Forints
Forints | |
---|---|
Country: | Hungary |
Subdivision: | 100 filler |
ISO 4217 code : | HOOF |
Shortcut: | Ft |
Exchange rate : (July 30, 2021) |
1 EUR = 357.2 HUF 1 CHF = 331.63 HUF |
The Hungarian forint is the currency of Hungary . A forint is formally in 100 Fillér or Filler (abbreviation f , German: " Heller ") divided, this unit has, however, no longer relevant since the late 1990s. After the end of World War II , the forint was reintroduced in 1946 and remained stable until the mid-1980s. After the collapse of the socialist regime in 1991, the change from a central administration economy to a free market economy led to inflation. The value of the forint fell drastically and in 1991 the inflation rate was 32.2%, in 2009 it was only 5.6%. The EU member Hungary will replace the forint with the euro due to the obligations in the EU treaties , but Hungary must first comply with Exchange Rate Mechanism II .
story
The forint got its name from the florin , a gold coin named after the city of Florence , which spread throughout Europe in the 13th century. Other currencies such as the guilder were also derived from the florin. In Hungary, the forint was only introduced in 1325 by King Karl Robert von Anjou (Hungarian Károly Róbert ). In the 14th and 15th centuries, Hungary was the largest gold producer in Europe. The forint was one of the strongest currencies in the region until the 17th century. The Fillér takes its name from the Heller .
The Ottomans ruled Hungary in the 16th and 17th centuries. When power gradually waned after 150 years, the reign of the Habsburgs began . But even that did not lead to pacification of the people, so that there were several uprisings. Above all, the rich aristocratic Rákóczi family was actively involved. Ferenc II. Rákóczi went down in history as the leader of the rebellion as a Hungarian national hero. It still adorns the 500 forint note today. Rákóczi created a new currency during the wars of freedom by having the Habsburg coins (1.10 and 20 Poltur) struck with his seal. This process is also called counter-marking.
In Austria-Hungary , the forint was minted for the Hungarian part of the empire from 1868, before it was replaced by the Austro-Hungarian crown (corona) with the currency reform of 1892 . After the disintegration of the Danube Monarchy, the Hungarian crown was introduced, which in turn was replaced by the pengő ("ringing coin") in 1927 as a reaction to the inflation that lasted from 1921 to 1924 . As early as 1931, the gold pengő was valued at 130 trillion paper pengő. On June 3, 1946, notes to the value of 100 trillion pengő were put into circulation and withdrawn on July 11, 1946. Shortly thereafter, the Adopengő (German tax pengő ) was introduced. The course between Pengö and Steuerpengö changed constantly. The pengő suffered such a high devaluation that it entered the Guinness Book of Records as the world record for inflation .
After this hyperinflation and the associated monetary chaos, the forint has been the official currency of Hungary again since August 1, 1946. One forint was fixed as 4 · 10 29 (400 quadrillion , written out 400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) pengő or 200 million tax pengő.
The communist leadership, which ruled from 1948, left no room for an upswing in the forint in the course of the planned economy . Despite various measures, including the control of oil prices at the border as well as the promise of stable domestic prices, prices began and the costs in Hungary foreign exchange - bonds to rise. The denominations of the banknotes established in 1946 were no longer sufficient, which led to the fact that the first 500 forint note was printed in 1970. The 1000 forint note followed in 1983 and the 5000 forint note in 1991.
The change in the political system in 1989 gave the forint the first chance to develop under market conditions. This proved to be a difficult process. The quick release of the remaining regulated prices resulted in inflation of 33.35 percent in 1990 and 32.22 percent in 1991. Due to the relative economic independence of Hungary, the country had the lowest inflation rate in comparison with the other former socialist countries. Hungarians had very little confidence in the forint, so most people kept their savings in foreign currency , preferably D-Mark or US-Dollar . It wasn't until the mid-1990s that this trend began to reverse, and in 2001 the forint was declared fully convertible .
Output forms
Coins
In 1946 the coins were initially minted to the denominations of 2, 10 and 20 fillér and 1, 2 and 5 forints. In 1947 5 forints followed, as well as 5 and 50 filler in 1948. The fillér initially consisted of copper compounds and the forint of aluminum . Real silver coins were also minted until 1947 because of the gold standard .
