Student connections in Chernivtsi
The student associations in Chernivtsi reflected the ethnic and religious diversity in Chernivtsi . After 1875 there were over 40 student associations in the five-language capital of Bucovina . With the occupation by the Soviet Union in 1940 , the Second World War and the affiliation to the Ukrainian SSR in 1944, the life of connections in Chernivtsi ended.
Franz Joseph University
When Bukovina with the capital Chernivtsi belonged to Austria-Hungary for a hundred years - as crown land since 1849 - Franz Joseph I founded the University of Chernivtsi named after him on October 4th, 1875 . Trieste , Olomouc , Brno , Ljubljana and Salzburg were left behind. The fact that the University of Lemberg was Polonized in 1867 had contributed to the decision . After the lost German war , the end of the German Confederation and the small German solution with the establishment of the German Empire , Habsburg wanted to show its power in the east and, with Czernowitz, create a counterweight to the Kaiser Wilhelms University in western Strasbourg .
It was thanks to the founding rector Constantin Tomaszczuk that the Franz Joseph University adopted German as the international teaching language between Romanians and Ukrainians . As the son of a Romanian mother and a Ukrainian father, he sat for the German Liberal Party in the Imperial Council (Austria) . Thanks to his cleverness, the easternmost German-speaking university (1000 km "behind" Vienna) not only had faculties for Greek Orthodox theology, law and philosophy , but also the first chair for Ukrainian language and literature and the first chair for Church Slavonic .
The university opened on October 4th and 5th, 1875. The celebrations were organized by the Vienna Bukowina Landsmannschaft . The charged moved from Siebenbürgerstrasse to the university building. Richard Strele von Bärwangen directed the Kommers in the circus . The keynote address was given by Eduard Reiss , the Jewish mayor of Czernowitz. For the first time, Joseph Victor von Scheffel's new song was heard , the Prut raises its head in the reeds . The "high stranger" in the 1st stanza was the Alma Mater Czernowiciensis ; because “a lot of entourage” - almost all professors - had to be delegated to Bukovina from Austrian and German universities.
Viennese country team Bukowina
After the University of Lemberg was Polonized, the Buchenland students gathered almost exclusively at the University of Vienna . In the autumn of 1868, for example, the Bukovinian student association was founded, which later became the “progressist German academic country team”. The color chosen was blue-red-gold, the colors of Transylvania . On the light blue caps, the percussion was in reverse order. The fox ribbons were blue-red. With the choice of colors , the young association got into a seven-year conflict with the Corps Saxonia Vienna , which wore the same colors with dark blue caps. In 1881 the Saxonia stipulated dark blue – scarlet red, while the Bukowina stuck to light blue – carmine red.
The founding of the University of Chernivtsi initially created enormous motivation for the members of Bukovina . The foundation celebrations were essentially prepared by her. The invitations from other universities and corporations led 350 foreign guests of honor to Austria's far east. Scheffel was asked to write the official festival song. Rudolf Weinwurm was chosen as the composer . The text of the federal song is by Josef Wiedmann , who is probably identical with the member of the state parliament Joseph Victor Widmann . Eusebius Mandyczewski probably wrote the melody while studying in Vienna in 1875.
While corporate life flourished quickly in “Little Vienna” and was dominated by the corps in the first few years , the Bukovina team came into trouble - they “messed up”. A shortage of young people and doubts about identity were expressed in several name changes. In 1876 the Bund became a member of the Vienna Landsmannschafter Convent and, like the other Viennese Landsmannschafts, a member of the Reading Association of German Students . When Bukowina switched to the German-Austrian reading association just three months later , it came into open conflict with the fraternities that promoted Austria's national German movement .
Relations with Chernivtsi consisted primarily of close contacts with the academic reading room there and with the German student club . When he became the Landsmannschaft Arminia in 1879 , the two leagues formed a cartel. It broke up as early as 1880 when the Arminia fraternity became. Although the Bukowina team had 26 active members in the winter semester of 1878/79, the end was foreseeable. The fraternity idea prevailed and became more attractive even for the scanty offspring from Bukovina. Active operation could no longer be maintained. If it had already lost its traditional source of young talent when the Franz Joseph University was founded, it finally failed as a “German-Austrian” connection due to the increasing dominance of the fraternities. The Convent drew the conclusion on 8 December 1882, decided to adjourn . It was never canceled again. A list of members has not been preserved.
