Steinway & Sons

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Steinway & Sons

logo
legal form Corporation
founding March 5, 1853
Seat Europe and international :
Hamburg , GermanyGermanyGermany 
management Ron / Ronald Losby and Guido Zimmermann
Branch Musical instruments
Website eu.steinway.com

Steinway grand piano (model D-274 from the Steinway factory in Hamburg)

Steinway & Sons (often Steinway called) is a manufacturer of wings and pianos . The company was founded by Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg (Henry E. Steinway) and his sons in New York City ( Manhattan ) in 1853 . Since then, Steinway & Sons has successfully registered more than 125 patents .

Grand pianos and upright pianos from Steinway & Sons are manufactured in Hamburg and New York ( Queens ). Steinway & Sons also manufactures grand pianos and upright pianos in Japan under the Boston brand and in China under the Essex brand . The Steinway houses (English: Steinway Halls ) belong to the sales network .

The parent company, the stock corporation Steinway Musical Instruments , under whose roof Steinway & Sons numerous other musical instrument manufacturers and brands are gathered, was bought by John Paulsons Paulson & Co. in August 2013 and taken off the stock exchange.

history

The Steinway family

Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg (Henry E. Steinway) photographed by Mathew B. Brady

Born in Germany, Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg was a trained cabinet maker, later he became an organ builder and church organist. Out of musical interest, he was engaged in the construction of musical instruments and later also with the piano. In the kitchen of his apartment in Seesen , Steinweg made his first grand piano in 1836, which is now called the kitchen wing and is still in place.

For economic reasons, he emigrated to the USA with his wife Juliane (Johanna Juliane Henriette Thiemer), three daughters and four of his sons in 1850 ; the second oldest Karl had already gone to the USA to scout a year earlier, in 1849. In New York , the family took the Anglicized surname Steinway , and their first names were also Anglicized. In the beginning, Henry E. Steinway and his sons worked in various piano factories until they set up their own family business in 1853. Henry E. Steinway and his American family company Steinway & Sons quickly achieved success. Another son, C. F. Theodor , remained in Germany and continued his father's business. A little later he moved the company to Wolfenbüttel . When Friedrich Grotrian was accepted as a business partner, the company was relocated to neighboring Braunschweig again. Despite the physical distance, the family developed a lively correspondence, documented to this day, in order to exchange information about the progress in piano making technology.

The Steinway sons Heinrich (Henry Jr.) and Karl (Charles) died in March 1865. At the urgent request of the family, CF Theodor moved to the USA to succeed his deceased brothers in the management of Steinway in New York to enter. In the same year he sold the family shares in the Braunschweig company for 20,000 thalers to Wilhelm Grotrian, son and heir of his late short-term partner Friedrich Grotrian, and to the employees Adolf Helfferich and H. O. W. Schulz. According to the sales contract, the instruments of the Braunschweig company should be allowed to carry the reference to Th. Steinweg successor for another ten years and be built under license according to plans of the US constructions. They were labeled with Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, Th. Steinweg Successor on the keyboard flap and until 1875 - like the US instruments - they also had the characteristic curves of Erard's cheeks , the grand piano that the Steinway technicians used as a template. There are even instruments from Braunschweig from around 1875 that have Steinway New York, Braunschweig on their key flaps . Grotrian-Steinweg emerged from the Braunschweig company . Different perspectives on the name designations triggered a large number of legal disputes between Steinway and Grotrian-Steinweg in the following decades.

