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela and northwestern Brazil. In this subspecies, the purple dorsal ligament is interrupted in the middle and the green throat is slightly larger and is separated from the purple belly by a black band. This is wider than with T. f. viridipectus .
  • Thalurania furcata viridipectus Gould , 1848 is distributed in eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. In this subspecies, the purple dorsal band is interrupted in the middle and the green throat is slightly larger and is separated from the purple stream by a black band. The top is golden green. In this subspecies, the green of the throat extends to the chest and is delimited by a black stripe.
  • Thalurania furcata jelskii Taczanowski , 1874 occurs in eastern Peru and western Brazil. In this subspecies, the lower part of the throat and chest is more or less tinged blue. The black band is usually broken.
  • Thalurania furcata simoni Hellmayr , 1906 is widespread in southeastern Peru and southwestern Brazil. In this subspecies there is a black line on the cloaca and the under tail covers. It most closely resembles T. f. jelskii .
  • Thalurania furcata balzani Simon , 1896 occurs in north-central Brazil south of the Amazon . In this subspecies the upper head is green and the under tail-coverts white.
  • Thalurania furcata furcatoides Gould , 1861 is widespread in eastern Brazil south of the Amazon. This subspecies is a bit larger and the skull a bit blacker.
  • Thalurania furcata boliviana Boucard , 1894 occurs in southeastern Peru and northeastern Bolivia. In this subspecies, the green is limited to the ring collar and the black is reduced to spots or is completely absent.
  • Thalurania furcata baeri Hellmayr , 1907 is distributed in northeastern and central Brazil over the southeastern Bolivia and the northwest and northern central part of Argentina. This subspecies has a glittering green forehead that stands out from the blackish skull.
  • Thalurania furcata eriphile ( Lesson, RP , 1832) occurs in southeastern Brazil, Paraguay and northeastern Argentina. This subspecies has a glittering green forehead in contrast to the blackish skull.

With Thalurania furcata rupicola Grantsau , 2010 there could be another subspecies that is accepted in the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World 2015. This subspecies, which occurs in the Serra do Espinhaço and in the Diamantina e Serra do Cipó , differs from the neighboring subspecies T. f. eriphile through the blackish-steel-blue under tail-coverts . These are at T. f. eriphile drawn in brown and contrasting with a white border.

Thalurania furcata taczanowskii Dunajewski , 1938 is now considered a synonym for the subspecies ( Thalurania furcata jelskii Taczanowski , 1874). The priority question with regard to the name Thalurania tschudii Sclater, PL , 1859, seems to be a little more complicated . In 1945 James Lee Peters put this subspecies synonymously with Thalurania furcata nigrofasciata ( Gould , 1846). At the same time he put Thalurania tschudii Gould , 1860 in synonymity with Thalurania furcata jelskii Taczanowski , 1874. Peters justified his decision on the basis of different distribution areas. This analysis can be questioned for various reasons. On the one hand, the distribution area of T. f. nigrofasciata not to Gualaquiza or Zamora . On the other hand, Gould clearly described in 1861 in A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds that Sclaters and his description refer to Trochilus furcatus Tschudi , 1846. Also, Gould's distribution area did not refer exclusively to the Río Ucayali , but extended over Ecuador and Peru. In addition, Sclater used Gould's manuscript. Even T. f. jelskii as a synonym can be questioned, as both authors named Ecuador as a distribution area. Here is T. f. viridipectus Gould , 1848 the most likely synonym.

migration

Very little is known about the migratory behavior of the swallow nymph. It is believed that it is more or less a resident bird , which - with exceptions - follows the flowering plants. In Tarija , for example, the species does not seem to be present in the dry season, but it is relatively common in the rainy season. The populations of the Andean foothills probably move to higher altitudes.

Etymology and history of research

The swallow nymph was first described in 1788 by Johann Friedrich Gmelin under the scientific name Trochilus furcatus . He assigned the type specimen to Jamaica , Brazil and Cayenne . John Gould introduced the genus Thalurania in 1848 for a subspecies of the swallow nymph ( Thalurania furcata viridipectus ). »Thalurania« is derived from the Greek words »thalos, τηαλοσ « for »child, descendant« and »ouranos, οὐρανός « for »heaven«. The specific epithet »Furcata« is derived from the Latin »furcatus, furca« for »forked, two-pronged«. "Furcatoides" is made up of "furcata" and "-oidēs -οιδης, " for "resembling". "Refulgens, refulgentis" is the Latin word for "the glitter" from "refulgere" for "glitter". “Fissilis, findere” stands for “split, split”. »Orenocensis« refers to the place where it was found - the Río Orinoco. "Viridipectus" is a Latin combination of "viridis, virere" for "green, to be green" and "pectus, pectoris" for "breast". "Jelskii" is his collector Konstanty Roman Jelski (1837-1896), "simoni" is Eugène Louis Simon (1848-1924), "balzani"  Luigi Balzan (1865-1893) the then professor at the University of Asuncion and "baeri" Dedicated to the natural produce dealer Gustave Adolphe Baer (1838–1918). »Boliviana« refers to the country Bolivia, »eriphile« to Eriphyle from Greek mythology . "Nigrofasciata" is a Latin combination of "nigra" "black" and "fasciatus" for "banded, striped". "Rupicola" is a Latin combination of "rupes, rupis" for "rock" and "-cola, colere" for "residents, inhabit". »Taczanowskii« honors Władysław Taczanowski (1819–1890) and »tschudii«  Johann Jakob von Tschudi (1818–1889).