Connections in Chernivtsi
“Chernivtsi, the former capital of the youngest Austrian crown land Bukovina, was withdrawn from the European consciousness for decades. After being part of the Greater Romanian Empire between the World Wars, it disappeared as a Soviet province far behind the Iron Process. Won by Joseph II for the Austrian crown, the city, which is located on a hill above the Carpathian Prut, experienced its heyday in the Franciscan Josephine era. The planned expansion gave rise to a metropolis that was a good 800 kilometers east of the capital, but more and more challenging: Chernivtsi - little Vienna. The historical course from the late medieval Moldavian customs station to the Habsburg vanguard between Galicia and Transylvania caused a plethora of peoples to flow together and settle down, creating a state of peaceful coexistence while emphasizing their national peculiarities. While in the later years of the Danube monarchy the diversity of its peoples became a threatening source of tension, Czernowitz proved to be a creative antithesis. The highlight of the city's history was undoubtedly the establishment of a university in the autumn of 1875. With the arrival of research and teaching, a student subculture developed here, which, according to Western tradition, expressed itself in diverse community formations: corporations, associations, clubs, reading rooms, corps, fraternities, Cossacks or whatever the self-chosen typing might be. They emerged within the strongest ethnic groups, i.e. the German ethnic group, the Romanians, the Poles, the Ruthenians and the Jews, in different ideological forms and based on the Austrian model in academic and pennal variants. And although there was only 65 years left for it to develop, more than 60 of these multifaceted fractions can be identified within this epoch. The Bukovinian capital was enriched by a further title: Chernivtsi - the Heidelberg of the East. "
Twelve days after the university opened, Strele founded Corps Austria . He established the incomparable wealth of connections between "Little Vienna". His song Im Buchwald it begins to rustle was one of the morning gifts of the Alma Mater . In its cultural, ethnic and religious diversity, the “Heidelberg of the East” surpassed all other universities.
A distinction could be made according to their orientation: five "Austrian", nationally indifferent (three corps and two associations), two German-national (fraternities), one / two Catholic (Roman, Greek, Armenian), six Romanian (five striking ), five Ukrainian ( three hitting), two Polish (one Catholic association, one fraternity), nine Jewish (three hitting) and eight other corporations.
After seniority passed:
corps
- Austria (1875–1914), black-gold-black, white stroller
- Gothia (1876–1926), green-white-gold, green loiter
- Alemannia (1877–1937), black-blue-gold, blue loafer
The founders of the three corps included the Athese Richard Strele von Bärwangen , the Prague Austrians Goldenberg and Sauerquell as well as Viktor von Kaspar and Hartmüller. Even after the Second World War, Alemannia had many common corps brothers with Alemannia Vienna and Frankonia Brünn, including Jonél Kalinczuk and Thaddäus von Dobrowolski .
Ukrainian connections
- Sojuz (1875–1940), blue-gold-blue
- Zaporoshe (1910–1940), reactivated in 1990 as the only connection in Chernivtsi, red-white-gold
- Czornomore (1913-1940), blue-gold-blue
- AV Bukowina zu Chernivtsi (since 1997), dark blue-red-green
Romanian connections
All blue-gold-red
- Arboroasa (1875-1940)
- Junimea (1878-1940)
- Bucovina (1880-1940)
- Academia ortodoxa (1884–1940)
- Dacia (1903-1940)
- Moldova (fraternity, 1910–1940)
Fraternities
- Arminia (1880–1940), black – red – gold
- Teutonia (1903-1940)
Polish connections
- Oginsko (1884–1940), amaranth red -silver-amaranth red
- Lechia (fraternity, 1910–1940), white-blue-red
Lechia had only given satisfaction on sabers . In 1920 she introduced the censorship .
Jewish connections
- JANV Hasmonea (1891–1936), founded by Mayer Ebner , red-violet-green
- Zephira (1897–1936), gold-white-blue
- Hebronia (1900–1936), green-red-gold
- Humanitas (1900–1903), red-gold-green → Hebronia and Emunah
- Emunah (1903–1936), gold-purple-gold
- Jewish-Academic Association of Jewish Culture (1910–1924), cultivation of the Yiddish language, light blue-white-red (colored)
- Hatikwah (1914), purple-green-gold
- Heatid (1918–1936), green-silver-black
The old gentlemen's associations of Hasmonea, Zephira, Hebronia and Heatid were reconstituted in Israel in 1950 .