Old coins (series from 1949)
The following table shows a detailed overview of the individual coins.
Face value | Motif front |
Motif back |
description | metal | Weight | diameter | edge | Issue date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 filler | Lettering People's Republic of Hungary , year of issue | aluminum | 0.65 g | 18 mm | smooth | March 27, 1950 | ||
5 filler | Lettering People's Republic of Hungary, year of issue, woman's head | aluminum | 0.6 g | 17 mm | smooth | March 31, 1953 | ||
10 filler | Lettering People's Republic of Hungary, year of issue, dove with olive branch | aluminum | 0.85 g | 19.1 mm | corrugated | December 15, 1950 | ||
20 filler | Lettering People's Republic of Hungary, year of issue, ears of wheat | aluminum | 1.25 g | 21 mm | smooth | March 31, 1953 | ||
50 filler | Lettering People's Republic of Hungary, year of issue, man sitting on anvil with hammer | aluminum | 1.4 g | 22 mm | smooth | March 31, 1953 | ||
1 forint | Lettering People's Republic of Hungary, year of issue, Mátyás Rákosis coat of arms | aluminum | 1.5 g | 23.7 mm | corrugated | November 15, 1949 | ||
2 forints | Lettering People's Republic of Hungary, year of issue, Rákosis coat of arms | Cupronickel | 5 g | 25 mm | with ornaments | January 20, 1950 | ||
5 forints | Lettering People's Republic of Hungary, value number, year of issue, János Kádár's coat of arms, Lajos Kossuth | Copper - Nickel - Zinc | 7.4 g | 27.5 mm | corrugated | June 30, 1972 | ||
10 forints | Lettering People's Republic of Hungary, year of issue, value number, Statue of Liberty (Budapest) | nickel | 8.83 g | 28 mm | with ornaments | June 1, 1971 | ||
20 forints | Lettering People's Republic of Hungary, year of issue, value number, György Dózsa , János Kádár's coat of arms | Cupronickel | 7.06 g | 26.8 mm | corrugated | April 18, 1983 |
Over the years, new coins were minted again and again, but their appearance did not differ significantly from those in the table above. Magnesium has been added as a material to aluminum coins over the years. The 10 forint coin also appeared in 1983 as a copper - aluminum - nickel compound. The color of the coin changed from silver to gold .
Current coins (series from 1990)
Since June 15, 2009, coins of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 forints have been in circulation. The Fillér coins were withdrawn in 1999. From March 1, 2008, the one- and two-forint pieces were also confiscated because of the low level of use on the part of consumers and the lack of independent purchasing power . For cash payments in retail, the invoice amount is currently rounded up or down to the next number divisible by 5. It was possible to exchange these coins at the Hungarian central bank Magyar Nemzeti Bank until March 1, 2012 . On June 15, 2009, the new 200 forint coin was put into circulation, replacing the corresponding banknote.
The following table shows a detailed overview of the current coins:
Face value | motive | draft | metal | Weight | diameter | edge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 forints | Great Egret | István Kosa, István Bartos | Copper - Nickel - Zinc | 4.2 g | 21.2 mm | smooth |
10 forints | Coat of arms of the Republic of Hungary | István Kosa, István Bartos | Cupronickel | 6.1 g | 24.8 mm | interrupted corrugated (10 × 70 corrugation) |
20 forints | Hungarian iris | István Kosa, István Bartos | Copper-nickel-zinc | 6.9 g | 26.3 mm | corrugated (130 corrugations) |
50 forints | Saker falcon (sucker falcon) | István Kosa, István Bartos | Cupronickel | 7.6 g | 27.4 mm | smooth |
100 forints | Coat of arms of the Republic of Hungary | István Kosa | Ring: steel with nickel coating. Core: steel with brass coating |
8 g | 23.8 mm | corrugated (170 corrugations) |
200 forints | Budapest Chain Bridge | István Kosa | Ring: copper-nickel-zinc core: copper-nickel |
9 g | 28.2 mm | interrupted corrugated (9 x 8 corrugation) |
Commemorative coins