Spectators buying tickets to a Charles Dickens reading at Steinway Hall , New York, 1867

C. F. Theodor (C. F. Theodore) followed the family's call to New York. Henry E. Steinway died on February 7, 1871 at the age of 74. His eldest son C. F. Theodore and the two younger sons Wilhelm ( William ) and Albert took over management of the company. William was the majority shareholder and chairman of the board, the youngest son Albert the factory manager, and the eldest son C. F. Theodore the developer. William went down in Steinway history as a marketing genius. He was the inventor of the Steinway Hall , the Steinway Concert & Artist department and, together with C. F. Theodore, pioneer of the Hamburg factory, which the two of them opened in 1880 and initially owned as a couple. C. F. Theodore developed many of the Steinway patents over the next few years , oriented himself towards research on acoustics and sought advice on this from the physicist Hermann von Helmholtz , who was given a large concert grand piano by Steinway around 1870 for his research work. The grand piano was sent from New York to Berlin and there was received by Carl Bechstein , and the tax of 20 Thalers was also paid by Bechstein. These 20 thalers were reimbursed to Bechstein personally by William. This grand piano is exhibited today in the Deutsches Museum in Munich. The essential result of these investigations was the duplex scale patented for Steinway, the precise determination of the attachment lengths that resonate with the strings and thus the possibility of tuning these secondary vibrations that enrich the tone in the treble.

C. F. Theodore also prevailed against his brothers with the desire to build an upright piano. In addition to the construction of high-quality grand pianos, his aim was to always be able to offer cheaper instruments for wider sections of the population and to optimize manufacturing techniques. Between the Steinway sons C. F. Theodore, Henry Jr. and Charles, there had been intensive correspondence across the Atlantic and also a fraternal competition for the best ways in piano technique, even before they had separated. Ultimately, fate had decided that after the death of his brothers, C. F. Theodore remained in the family as the only technician alongside his father. With the fundamental redesign of the grand pianos (keyboard mechanics from 1871, one-piece cast frame in dome shape, longitudinal struts over the string system, with covered sound post, prototypes 1869, concert grand piano 1875, with the rim housing made of glued wooden thicknesses 1878) and their consistent implementation in all grand piano sizes originated after 1886 (introduction of the semi-concert grand piano C-227) all instruments of the handwriting CF Theodores. With the Style II grand piano size, forerunner of the C-227, the instruments disappeared from production according to Henry Jr. designs.

After years in New York, C. F. Theodore returned to Germany in old age; he died on March 26, 1889 in Braunschweig. William managed the company's fortunes for many years until his death in 1896. From 1891/1892 he also worked with Gottlieb Daimler and built Daimler cars under license in the Rikers factory in Queens. He also knew how to bring suitable successors into the right positions in the family. William was on 21 January 1896 by Emperor Franz Joseph I to kuk purveyor appointed. William died on November 30, 1896. William's nephews Charles H. and Frederick took over the management, their cousin Henry Ziegler became head of the research department.

Steinway was also supplier to the British , Italian , Prussian , Saxon , Ottoman , Spanish , Norwegian , Swedish and Russian court.

The Steinway company

Late 19th century

Steinway Factory on 4th Avenue, 52nd Street, Manhattan, New York, 1876

Messrs Steinway started in a back yard at 99 Varick Street, where a square piano was built with the build number 483, which was to continue the build number counting of Steinweg instruments from Germany and which became Steinway's first square piano made in the USA. The case had been bought from the prestigious Pirsson piano manufacturer, where one of the sons was employed as a worker. In the following seven years, the Steinways rented a large number of workshops in southern Manhattan, some of which are no longer comprehensible today, in order to run their rapidly expanding company. The daughters Steinway, who - although kept out of the company management by their father and brothers - were also a great help. Initially, Steinway & Sons made table pianos , which were still widely used in the USA. It was not until three years after the company was founded in 1856 that the first grand piano was manufactured in the USA with the build number 791 (the case was manufactured in April, the instrument was polished in November). Henry E. Steinway and his American family company Steinway & Sons quickly achieved success. In 1860, only seven years after the company was founded, a huge piano factory was built on an entire block between 52nd and 53rd Streets and 4th Avenue, which after the Capitol in Washington comprised the second largest enclosed space on the American continent. Early exhibition successes in the Crystal Palace in 1855 generated high demand for the exceptionally well-made instruments.