Catholic connections
- Unitas (1891–1906), white-black-gold
- → Franconia (1906–1939), white-black-gold
- → Germania (1913–?), Pink-moss green-gold
- Cartell Association (CV)
- → Frankonia (since 1891), today in Erlangen , white-black-gold
Middle School Associations
With the exception of Romanian associations, the diversity of the university corporations was also reflected at the level of the secondary schools, where connections were also established. Since these were forbidden by the Austrian school authorities until 1918, they developed under the special patronage of the academic associations, to which they were supposed to bring trained members ("Profuxias").
CORPS
- Aria (1920–1937), preliminary connection of the Corps Alemannia, black-white-light blue
UKRAINIAN LINKS
- Pohore (1912-?), Pre-connection of the Zaporoshe, raspberry-green-gold
- Kubany (1914-?), Pre-connection of the Czornomore, blue-gold-pink
FRIENDSHIPS
- Germania (1908-?), Black-red-gold, later black-white-red
- Saxonia (since 1906), black-red-gold , merged with Libertas to form Saxo-Libertas in 1930, reactivated in Munich in 1992
- Suevia (1907–1940), pre-association of the Teutonia fraternity, black-red-gold
- Libertas (1910–1930), preliminary connection of the Arminia fraternity, in 1930 merged with Saxonia to form Saxo-Libertas, black-wine-red-gold
- Saxo-Germania (1920–1940), preliminary connection of the Teutonia fraternity, black-white-red
- Saxo-Libertas (1930-1940), fusion of Saxonia and Libertas, the colors of the previous frets were retained
POLISH LINKS
- Jagiellonia (? -?), Pre-connection of the Lechia
JEWISH CONNECTIONS
- Chemdat Zion (after 1897-?), Pre-connection of the Zephira
- Herzlia (after 1897-?), Pre-connection of the Zephira
- Davidia (1905-?), Pre-connection of the Hasmonäa, green-violet-gold
- Bar Kochba (? -1936), pre-connection of the Zephira, probably black-green-gold
- Libanonia (? -?), Pre-connection of Hebronia, light blue-light green-gold
- Future (1916–1918), converted into the Heatid University Association, green-black-gold
- Hasmonäa (? -?), Light blue-white-gold
- Kadimah (1927-?), Autonomous establishment
- Hatikwah (? -?), Technical connection at the state trade school, took up the technical connection with Hajarden in 1935
- Moriah (? -?), Association of Zionist business students
CATHOLIC LINKS
- Buchengau (since 1922), pre-connection from Frankonia, exists as an old man's association, white-orange-light blue
- Borussia (since 1927), technician connection at the Staatsgewerbeschule, Altherrenverband in Linz , red-white-green
After the end of the Soviet Union
With the outbreak of World War I, lectures and academic life came to an end. However, some connections still existed, including the Ukrainian connection Zaporoshe, which was then operating. 1940, with the occupation by the Soviet Union, this was also dissolved. In 1990 the UAV Zaporoshe was reactivated as the only connection in Chernivtsi, but not completely. It is currently no longer active.
In 1997 the Academic Association “Bukovina” to Chernivtsi ( Ukrainian Академічне Товариство “Буковина” в Чернівцях , AV Bukovina zu Chernivtsi) was founded by doctoral students from the historical faculty at the National Jurij-Fedagzernowytsch University . At the time it was founded, it was the only student association in Ukraine that follows the old European student tradition according to the Comment . The association is based in the German House on Olha-Kobyljanska- Strasse. The connecting colors are explained with reason, honor and noble (dark blue), energy and action (red) as well as eternal youth of the Bukovinian spirit (green).
literature
- Gregor Gatscher-Riedl : Student life in "Jerusalem am Pruth". The Jewish university connections in Chernivtsi . In: DAVID. Jewish cultural magazine, vol. 29, No. 114, Rosh Haschanah 5778 (Vienna, September 2017), 72–76.
- Gregor Gatscher-Riedl: Chernivtsi - Little Vienna on the eastern edge of the monarchy. Kral-Verlag, Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-99024-690-0 .
- Raimund Lang : Chernivtsi pasticcio, texts - facts - anecdotes . Czernowitzer Kleine Schriften, series of publications by the traditional association “Kath. Chernivtsi Pennäler ”, issue 15, Innsbruck 2004, ISBN 3-902368-07-1 .
- Raimund Lang: Couleur in Chernivtsi . WJK-Verlag, Hilden 2013, ISBN 978-3-940891-41-9 .