The first commemorative coin after the forint was introduced for the last time in 1946 was a series in 1948 for the turn of the 100th anniversary of the revolution and the war of freedom 1848–1849, designed by József Reményi . It shows a portrait of Sándor Petőfi, and the phrase “We swear, we swear” is engraved on the edge. The coin was issued in 5, 10 and 20 forint issues. The following table shows selected commemorative coins from 1948 to 2010:
Year of issue | Issue reason | Motif front |
Motif back |
draft | materials | Face value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1961 | 150th birthday of Ferenc Liszt | Value number, including a stylized five-string lyre and year | Portrait of Ferenc Liszt | Miklós Borsos | Silver 98.6% gold 98.6% |
25,50,100,500 ft |
1968 | 150th birthday of Ignác Semmelweis | Portrait of Ignác Semmelweis | Twice value number, a coat of arms in inscription, year number | József Reményi, Dezső Kovács | Gold 90% silver 64% |
50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 ft |
1970 | 25th anniversary of the liberation of Hungary | the Statue of Liberty in Budapest | inside decorations with a floral pattern, value number, including coat of arms and year | Dezso Kovács | Silver 64% | 50, 100 ft |
1974 | 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Hungarian National Bank | Value number, year, coat of arms on the left | Central building of the Hungarian National Bank | József Garány, Viktória Csúcs | Silver 64% | 50, 100 ft |
1980 | Common room flight with the Soviet Union | Inscription around the coat of arms, including the year and value | Half-length portrait of the two space pilots, globe with a spaceship | Viktória Csúcs | nickel | 100 ft |
1985 | natural reserve | Font and value number in a rectangular field | Otter, pond turtle or wild cat; Inscription: "When life is dear" | Zoltán Fülöp | Silver 64%; Copper-nickel-tin |
100, 200 ft |
1989 | Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona | Ribbon row consisting of wavy lines, value and year | Writing, on the right an athlete lighting the Olympic flame with a torch | András Kis-Nagy | silver 90% | 500 ft |
1991 | Visit of Pope John Paul II in Hungary | Value number, year, writing and the Hungarian coat of arms with crown | Virgin Mary, in her left hand a little Jesus holding the orb | Sándor Tóth | Gold 98.6%; Silver 90% |
100, 500 and 10000 ft |
1998 | UNICEF, for the children of the world | official emblem of UNICEF | a waving girl, children's drawing, stylized key | László Szlávics | Silver 92.5% | 2000 ft |
2004 | World Heritage Pécs | 2004 in inscription, value, below the image of a bronze ornament with the monogram of Christ | Inscription, the so-called "Korsós" burial chamber decorated with a jug | László Szlávics | Silver 92.5% | 5000 ft |
2006 | Hungarian engineers and inventors | around the year and value of the lettering "Hungarian Republic", part of the Ford T-model | Ford T-Model, inscription around the car | István Holló | Copper 75% and nickel 25% | 1000 ft |
2008 | 550th anniversary of King Matthias Hunyad's accession to the throne | inscribed with a raven with a ring in its beak, the coat of arms of the Hunyadi family, including the value and the year | Renaissance vaulted arch, half-length portrait of King Matthias, including writing, year | László Szlávics | Silver 98.6% | 50,000 ft |
The Őrségi commemorative coin was last minted in 2010. This square silver coin shows the value and year on the obverse and the inscription "Republic of Hungary". The Őrségi-Nemzet-Park of the same name is shown on the back. The coin was issued to the value of 5000 forints.
Banknotes
There are banknotes of 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000 and 20,000 forints. Famous personalities of Hungarian history are depicted on them on the one hand and associated castles, cities and works of art on the other.
The 200 forint notes are no longer a valid means of payment since November 16, 2009, but will be exchanged by Magyar Nemzeti Bank and other banks until November 16, 2029.
In 1946, the first 10 and 100 forint notes were introduced. Because of their poor quality, caused by offset printing , the notes had to be withdrawn as early as 1947 and replaced by notes of better quality. In 1947, notes worth 10, 20 and 100 forints were printed.