The first Steinway grand pianos were initially manufactured as so-called "straight strings" from 1856 onwards. An essential step to success was the successful integration of the cross-string cover, which is already known on table pianos and pianinos , with which the wound strings of the bass cover cross the strings of the middle register (Overstrung Scale, patent from 1859). This shifts the vibrations of the bass strings with the bass bridge more towards the center of the soundboard and thus produces a better sound development. The bass crossover and the one-piece cast frame in dome shape (cupola) were copied very early by many piano manufacturers as the most important features of the Steinway system.

In 1866, the Steinway Hall developed by William Steinway was opened in New York, a combination of concert hall and sales rooms, which, as it quickly turned out, was very effective and successful. Concert-goers passed the pianos and grand pianos on display twice on their way to the concert hall on the upper floor. As a result of trading activities in Europe and the successes at the World Exhibition in Paris, a five-year collaboration with the Mangeot company in Nancy to manufacture grand pianos ( Parlor Grand Style II , approx. 220 cm long) for the French and English market. Steinway supplied their sound systems and mechanics, Mangeot manufactured the grand piano housings, then installed the components and sold the completed instruments as well as other Steinway instruments shipped from New York to Europe in France and Great Britain.

William Steinway acquired land on the north beach on the neighboring Long Island and built a new factory there to avoid the conflict in Manhattan, as well as a settlement for the workers and - together with a befriended brewery owner who was also of German descent - an amusement park. He also bought a villa of the optician Pike next door. This villa served as the summer residence of the Steinway presidents for decades. The manufacture of the "Rikers Plant" began around 1871, initially with keyboards - and as a major step forward, with the operation of our own foundry. The parts from the Rikers Plant were taken across the East River on a Steinway-owned ferry and assembled at the Manhattan factory on 52nd Street. The company's own foundry then also produced the heaviest individual parts in the entire history of piano construction, the massive cast frames of the concert grand pianos, which weigh over 300 kilograms. With this, Steinway made itself more independent of the supplying of companies in the New York area and ultimately only bought wood, felt, pig iron and wire - everything else in the upright and grand piano production was produced in-house.

Another Steinway Hall in London was to follow in 1875, including a production of grand pianos, but this was only operated for a few months and was dropped in favor of a production then installed in Hamburg. In 1875, the production of the Centennial Concert Grands began, which, with its solid cast plate with sound post cover and the duplex scale system developed by C. F. Theodore Steinway together with the physicist Hermann von Helmholtz , was awarded the world's best grand piano at the World Exhibition in Philadelphia the following year were. A contemporary of Franz Liszt called it the “ Stradivarius of the Pianos” in a respected music magazine . Richard Wagner received such a concert grand as a gift on the occasion of the opening of his concert hall. These 424 instruments, the heaviest and most elaborately built series instruments in the company's history, are the immediate predecessors of the D-274 , the world's most successful concert grand piano, built by the tens of thousands since 1884, almost unchanged .

Steinway factory, Schanzenstrasse, Hamburg, 1915

The sound and robust construction of Steinway instruments became more and more popular. Due to the great demand, a second factory was opened in Hamburg in 1880 to supply the European market and to compete there with European competitors. With the establishment of Hamburg's Steinway's Pianofortefabrik in 1880, Steinway pianos were again produced in Germany for the first time. Here the demand for the European continent should be covered. The administration was located on Schanzenstrasse in the Sternschanze district. The founding fathers William and C. F. Theodore saw a competitive advantage in the Hamburg free port . The first director of the Hamburg factory was C. F. Theodore's close colleague Arthur von Holwede. C. F. Theodore directed all European operations while William, the chairman of the board, went back to New York.

The Hamburg factory - initially in the personal property of William and C. F. Theodore - initially only assembled supplies from New York, but became more and more independent with European purchased parts, until the Hamburg factory was able to manufacture completely independently from around 1906. The deliveries from New York to Hamburg, the transfer prices for these and the cheaper pricing of instruments made in Hamburg at the time as internal competition to New York instruments had become the subject of family and then also legal disputes with a representative of the grandchildren, which were the later, otherwise extremely high overshadowed the successful years of William Steinway's life.

