Hungarian border fence

Hungarian border fence ( Határőrizeti célú ideiglenes kerítés )
	;
Data
place	Hungarian border with Serbia and Croatia
Client	Hungary
Construction year	2015
particularities
	Coordinates: Ostend at the Triplex Confinum near Kübekháza ; West end at Hercegszántó Map with all coordinates: OSM \| WikiMap

Border patrol at the facility

The Hungarian border fence ( Hungarian Déli határzár , southern border fence , officially Határőrizeti célú ideiglenes kerítés , provisional fence for border control purposes ) is a border barrier that Hungary built in response to the 2015 migration trains on the Serbian and Croatian borders. He should prevent the illegal crossing of the Hungarian border. The number of border crossings fell sharply after the fence was built.

History and general conditions

Hungary was the first former communist country in the region to ratify the Geneva Refugee Convention and was praised by the UNHCR for its refugee policy during the Yugoslav wars after the collapse of Yugoslavia .

General geographic map

Since joining the EU in 2004 (EU eastward expansion) , Hungary has an external EU border .
Hungary has been part of the Schengen area since December 21, 2007 .
Hungary's external border is 2009 km long. Of these, 366 kilometers to Austria , 515 to Slovakia, 103 to Ukraine, 443 to Romania, 151 to Serbia , 329 to Croatia and 102 to Slovenia . Croatia has been a member of the EU since 2013 ; it is not part of the Schengen area.
The Serbia – Hungary route was one of the main routes for smuggling ( Balkan route ) .

In 2013 the EU agency Frontex carried out the Neptune campaign to support Hungary. Austria and Germany sent temporary police troops for border controls in Hungary and Serbia.

With the refugee crisis in Europe , the permeability of this border became a problem for Hungary and other Western European countries. While the measures focused on the western Mediterranean region in the later 2000s and early 2010s (Spanish Canary Islands and Ceuta / Melilla, then Malta and Italy's Sicily), the flows shifted after the Arab Spring in Libya in 2011 without a stable state being established would have, increasingly to Greece. This country is in a protracted economic crisis and is largely overwhelmed by the refugee problem (therefore hardly any asylum seekers are recognized in Greece, the rate was only 3.8% in 2013). Then there were the droughts and the civil war in Syria and, from mid-2014, the IS conflict , in Syria at times 7 million people were on the run.

While there were still a good 2,000 asylum applications in 2012, Hungary was then, with almost 19,000 applications in 2013 - with the exception of Malta - already the EU Schengen border country with the most asylum seekers per inhabitant in Europe and in the European top field both in number and proportionally (per inhabitant clearly more than about Germany, about as many as Austria). The eastern border has also been used to a lesser extent as an immigration route since 2014 due to the Ukraine crisis . As a result, the number of immigrants rose to almost 43,000 in 2014, 13,000 in December 2014 alone. With 2.9 asylum applications per 1000 inhabitants, Hungary was in second place in the EU after Sweden in 2014. In the first half of 2015, with a good 70,000 applications, the number then reached 6.7 per 1,000 inhabitants (Austria 3.3; Germany 2.1; Switzerland 1.4; extrapolated for Hungary would result in around 15 for the whole year)

Asylum applications in the 1st and 2nd quarter of 2015, absolute (bars) and relative to the population (color of the country).

Asylum applications for the entire year 2015, in absolute terms (bars) and relative to the population (color of the country).

The Orbán government has often been criticized for its asylum policy. In 2013 only 7.9% of asylum seekers were granted asylum (the third lowest value in Europe), and in 2014 only 1%. Hungary pointed out that it was hardly attractive as a country of immigration and that it was used as a station to Western Europe. 10% of all applications were directly rejected at the beginning of 2015 (residence bans, previous applications in other countries, etc.). In August 2015 a shortened asylum procedure came into force, with which “ economic refugees ” can be deported within 14 days. In 2015, the recognition rate fell to 0.6% (146 out of 25,000). In addition, Germany and Austria in particular exerted pressure on Hungary, citing the Dublin II / III regulations , as a considerable part of the illegal immigrants under the Dublin regulations entered the Balkans, which led to internal political tensions in the countries. Due to the reported decline in refugees, Hungary started to set up locked detention camps for both newcomers and detainees , so that asylum seekers sometimes spend their entire asylum procedure, which lasted several months, under conditions similar to detention . In particular, as of the tightening of the law at the end of 2010, Dublin returnees were arrested as “irregular” travelers and, in some cases, deported directly because they disregarded the Hungarian asylum procedure. German courts therefore repeatedly prohibited transfers back to Hungary.