Old banknotes (series from 1947)
Face value | Motif front |
Motif back |
Description front |
Description on the back |
Issue date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 forints | Poet and folk hero Sándor Petőfi | Painting by the painter János Jankós | July 25, 1947 | ||
20 forints | György Dózsa, leader of the Hungarian peasant uprising | naked man with hammer and wheat ear | August 1, 1948 | ||
50 forints | Portrait of Ferenc II. Rákóczi , painted by Adam Manyoki | Unknown painter: fight scene between Kuruzen and Labanzen | June 13, 1953 | ||
100 forints | Freedom fighter and politician Lajos Kossuth | Károly Lotz : Escape from the thunderstorm | August 14, 1948 | ||
500 forints | Poet Endre Ady | View over Budapest | August 21, 1970 | ||
1000 forints | Composer Béla Bartók | Ferenc Medgyessy's sculpture "Mother with Child" | June 27, 1983 | ||
5000 forints | Portrait of state reformer István Széchenyi , painted by Friedrich von Amerling | Hungarian Academy of Sciences | March 25, 1991 |
Over the years, the various governments have repeatedly issued new editions of the notes. However, the appearance remained essentially the same. The most striking changes are the four different types of coats of arms used. In the early 1990s, the tricolor with a five-pointed star (3rd coat of arms) was replaced by a coat of arms with a crown and cross.
Old banknotes (series from 1997)
The size of all banknotes is identical. It is 154 × 70 mm. The 200 has now been replaced by a coin in circulation. Banknotes with OMRON circles have existed since 2008 . The design of the other notes has been redesigned since 2014: portraits and images remain, but new security features are added.
worth | Motif front |
Motif back |
Description front |
Description on the back |
Issue date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
200 forints | King Charles I (Hungary) | Diósgyőr Castle | May 1, 1998 The banknote ceased to be in circulation on January 1, 2010. |
||
500 forints | Portrait of Ferenc II. Rákóczi, painted by Adam Manyoki |
Rákóczi Castle in Sárospatak | December 1, 1998 The banknote ceased to be in circulation on October 31, 2019. |
||
500 forints | Portrait of Ferenc II. Rákóczi, painted by Adam Manyoki |
Rákóczi Castle in Sárospatak | February 1, 2001 The banknote has ceased to be in circulation since October 31, 2019. |
||
500 forints Hungarian uprising | Portrait of Ferenc II. Rákóczi, painted by Adam Manyoki |
Parliament building in Budapest | October 20, 2006 The banknote ceased to be in circulation on October 31, 2019. |
||
500 forints | Portrait of Ferenc II. Rákóczi, painted by Adam Manyoki , with OMRON circles |
Rákóczi Castle in Sárospatak | April 15, 2009 The banknote ceased to be in circulation on October 31, 2019. |
||
1000 forints | King Matthias Corvinus | Hercules fountain at the castle in Visegrád | September 1, 1998 The banknote has not been in circulation since August 31, 2007. |
||
1000 forint millennium | King Matthias Corvinus | Hercules fountain at the castle in Visegrád | November 1, 2000 The banknote has not been in circulation since August 31, 2007. |
||
1000 forints | King Matthias Corvinus | Hercules fountain at the castle in Visegrád | 2002 The banknote has not been in circulation since August 31, 2007. |
||
1000 forints | King Matthias Corvinus | Hercules fountain at the castle in Visegrád | April 10, 2006 The banknote ceased to be in circulation on October 31, 2018. |
||
1000 forints | King Matthias Corvinus , with OMRON circles | Hercules fountain at the castle in Visegrád | April 15, 2009 The banknote has been out of circulation since October 31, 2018. |
||
2000 forints | Prince Gábor Bethlen | Gabor Bethlen with his scientists, painted by Viktor Madarász |
February 1, 1998 The banknote ceased to be in circulation on July 31, 2017. |
||
2000 forints | Prince Gábor Bethlen , with OMRON circles | Gabor Bethlen with his scientists, painted by Viktor Madarász |
April 15, 2009 The banknote has been out of circulation since July 31, 2017. |
||
2000 Forint Millennium | The Holy Crown | The Baptism of Vajk ( Stephen I (Hungary) ) painted by Gyula Benczúr | August 20, 2000 Valid. |
||