First third of the 20th century

Steinway reproduction grand piano from 1920

In early 1900 a new system for reproducing piano music turned out to be a best seller. In the following years Steinway supplied manufacturers of mechanical installation systems for reproduction pianos , e.g. B. M. Welte & Sons from Freiburg, who installed the famous Welte-Mignon system , and the Aeolian Company , which developed the Duo-Art system, with pianos and grand pianos.

1938 Steinway grand piano in the White House

In 1903 that was 100,000. Instrument Completed, a custom concert grand piano given to the American people as a gift and used in the White House for 35 years . The grand piano was replaced in 1938 by the instrument with the serial number 300,000, as was a special concert grand piano that is still in the White House today. These so-called Art Case Pianos became another business area of ​​Steinway. The art instruments were made for many famous families. Artists and architects also immortalized themselves in the cases of Steinway & Sons grand and upright pianos .

The production capacity was initially continuously expanded due to the high demand. Steinway built another factory, Ditmars Plant, on Ditmars Hill in Queens, about two miles south of the beach. When demand in the USA came to a standstill as a result of Black Friday , both the relatively young Ditmars Plant and the Manhattan factory were given up and the American production of Steinway instruments was carried out entirely in the Rikers Plant, where it is still today is still located.

A new production facility in the Hamburg district of Bahrenfeld has led to an expansion of capacity since 1928.

Second World War

During the Second World War , wooden gliders were built at the New York plant for use in the war in Europe. In addition, a special piano unit was made, the Victory Vertical or G. I. Piano , a small olive-green piano that, packed in a box with the stool, could be thrown from the plane to supply the GIs with music.

The factory in Hamburg was effectively closed because it was in American hands, from 1941 to 1944 only around 100 instruments were built there per year, the wood stocks were processed into rifle butts and coffins . Towards the end of the war, the Hamburg plant was hit by bombs and badly damaged. The production of instruments in Hamburg did not resume until 1948.

1960s to 1990s

In the USA, problems with an innovation introduced in New York production in 1961 made the headlines : with the Permafree bush bearing, the hundredfold tiny bearings of hammers and repeater links inside the wing mechanism were converted from felt to Teflon . Since Teflon reacts far less to changes in humidity than the surrounding wood, there were sometimes annoying clicking noises, the cause of which remained undetected for a long time because they usually only occurred at certain times of the year. In 1982 Steinway said goodbye to Teflon sockets and again introduced felt, now impregnated with a special lubricant containing Teflon.

In the 1960s, well over 1,000 grand pianos were manufactured and sold in Hamburg each year. The delivery time for a Steinway grand piano was often more than a year after the order was placed. In the following years, however, investments were neglected, which led to the fact that the production facilities required for the modern market were out of date and one was not able to produce larger quantities in response to market demand. The Steinway company was no longer lucrative enough. Due to the need for capital and problems with a family succession, the Steinway family management made the decision to sell. In 1972, the company became the property of the American media company Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). B. also belonged to Fender guitars and electro music. Henry Ziegler Steinway, the last Steinway on the company's management, remained on board as an employee manager for CBS and his successor; over the years he devoted himself more and more to representative tasks. In 1985, CBS sold the company to three Boston entrepreneurs in the Birmingham family. They founded a new holding company, Steinway Musical Properties .

Steinway instrument number 500,000 from 1988

In 1988 the Steinway instrument with the number 500,000 was manufactured. The signatures of several hundred Steinway artists are engraved on the special model . In 1995 Steinway & Sons merged with Selmer Company to become the largest musical instrument manufacturer in the USA under the name Steinway Musical Instruments , based in Queens , New York . From 1996 Steinway Musical Instruments is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under LVB ( Ludwig van Beethoven ). The company has a 100% interest in its subsidiaries Steinway Piano Company and Conn-Selmer.