- Harald Lönnecker : "... harmonious and tolerant cooperation"? The Chernivtsi student association 1875–1914. In: Yearbook of the Federal Institute for Culture and History of Germans in Eastern Europe. 21 (2013), pp. 269-317.
- NN: Corps life at the University of Chernivtsi in Buchenland. Memories of a Chernivtsi Corps student (active 1920–1923) . Once and Now, Yearbook of the Association for Corps Student History Research , Vol. 8 (1963), pp. 151–157.
- Hans Prelitsch: Student in Chernivtsi - the corporations at Chernivtsi University . Landsmannschaft der Buchenlanddeutsche, Munich 1961, p. 64 ff.
- Fritz Ranzi : The SC associations of the Vorkösener time in Austria . Einst und Jetzt , Vol. 1 (1956), pp. 61-76.
- Fritz Roubicek : From Basel to Czernowitz - the Jewish-academic student associations in Europe . Vienna 1986.
- Harald Seewann : “For the people's honor and well-being!” The Jewish-national academic connection Hasmonaea Czernowitz (1891–1940) and the struggle for recognition of the Jewish nationality . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 52 (2007) pp. 163-198, ISSN 0420-8870 .
- Harald Seewann: Extinct boyhood in Bukowina. Highlights of the life and work of the Jewish-national academic association Hebronia Czernowitz (1900–1936) . Historia Academica Judaica, Vol. 8 (Graz 2016).
- Harald Seewann: Corporate life of the Chernivtsi Jewish academy. Connections Hasmonaea, Hebronia and Zephira in the years 1897-1914 in the mirror of the press . Historia Academia Judaica, Vol. 9 (Graz 2016).
- Rudolf Wagner : The corps student roots of the Czernowitz corporation life , in: German Pennälertum in Czernowitz . Regensburg 1991.
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ The colors of the Corps Stauffia served as a model ; because Austria's foundation was mediated by a professor who frequented Stauffia in the 1870s (Carl Heydt: Chronik des Corps Stauffia zu Stuttgart , 1960, p. 41).
- ↑ see Petru Carp
- ↑ Arminia emerged from the Club of German Students founded in 1877 . It represented the German national idea and only accepted Germans, which resulted in its official dissolution in 1883. The re-establishment soon followed.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h R. Lang, in: Burschenschaftliche Blätter Internet-Addendum 2004/05
- ^ Wiener Landsmannschaft Bukowina (Regiowiki Altösterreich)
- ^ R. Lang: The Wiener Landsmannschaft Bukowina . Einst und Jetzt , Vol. 56 (2011), pp. 249-256.
- ↑ Surprised, the Prut rises in the reeds
- ↑ a b c N.N., Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 8 (1963), pp. 151-159.
- ↑ Robert Spulak of railway military: history of the Vienna Couleurs . Vienna 1914.
- ^ Festschrift of Frankonia Chernivtsi for the 110th Foundation Festival . Erlangen 2001.
- ^ Raimund Lang : The Wiener Landsmannschaft Bukowina - the root of the Czernowitz corporation life . Einst und Jetzt , Vol. 56 (2011), pp. 249-256.
- ^ A b c Emanuel Turczynski: Chernivtsi, a university achieved by the educated bourgeoisie in the service of state education and science funding. In: Peter Wörster (ed.): Universities in Eastern Central Europe. Between church, state and nation - social-historical and political developments. Munich 2008, p. 215 ff.
- ^ A b c d German university calendar for the winter semester 1889/90 , Berlin
- ↑ Ranzi, p. 67.
- ↑ Chernivtsi Corps (VfcG)
- ^ Arminia fraternity in Linz
- ^ R. Lang: Speech on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Teutonia Czernowitz fraternity (PDF; 188 kB)
- ^ Josef Mosberg: History of the JNAV "Hebronia". In: Hugo Gold (ed.): History of the Jews in Bukowina. Vol. 1. Tel Aviv 1958, pp. 121-123.
- ^ Berthold Heuchert, Raimund Lang: Deutsches Pennälertum in Czernowitz. Eichenau 1991
- ^ Raimund Lang: Couleur in Chernivtsi. Hilden 2013, p. 122f.
- ^ Raimund Lang : Couleur in Chernivtsi . WJK-Verlag, Hilden 2013, p. 43 .
- ^ Gregor Gatscher-Riedl: Czernowitz - Little Vienna on the eastern edge of the monarchy . Kral-Verlag, Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-99024-690-0 , p. 204 .
- ^ AV Bukowina zu Chernivtsi. Retrieved July 26, 2019 .