5000 forints | Portrait of state reformer István Széchenyi , painted by Friedrich von Amerling |
Széchenyi Castle in Nagycenk | April 1, 1999 The banknote has not been in circulation since July 31, 2017. |
||
5000 forints | Portrait of state reformer István Széchenyi , painted by Friedrich von Amerling , with OMRON circles |
Széchenyi Castle in Nagycenk | April 15, 2009 The banknote has been out of circulation since July 31, 2017. |
||
10,000 forints | King Stephan I (Hungary) | View over Esztergom , painted by Hubert Sattler |
July 1, 1997 The banknote has ceased to be in circulation since December 31, 2019. |
||
10,000 forints | King Stephan I (Hungary) , with OMRON circles | View over Esztergom , painted by Hubert Sattler |
September 8, 2008 The banknote has been out of circulation since December 31, 2019. |
||
20000 forints | Politician Ferenc Deák | old government building in Pest | February 1, 2001 The banknote has been out of circulation since December 31, 2017. |
||
20000 forints | Politician Ferenc Deák , with OMRON circles | old government building in Pest | 2009 The banknote has not been in circulation since December 31, 2017. |
Current banknotes (series from 2014)
worth | Motif front |
Motif back |
Description front |
Description on the back |
Issue date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
500 forints | Portrait of Ferenc II. Rákóczi, painted by Adam Manyoki |
Rákóczi Castle in Sárospatak | 1st February 2019 | ||
1000 forints | King Matthias Corvinus | Hercules fountain at the castle in Visegrád | March 1, 2018 | ||
2000 forints | Prince Gábor Bethlen | Gabor Bethlen with his scientists, painted by Viktor Madarász |
March 1, 2017 | ||
5000 forints | Portrait of state reformer István Széchenyi , painted by Friedrich von Amerling |
Széchenyi Castle in Nagycenk | March 1, 2017 | ||
10,000 forints | King Stephan I (Hungary) | View over Esztergom , painted by Hubert Sattler and King Stephan I. |
2nd December 2014 | ||
20000 forints | Politician Ferenc Deák | old government building in Pest | December 14, 2015 |
Manufacture of coins and banknotes
Hungarian banknotes are processed by Pénzjegynyomda Zrt. (Hungarian Banknote Printing Company), an MNB company. The print shop has existed since the 1920s, and the first banknotes were also printed here. The special banknote paper required for printing forint banknotes is produced by Diosgyor Papermill. This paper mill is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Hungarian Banknote Printing Company, a company steeped in tradition with over 200 years of history. The coins are also minted on behalf of the MNB by the Hungarian Mint (Magyar Pénzverő Zrt.), Also a company of the Central Bank. It has also existed since the 1920s. The circulation coins were completely replaced in 1993. In the 1990s, all three factories were completely renovated, and the new banknotes and coins are produced using the most modern materials and new technologies.
External value of the forint
The external value of the forint shows the historical exchange rates to the euro, US dollar, British pound and Japanese yen over time.
Exchange rate to the euro
year | 1 EUR | year | 1 EUR | year | 1 EUR | year | 1 EUR | year | 1 EUR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002 | 242.90 | 2005 | 248.02 | 2008 | 250.94 | 2011 | 278.55 | 2014 | 312.50 |
2003 | 253.36 | 2006 | 263.92 | 2009 | 279.80 | 2012 | 289.02 | 2015 | 305.89 |
2004 | 251.51 | 2007 | 251.32 | 2010 | 275.33 | 2013 | 296.82 | 2016 | 311.43 |
In the multi-year trend, the forint has continuously depreciated over the past 15 years.
Exchange rate to the US dollar
year | 1 USD | year | 1 USD | year | 1 USD | year | 1 USD | year | 1 USD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 133.89 | 1998 | 214.36 | 2001 | 286.22 | 2004 | 203.33 | 2007 | 183.27 |
1996 | 149.39 | 1999 | 237.18 | 2002 | 257.37 | 2005 | 199.21 | 2008 | 214.36 |
1997 | 186.80 | 2000 | 282.64 | 2003 | 223.77 | 2006 | 210.06 | 2009 | 201.62 |
The table shows that the exchange rates rose sharply between 1995 and 2001. In April 2001, one dollar was worth 298.96 forints. From May 2001 the US dollar lost value again in contrast to the forint. In July 2008, one US dollar only cost 146.58 forints.