21st century

In 2003, Steinway & Sons celebrated their 150th anniversary in New York's Carnegie Hall with three major concerts of classical , jazz and pop music . In 2005 the production in Hamburg celebrated its 125th anniversary in the Laeiszhalle in Hamburg. The well-wishers included numerous Steinway dealers from all over the world, the Steinway artist Lang Lang and the First Mayor of Hamburg Ole von Beust .

In 2013 Steinway Musical Instruments , including Steinway & Sons, was sold to hedge fund manager John Paulson for $ 512 million . Paulson assured that nothing would change in the quality of the musical instruments. Bloomberg announced in August 2018 that conglomerate China Poly Group was interested in acquiring Steinway Musical Instruments. The sales price is estimated at around one billion US dollars .

production

Steinway produces around 3,000 grand pianos and 600 upright pianos every year - by the beginning of 2016, a total of around 600,000 instruments had been manufactured worldwide. The construction of a Steinway grand piano takes more than a year without the wood drying times. A grand piano is assembled by hand from around 12,000 individual parts .

Suppliers

The piano mechanics manufacturer Louis Renner has been part of Steinway & Sons since June 2019 and supplies the mechanics in individual parts.

The sprues were initially obtained from New York suppliers, from 1871 to the 1920s Steinway cast in the Rikers Plant itself. Then, for health and safety reasons and due to official requirements, the company's own foundry was closed and the cast plates were bought back on the US market. As more and more foundries closed and in the end only the specialized supplier O. S. Kelly remained for Steinway, Steinway bought the company. A similar development was observed with the keyboards . Steinway purchases keyboards from its Solingen subsidiary, Kluge Keys. O. S. Kelly and Kluge also supply Steinway's competitors.

Individuality of the instruments

Although the same construction plans and materials are always used, no two instruments are alike. Due to the construction principle from piano construction, to build the instruments "on tension" to achieve the bridge pressure , no two grand pianos are exactly alike because of the individual properties of the wood used, which is noticeable in the development of the sound. This is why many Steinway buyers choose the grand piano with the desired sound characteristics from the instruments there in the selection rooms of the factories in Hamburg or New York. For this purpose, there are selection rooms in both factories, in which the most popular instruments in sizes B-211 and D-274 for the standard black versions can be selected from up to twelve examples by the customer.

Using the serial number, each Steinway instrument can be assigned to a production period. At the request of an instrument owner, the marketing departments will issue a copy of the page of their delivery book as a PDF document through the specialist trade. Since 1853 it has been recorded in the delivery books on which day the final acceptance of an instrument took place and to which customer, dealer and destination port an instrument was delivered. In the instruments there are small marks of the factory workers' names at certain points on the keyboard frame and soundboard.

Steinway grand piano on the podium

Hamburg and New York

Almost the same wings are made in both factories. There are differences in the sound culture, the appearance of the housing and the paintwork.

The Hamburg Steinway has a highly polished case and a rounded key flap and side panels, the New York Steinway has a satin black painted case and a right-angled key flap and side panels. The New York production facility in Queens, Long Island, builds mechanical parts and hammers itself, the keyboards come from Germany from the subsidiary Kluge (Remscheid); The Hamburg production facility also installs Kluge keyboards, but hammers and mechanical parts are supplied by Louis Renner (Gärtringen) according to specifications. In Hamburg grand pianos, the hammer felt in the middle layers is not "soaked", only in the bass and treble areas.

Pianists had and still have different preferences and preferred instruments from one factory or another. Vladimir Horowitz played a Steinway D from New York that accompanied him on his concert tours. Artur Rubinstein played a Steinway D-274 from Hamburg. There is a formal geographical division of the markets, Steinway New York supplies North and South America , Hamburg supplies the rest of the world. However, it is also possible to order an instrument from the other manufacturer.

Steinway Hamburg manufactures seven grand piano models and two piano models.

  • Grand piano models: S-155, M-170, O-180, A-188, B-211 , C-227, D-274
  • Piano models: V-125, K-132

Steinway New York manufactures six grand piano models and three piano models.