literature

  • Frank Garfield Stiles III, Guy Maxwell Kirwan, Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: iolet-capped Woodnymph (Thalurania glaucopis) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Johann Friedrich Gmelin: Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis . tape 1 , no. 1 . Georg Emanuel Beer, Leipzig 1788 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: On twenty new species of Trochilidae or Humming Birds . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 14 , no. 164 , 1846, pp. 85-90 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: Drafts for a new arrangement of the Trochilidae . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 16 , no. 180 , 1848, pp. 11-14 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: On the Genus Thalurania . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 19 , no. 238 , 1853, pp. 8-9 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: Description of Twenty-two new Species of Humming Birds . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 28 , 1860, p. 304-313 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: An introduction to the Trochilidae, or family of humming-birds . Taylor & Francis, London 1861 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds . tape 2 , delivery 21. Taylor and Francis, London 1861 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Ernst Hartert: On the Birds of the Orinoco region . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 9 , no. 1 , 1902, pp. 1-135 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Mr CE Hellmayr described and exhibited the following new South-American birds . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 19 , no. 128 , 1906, pp. 8-9 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Mr CE Hellmayr exhibited specimens of a new Humming-bird from Goyaz, Central Brazil and described it as follows . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 21 , no. 138 , 1907, pp. 27-28 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Mr. CE Hellmayr describes 12 new forms from the neotropical area . In: Anzeiger der Ornithologische Gesellschaft in Bayern . tape 1 , no. 4 , 1921, pp. 25-32 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Adolphe Boucard: Genera of humming birds: being also a complete monograph of these birds . Pardy & Son, Bournemouth 1894, pp. 108-206 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Eugène Simon: Description d'une nouvelle espèce de la Famille de Trochilidae . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 3 , 1896, p. 259 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Władysław Taczanowski: Description of the oiseaux nouveaux de Pérou central . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1874 . 1874, p. 129-140 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • René Primevère Lesson : Histoire naturelle des colibris: suivie d'un supplément à l'Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches: ouvrage orné de planches dessinées et gravées par les meilleurs artistes: et dédié AM le Baron Cuvier 66 plates (Prêtre, Antoine Germ ) . Arthus-Bertrand, Paris ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1830-1832).
  • Andrzej Stanisław Julian Dunajewski: About some interesting birds from Peru (non Passeriformes) (O kilku ciekawszych ptakach z Peru (non Passeriformes)) . In: Acta Ornithologica Masei Zoologici Polonici . tape 2 , no. 15 , 1938, pp. 319-325 ( rcin.org.pl [PDF; 12.9 MB ]).
  • James Lee Peters: Check-List of Birds of the World . tape 5 . Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1945 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: List of Birds collected by Mr. Louis Fraser, at Cuenca, Gualaquiza and Zamora, in the republic of Ecuador . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 26 , 1858, pp. 449-461 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1859).
  • Frederick Herschel Waterhouse: The dates of publication of some of the zoological works of the late John Gould, FRS RH Porter, London 1885 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Johann Jakob von Tschudi: Investigations on the fauna of Peruana . Scheitlin and Zollikofer, St. Gallen ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1844–1846).
  • Rolf Grantsau, Haroldo Palo Jr .: Guia Completo para Identificação das Aves do Brasil (Aves Não Passeriformes) . tape 1 . Vento Verde, São Carlos, São Paulo 2010, ISBN 978-85-64060-00-5 .
  • Edward Clive Dickinson, James Vanderbeek Remsen Jr .: Errata and Corrigenda to Volume 1 of Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World . tape 1 . Aves Press Limited, Eastbourne, East Sussex February 2015, p. 653-659 ( researchgate.net [PDF]).
  • Jochen Martens, Norbert Bahr: Documentation of new bird taxa, 6 - report for 2010 . In: Vogelwarte . tape 50 , 2012, p. 177-196 ( d-nb.info ).

Web links

Commons : Swallow Nymph ( Thalurania furcata )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Frank Garfield Stiles III u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ^ John Gould (1853), p. 9
  4. ↑ a b Johann Friedrich Gmelin, p. 486
  5. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a., p. 87.
  6. ↑ a b c Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1921), p. 32
  7. ^ John Gould (1846), p. 89
  8. ↑ a b John Gould (1848), p. 13.
  9. ↑ a b Władysław Taczanowski (1874), p. 138
  10. ↑ a b Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1906), p. 8
  11. ^ A b Eugène Simon (1896), p. 259
  12. ^ John Gould (1861), p. 77
  13. ↑ a b Adolphe Boucard (1894), p. 107
  14. ↑ a b Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1907), p. 27
  15. ↑ René Primevère Lesson (1832), p. 148, plate 25
  16. ^ Rolf Grantsau, p. 126.
  17. ↑ Edward Clive Dickinson et al. a., p. 657.
  18. ↑ Jochen Martens u. a., p. 186.
  19. ^ A b Andrzej Stanisław Julian Dunajewski, p. 322.
  20. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater, p. 460.
  21. ^ A b John Gould (1860), p. 312.
  22. ↑ James Lee Peters, p. 46.
  23. ^ John Gould (1861), plate 103 & text.
  24. ↑ Johann Jakob von Tschudi, p. 245.
  25. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 383
  26. ↑ a b James A. Jobling, p. 166
  27. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 332
  28. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 160
  29. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 403
  30. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 148
  31. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 272
  32. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 343

Remarks

  1. ↑ Although the article was presented on November 9, 1858 at the meeting of the Zoological Society of London , it did not appear until 1859.
  2. ↑ According to Frederick Herschel Waterhouse, p. 55, panel 103 appeared as part of delivery 22 from 1861.
  3. ↑ He also assigned the swallow nymph ( Thalurania furcata ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)), the swallow nymph ( Thalurania furcata nigrofasciata ( Gould , 1846)) and the long-tailed nymph ( Thalurania watertonii ( Bourcier , 1847)) to the new genus.