Sod (genus)

Sod
	Beach sod ( Suaeda maritima )
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order :	Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family :	Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily :	Suaedoideae
Tribe :	Suaedeae
Genre :	Sod
Scientific name
	Suaeda
	Forssk.

The sods or Salzmelden ( Suaeda ) are a genus of plants from the subfamily Suaedoideae in the family of the foxtail plants (Amaranthaceae). The German common name soda refers to the earlier use for the production of soda .

description

Illustration in Iconography of Australian salsolaceous plants, 1889 by Section Brezia : Suaeda australis

Salsina section : flowers of Suaeda nigra

Vegetative characteristics

The sod species are annual or perennial , herbaceous plants , semi-shrubs or shrubs . The blue-green or green parts of the plant can be bald or hairy. The stems grow prostrate, ascending or upright, they are simple or branched and not fleshy.

The mostly alternate, sedentary or very short stalked leaves are fleshy ( succulent ). Their entire leaf blade is linear, lanceolate or elliptical in shape, with a blunt, rounded or pointed tip. In cross-section, the leaves are flat, half-petiole or petiole-round.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers sit in ear-like , more rarely in racemose inflorescences to one to twelve kneaded in the axils of the leaf-like bracts . There are two to three (rarely up to seven) very small, dry-skinned prophylls of oval to lanceolate shape.

The flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual. The inflorescence consists of five mostly fleshy, more or less interconnected tepals , which outlast the anthesis . There are (rarely two to) five stamens , the anthers of which usually protrude from the flower. The ovary bears two to three (rarely five) scars .

Fruits and seeds

The fruit remains enclosed by the inwardly curved, often hood-shaped, contracted bloom cladding leaves. On the outside, the tepals can thicken or have wing-like or horn-like outgrowths. The fruit contains a horizontal or vertical seed of spherical to flattened shape. The individual species differ in terms of color and surface structure of the seed coat. The embryo is rolled up in a spiral, there is little or no nutrient tissue.

Chromosome numbers

The basic chromosome number is x = 9.

Photosynthetic pathway

The Suaeda species of the Salsina and Schoberia sections are C ₄ plants with a typical wreath anatomy. In the species of the Borszczowia section , the C ₄ synthesis pathways take place in a single cell type without a coronal anatomy, ie without spatial distribution (“single cell C ₄ ”) . All other sections are C ₃ plants .

Occurrence

The genus Suaeda are common worldwide. The Suaeda species inhabit wetlands with salty or alkaline soils , especially on the beaches of the coast. They can also be found in suitable locations in the interior of the country and grow, for example, at salt springs , in salty floodplains , steppe deserts and river and lake banks in dry climates.

The sod species occurring in Central Europe belong to Kapralov et al. (2006) of the subgenus Brezia . In Germany only the beach sod ( Suaeda maritima ) is native. In Austria there are also the small salt report ( Suaeda prostrata ) and the large salt report ( Suaeda pannonica ).

Brezia section : Suaeda australis

Brezia section : Suaeda calceoliformis

Brezia section : Strand-Sode ( Suaeda maritima )

Brezia section : Gross-Salzmelde ( Suaeda pannonica )

Brezia section : Klein-Salzmelde ( Suaeda prostrata ) in Seewinkel

Salsina section : Suaeda taxifolia

Section Suaeda : Suaeda vera

Systematics

The genus Suaeda was first published in 1776 by Peter Forsskål in Onomatologia botanica completa, or Complete Botanical Dictionary , Frankfurt 8, p. 797. The scientific genus name Suaeda comes from the Arabic “suaed” for black, the Arabic name for Suaeda vera . Type species is Suaeda vera Forssk. ex JFGmel.

Synonyms for Suaeda Forssk. ex JFGmel. (nom. cons.) are Brezia Moq. , Calvelia Moq. , Chenopodina Moq. , Dondia Adans. , Helicilla Moq. , Lerchia Zinn , Schanginia C.A.Mey. and Schoberia C.A.Mey. . The genera Alexandra Bunge and Borszczowia Bunge are also assigned to Suaeda after phylogenetic studies .

Suaeda is considered a "difficult" genus by botanists, as there are hardly any stable characteristics for classification. Many species are extremely variable, although it is unclear what proportion is due to environmental conditions or genetic differences. Especially the widespread species Suaeda maritima , Sueada calceoliformis and Suaeda nigra are very polymorphic. To determine it, flowers (for the shape of the ovary) and ripe fruits are required. In the case of herbarium, the fleshy parts of the plant lose some of their characteristic properties when they dry.

The Suaeda belongs to the tribe Suaedeae in the subfamily Suaedoideae within the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). It used to be part of the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae), this family has now been incorporated into the Amaranthaceae family.

According to phylogenetic studies by Schütze et al. (2003) and Kapralov et al. (2006) the genus Suaeda is further subdivided into two sub-genera with several sections and includes around 82 species, here is a selection:

Subgenus Brezia (Moq.) Friday & Sagittarius :
- Section Brezia (Moq.) People :
  - Suaeda australis (R.Br.) Moq. : It occurs in East and Southeast Asia and Australia and grows on the edge of mangrove forests, on sandy beaches and sea coasts.
  - Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq. : It iswidespreadfrom Alaska and Canada to Mexico and grows on moist salt soils, also in disturbed areas and roadsides.
  - Suaeda corniculata (CAMey.) Bunge : It occurs from southern and southeastern Europe via Central Asia to East Asia (China) and grows in salt deserts, on lake and river banks.
  - Suaeda crassifolia Pall. : It occurs from Southeast Europe (Lower Volga Region) across Southwest Asia (Caucasus, northern Iran) and Central Asia to the southern part of the Chinese Autonomous Region of Xinjiang . It inhabits salt deserts, rivers and lakes.
  - Suaeda heterophylla Bunge ex Boiss. : It occurs from Southeast Europe (Lower Volga Region ) across Southwest Asia ( Caucasus , Iran ) and Central Asia to East Asia (China). It grows on strongly saline-alkaline soils in steppe deserts, on river and lake banks and in fields.
  - Suaeda kossinskyi Iljin : It occurs from Southeast Europe (Lower Volga Region) via Central Asia to the Chinese Autonomous Region of Xinjiang and grows on strongly saline-alkaline soils.
  - Beach sod ( Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. ): It is widespread on the coasts of Europe, the temperate regions of Asia, in northern Africa and in North America, and also inhabits inland saltpans .
  - Suaeda occidentalis (S.Watson) S.Watson : It is widespread in North America and inhabits moist salt soils.
  - Gross-Salzmelde ( Suaeda pannonica Beck ), a Pontic - Pannonian species, which has its western border in Burgenland ( Seewinkel ).
  - Suaeda patagonica Speg.
  - Klein-Salzmelde ( Suaeda prostrata Pall. ): It is a Pannonian-Pontic-South Siberian species that occurs in locations rich in sodium chloride from Austria (Burgenland) through South and Southeast Europe, Southwest and Central Asia to East Asia (China).
  - Suaeda spicata (Willd.) Moq. : The home is Spain and the Balearic Islands .
  - Suaeda chujensis Lomon. & Friday : It was first described in 2003. It only thrives in the semi-deserts of the high mountains in the Russian Altai and in the Gobi-Altai in Mongolia.
Subgenus Suaeda
- Section Alexandra (Bunge) Kapralow et al. : It contains only one type:
  - Suaeda lehmannii (Bunge) Kapralov, Akhani & EHRoalson (Syn .: Alexandra lehmannii Bunge ): It is located in the Aral region of Central Asia.
- Section Borszczowia (Bunge) Friday & Sagittarius : It contains only one species:
  - Suaeda aralocaspica (Bunge) Friday & Sagittarius
- Physophora
  Ilyin's
  section
  - Suaeda ifniensis Caball. ex Maire : It occurs in Morocco.
  - Suaeda palaestina Eig & Zohary : It occurs in Sicily, Crete, Egypt, Libya, on the Sinai Peninsula, in Israel and Jordan.
  - Suaeda physophora Pall. : It occurs from southeastern Europe (Caucasus region) to the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Xinjiang and grows in steppe deserts, on salty dry slopes and in alluvial plains.

use

From the ashes of Suaeda fruticosa and Suaeda maritima , soda and potash were extracted, which were used to make soap and glass.

Several types of sod are food plants , for example Suaeda australis , Suaeda fruticosa , and Suaeda maritima : their young leaves and sprouts are eaten as a salty salad ingredient or as a vegetable. The seeds of some species can also be consumed and provided a flour additive in times of need. Oil is obtained from the seeds of Suaeda glauca .

Suaeda fruticosa is used in folk medicine : compresses made from the leaves were used to treat eye disorders. Prepared as an infusion , it was used as an emetic .

Red and black dyes are obtained from some Suaeda species.

literature

Hossein Akhani, Dieter Podlech: Suaeda. In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Ed.): Flora Iranica , Volume 172 - Chenopodiaceae , Graz, Akad. Druck, 1997, pp. 133-152. (Sections Description, Systematics, Occurrence of Southwest Asian Species)
Wayne R. Ferren Jr., H. Jochen Schenk: Suaeda , p. 390 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. , Oxford University Press, New York et al. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 . (Sections description, chromosome number, occurrence, use: dyes, systematics: occurrence of North American species)
Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Steven E. Clemants: Chenopodiaceae : Suaeda , p. 389 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 5 : Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X . (Sections description, systematics: Occurrence of Chinese species, common names)
Maxim V. Kapralov, Hossein Akhani, Elena V. Voznesenskaya, Gerald Edwards, Vincent Franceschi, Eric H. Roalson: Phylogenetic Relationships in the Salicornioideae / Suaedoideae / Salsoloideae sl (Chenopodiaceae) Clade and a Clarification of the Phylogenetic Position of Bienertia and Alexandra Multiple DNA Sequence Datasets , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 31, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 571-585. (Section systematics: structure)

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b ^c ^d Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
↑ Gudrun Kadereit, Thomas Borsch, K. Weising, Helmut Freitag: Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 164, Issue 6, 2003, pp. 959-986.
^ ^A ^b Suaeda in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b P. Schütze, et al .: An integrated molecular and morphological study of the subfamily Suaedoideae Ulbr. (Chenopodiaceae). In: Pl. Syst. Evol. , Volume 239, 2003, pp. 257-286.
↑ ^a ^b Maxim V. Kapralov, Hossein Akhani, Elena V. Voznesenskaya, Gerald Edwards, Vincent Franceschi, Eric H. Roalson: Phylogenetic Relationships in the Salicornioideae / Suaedoideae / Salsoloideae sl (Chenopodiaceae) Clade and a Clarification of the Phylogenetic Position of Bienertia and Alexandra Using Multiple DNA Sequence Datasets. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 31, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 571-585.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Steven E. Clemants: Chenopodiaceae : Suaeda , p. 389 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j P. Uotila (2011): Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore). Datasheet Suarda - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
^ Maria Lomonosova, Helmut Freitag: A new species of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) from the Altai, Central Asia. In: Willdenowia , Volume 33, 2003, pp. 139-147. doi : 10.3372 / wi.33.33113 full text PDF.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Suaeda at Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : Soden ( Suaeda ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Klein-Salzmelde and Groß-Salzmelde , photos and information at the Forum Botanical Walks.at