  • Grand piano models: S, M, O, A, B, D
  • Piano models: 4510, 1098, K-52

Models

Wing models
model Length [cm] Width [cm] Weight [kg] Construction time since
S-155
S 		155 146.5 252 1935
M-170
M. 		170 146.5 275 1911
O-180
O 		180 146.5 280 1900
A-188
A 		188 148 315 1878
B-211
B 		211 148 345 1878
C-227 227 155 400 1886
D-274
D 		274 156 480 1884

The models O and B can be equipped with the "Spirio" reproduction system ex works . Extravagantly painted and equipped grand pianos are offered under the name "Limited Edition".

Piano models
model Height [cm] Width [cm] Depth [cm] Weight [kg] Construction time since
4510 114 148 64 218 1938
1098 118 148 64 218 1938
V-125 125 152.5 67.5 267 1915
K-132
K-52 		132 152.5 68 305 1903

Brands

While high-quality grand pianos and upright pianos from Hamburg and New York are sold under the brand name Steinway & Sons , the Boston and Essex brands are intended to serve the medium and entry-level price segments.

Grand pianos and upright pianos manufactured by Steinway & Sons
  • Steinway & Sons grand pianos and pianos are manufactured in Hamburg and New York. The high-quality product series comprises a total of seven grand piano and four upright piano models.
Grand pianos and upright pianos designed by Steinway & Sons
  • Boston grand pianos and pianos are manufactured under license by Kawai in Japan . Many Steinway patents have flowed into the series of instruments, and all designs are from Steinway & Sons. The product series comprises five grand and three upright piano models in the medium price segment. The design (GP for Grand Piano / UP for Upright Piano) and the length or height in cm flow into the model designation.
  • Essex grand pianos and pianos have been manufactured under license by the Pearl River Piano Group in China since 2006 . The complete Essex series consists of its own constructions and comprises two grand and four upright piano models in the lower price segment. As in Boston, the model names are preceded by an " E " and the letters GP or UP and again the decisive dimension in cm.

Steinway Artists

Steinway artist Oliver Schnyder
Immortal Steinway artist Sergei Rachmaninov

The Steinway concert grand model D-274 can be found in many concert halls around the world. Steinway can also consolidate its position by the fact that many pianists are Steinway Artists (German: Steinway artists ) and only perform when a Steinway instrument is available.

The idea of ​​the Steinway Artists comes from William Steinway. The great grand piano manufacturers of the time vied for the favor of pianists by giving away instruments. William, however, engaged the Russian pianist Anton Rubinstein in 1873 for a concert tour in the USA . Rubinstein played 215 concerts in various cities in a total of 239 days, using only Steinway grand pianos. Later the pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski , after whom a series of grand pianos was named, played 107 concerts in 117 days in the USA. Paderewski traveled by train from place to place, in a specially rented saloon car, which also contained the Steinway grand piano on which he gave concerts. This grand piano is now in the National Museum of American Art.

Today more than 1700 pianists belong to the Steinway Artists worldwide. B. Daniel Barenboim , Harry Connick junior , Billy Joel , Jewgeni Kissin , Diana Krall and Lang Lang . Steinway also lists more than 100 deceased artists as Immortals (German: "Immortals") among the Steinway Artists, z. B. Benjamin Britten , Duke Ellington , George Gershwin , Vladimir Horowitz , Cole Porter and Sergei Rachmaninow . Young Steinway artists and ensembles are two other categories of Steinway Artists.

Patents

Rim patent for wood bending machine, 1880
Rimbie block at Steinway in Hamburg

A selection of over 125 registered Steinway patents:

  • The clasp device (1855), which increases the resistance of the frame against the tension of the strings.
  • Cross-stringed scale length (1859), advantages through elongated bridges and their displacement to the center of the soundboard, causing larger resonance surfaces to vibrate.
  • Vibrating soundboard bridge with acoustic sound posts (1869), based on the sound conduction through bars, and especially used for pianinos and grand pianos of smaller dimensions.
  • Ring bridge on the soundboard (1869), whereby a previously unattained equality of timbre in the transition from the smooth to the spun strings is achieved.
  • Mechanic tube frame (1869).
  • Duplex scale (1872), which considerably expands the fullness of overtones in the treble.
  • Tone holding device (1875), the so-called sostenuto pedal.
  • Revised metal frame construction Cupola (1875).
  • Keyboard frame adjusting screw (1879).
  • Rimbiege patent (1880) for a clamping device for shaping the wing contour from glued strips of wood veneer.
  • Cast plate in the treble, stabilized by a winged treble bell (1885).