Exchange rate to the British pound
year | 1 GBP | year | 1 GBP | year | 1 GBP | year | 1 GBP | year | 1 GBP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 208.13 | 1998 | 355.17 | 2001 | 412.25 | 2004 | 370.48 | 2007 | 366.54 |
1996 | 233.52 | 1999 | 383.45 | 2002 | 385.91 | 2005 | 362.05 | 2008 | 315.99 |
1997 | 306.04 | 2000 | 427.38 | 2003 | 365.61 | 2006 | 386.72 | 2009 | 314.05 |
The exchange rate of the British pound also rose sharply in the course of 2001. The maximum value here is also in April 2001 at 429.06. Prices have been falling steadily since May 2001. The 400 forint limit has not been passed since then. In October 2009 one pound was worth 292.58 forints.
Exchange rate to the Japanese yen
year | 1 yen | year | 1 yen | year | 1 yen | year | 1 yen | year | 1 yen |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 1.31 | 1998 | 1.64 | 2001 | 2.36 | 2004 | 1.87 | 2007 | 1.56 |
1996 | 1.37 | 1999 | 2.09 | 2002 | 2.05 | 2005 | 1.81 | 2008 | 1.67 |
1997 | 1.54 | 2000 | 2.62 | 2003 | 1.93 | 2006 | 1.81 | 2009 | 2.15 |
The forint peaked at 2.62 in January 2000. By July 2008, the exchange rate dropped again to such an extent that one yen could only cost 1.37 forints. The rate has been recovering since 2009 and reached a high of 2.52 forints per yen in February 2009.
Euro and ERM II
Hungary is currently not a member of the "Euro waiting area" ERM II . By joining the European Union , Hungary made a commitment to adopt the euro . However, Hungary is seen as a problem child when it comes to the introduction of the euro, as inflation and national debt are well above the EU convergence criteria . The budget deficit in 2006 was over nine percent of the gross domestic product, Hungary was the largest deficit offender within the EU. With regard to new borrowing, however, the country can report the first successes of its strict savings plan. In 2009, new debt was reduced to 5.7 percent. For 2010, the government announced the target of a maximum of 4 percent of GDP ; 4.2 percent was actually achieved. The National Bank released the forint exchange rate, thereby exposing the previously applicable fluctuation range of a maximum of 15 percent to the euro. This was used as an instrument to curb the high inflation rate of nearly 8 percent. In September 2011, inflation was 3.7 percent compared to September 2010.
Forint, IMF and financial crisis
Hungary has been a member of the International Monetary Fund since May 6, 1982. By November 5, 2008, Hungary had received around 2.567 billion Special Drawing Right , or SDR for short, from the IMF in the form of stand-by loans and extended fund facilities . The Hungarian government also made use of approx. 1.381 billion SDRs. The full amount was paid back in the given time.
In the wake of the economic and financial crisis, which hit Hungary particularly hard, the IMF saved the country from bankruptcy with a stand-by loan of around SDR 10.537 billion. The European Central Bank and the EU also helped Hungary with billions. Hungary also took advantage of SDR 7.637 billion from the IMF loan granted on November 6, 2008. The loan expired on October 5, 2010. Hungary had agreed with the IMF on the following payments to the fund .
Year of issue | Amount in million SDR |
---|---|
2010 | 139.97 |
2011 | 187.70 |
2012 | 3385.60 |
2013 | 3878.27 |
2014 | 603.27 |
Web links
- Magyar Nemzeti Bank - Hungarian National Bank
- Illustrations of the different coins
- Illustrations of the different bills
- Hungarian coin catalog with illustrations
- History of the forint
- historical exchange rates
- Hungary inflation rates
- Historical and current banknotes from Hungary
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Hungarian inflation rates (accessed May 16, 2010)
- ↑ a b The History of Hungary (accessed May 7, 2010)
- ↑ Commemorative coins (accessed May 12, 2010)
- ↑ commemorative coin 2010 (accessed May 12, 2010)
- ↑ Production of coins and banknotes ( Memento of the original from June 9, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed May 5, 2010)
- ↑ a b c d Exchange rates
- ^ Hungarian Statistical Office , PDF, accessed on November 8, 2011.
- ↑ euro-anwaerter.de (accessed May 12, 2010)
- ↑ Harmonized consumer index figures from global-rates.com , accessed on November 8, 2011.
- ↑ a b Previous Loans (accessed May 12, 2010)
- ↑ Credit IMF (accessed May 12, 2010)
- ↑ IMF (accessed May 12, 2010)
- ↑ Loan repayment (accessed May 12, 2010)