See also

literature

German

English

Web links

Commons : Steinway & Sons  - collection of images, videos and audio files
items
Documentaries
museum

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Donald W. Fostle: The Steinway Saga: An American Dynasty . Scribner, 1995, ISBN 0-684-19318-3 , pp. 25 (English).
  2. ↑ Larry Fine: Acoustic & Digital Piano Buyer - Fall 2014 . Brookside Press LLC., 2014, ISBN 978-1-929145-39-3 , pp. 194-195 (English).
  3. ↑ a b Steinway Changing Amid Tradition. The New York Times, March 28, 1991, accessed July 27, 2011 .
  4. ↑ a b Google Patent Search. Google, accessed August 18, 2011 .
  5. ↑ A harmony of prestige and perfection. Westdeutscher Rundfunk Cologne, February 15, 2012, accessed on January 5, 2016 .
  6. ↑ a b Legendary piano maker: Steinway goes to hedge fund manager Paulson. Spiegel Online, August 14, 2013, accessed June 9, 2014 .
  7. ↑ Berlin, June 19th 1871. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, accessed January 5, 2016 (English).
  8. ↑ Music in the past and present . tape 12 , 1965, p. 1246-1247 .
  9. ↑ Steinway Vienna 004. Wikimedia Commons, accessed September 16, 2011 .
  10. ^ Roy F. Kehl, David R. Kirkland: The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos . Amadeus Press / Hal Leonard, 2011, ISBN 978-1-57467-198-8 , pp. 105 (English).
  11. ↑ Steinway / Mangeot Freres. Piano Salon Christophorie, accessed December 19, 2013 .
  12. ^ Playing the White House: Entertaining with the US president. BBC News Magazine, September 30, 2011, accessed October 11, 2011 .
  13. ^ A Piano Is Born, Needing Practice; Full Grandness of K0862 May Take Several Concerts to Achieve. The New York Times, April 2, 2004, accessed March 12, 2010 .
  14. ^ Ronald V. Ratcliffe, Stuart Isacoff: Steinway & Sons . Chronicle Books, 2002, ISBN 0-8118-3389-5 , pp. 49-55 (English).
  15. ↑ Steinway and Sons Special Photo Collection. San Diego Air & Space Museum, accessed January 5, 2016 .
  16. ↑ Billionaire Paulson Attracts Chinese Suitor for Steinway bloomberg.com 7 August 2018th
  17. ↑ Chinese could buy Steinway spiegel.de, August 7, 2018.
  18. ^ Tina Grant: International Directory of Company Histories . tape 19 . St James Press, 1998, ISBN 978-1-55862-353-8 , pp. 427 (English).
  19. ↑ Ellen Freudenheim: Queens . St. Martin's Griffin, 2006, ISBN 978-0-312-35818-1 , pp. 34 (English).
  20. ↑ Clever keyboards - our company. Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
  21. ↑ Steinway Serial Numbers by Year Manufactured. M. Steinert & Sons, accessed on August 4, 2018 .
  22. ↑ https://eu.steinway.com/de/spirio-selbstspielsystem/
  23. ↑ Steinway from China. Die Welt, December 6, 2005, accessed January 5, 2016 .
  24. ↑ Solo artist. Steinway & Sons, accessed August 4, 2018 .
  25. ↑ Immortals. Steinway & Sons, accessed August 4, 2018 .

Coordinates: 53 ° 34 ′ 26.3 "  N , 9 ° 55 ′ 28.8"  E

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 19, 2006 .