After UNHCR criticism and condemnation in Strasbourg, Hungary abandoned this practice again. In June 2015 Austria threatened to resume border controls with Hungary.

In June 2015, Hungary rejected a common quota system for all states and referred to the Dublin Agreement: Hungary was actually not responsible for initial admission; The majority of all refugees entered the EU via Greece and had to be returned there, which Greece refused and which was not practiced by other EU countries because of the conditions there. When the Hungarian government announced in June 2015 that it would no longer accept returns, it was accused of breaching the agreement.

From the beginning of 2015, the registration of refugees in Greece was increasingly restricted, at the latest when the situation escalated on the Aegean islands of Kos and Lesbos . The spread of news from the Hungarian border fence helped spark a mass exodus northwards. At the same time, besides Hungary and Greece, the non-EU transit countries on the Balkan route Macedonia and Serbia are overwhelmed by the situation and let people pass. In 2015, thousands of refugees arrived at the Serbian-Hungarian border every day. Macedonia declared a state of emergency in late August because it could no longer cope with the crowd. In the Serbian border villages to Hungary, the conditions at assembly and waiting areas without any infrastructure were also catastrophic. During the heat wave of summer 2015 , hundreds of thousands of people stayed under intolerable conditions along the route from the Aegean Islands to the Greek mainland and the Balkans to the Austrian initial reception center in Traiskirchen .

construction

Design variants, July 2015

In view of the situation in the refugee crisis , the Hungarian government ordered on June 17th to secure the border with Serbia with a border fence . This idea was not new for the EU, so the North African enclaves of Spain, Ceuta and Melilla are secured by massive fences that were raised to a height of up to six meters in the course of the Frontex Hera mission in 2006. Such structures are also located on the Greek-Turkish border (since 2012) and the Bulgarian-Turkish border (from 2014) (which is why migration from Turkey has shifted to the Greek Aegean islands and the Western Balkans route).

The border between Hungary and Serbia is 175 km long, the fence extends the full length. A law was passed for the construction that expropriated a 10-meter strip along the border for appropriate compensation “for the protection of the state border”. This applies to around one million square meters of private land, compensation of 160–170 forints (approx. EUR 0.50 ) / m² are paid .

In some areas the fence runs about 100 meters from the actual border. There is already a right of asylum on Hungarian soil. The gates embedded in the fence are intended to enable the regulated entry of refugees. The railway lines, which cannot be blocked, are a problem area. With regard to nature reserves that extend to the border and also animal migration corridors of the Natura 2000 concept, technical solutions are planned, so no solid foundations were laid in the Kiskunság National Park in order not to obstruct terrestrial animals.

Military forces in construction, July 2015

The project was budgeted at 6.5 billion forints (21 million euros). However, costs began to rise quickly, and an additional 22 billion forints (total 29 billion, 94 million euros) were made available to complete the project in a reasonable time. In addition to military personnel, unemployed people from an employment program and, at times, prisoners were also used.

Chain-link fence added to the barbed wire rolls, August 2015

Originally, a four-meter-high chain link fence with a concrete foundation, steel rods and NATO wire coronation and base was to be built, which, according to Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó, would initially be built in eight to ten areas that are “most exposed to immigration pressure” . Construction began in July between Ásotthalom and the Serbian Subotica , one of the hotspots on the Balkan route. This part should be finished by the end of August. In Csongrád county , systems were then built over 42 kilometers in several sections at the same time ( Kübekháza , Tiszasziget , Röszke , Mórahalom ).

Due to time constraints, it was soon switched to erecting a simpler, man-high variant made of NATO barbed wire in places or to erecting the high fence temporarily. The final fence was then gradually built behind it. This first expansion stage was then completed by the end of August 2015. Hungary threatened obstacles to construction with a fine of up to 300,000 forints (almost € 1,000), unauthorized entry to the construction site with 50,000 forints. The provisional turned out to be unsuitable and was bent open or cut open in many places, so damage should be punished with imprisonment. The Hungarian government therefore also considered forming a 1200-man special military unit for border operations.

There was a poster campaign before the building; in Hungarian it read z. B. "If you come to Hungary, you must not take away the Hungarians' work."

Migrants on the Röszke – Horgoš section, August 2015

On September 14th, the final construction was completed and the Subotica – Szeged railway line , which until the end served as the main route for the refugees, was closed with an iron gate. An inlet sluice was created there with a few containers, which is intended to enable the controlled registration of asylum seekers . A new law now threatens illegal border crossing with a three-year prison sentence. At the same time, 4,000 Hungarian soldiers were relocated to the border between Hódmezővásárhely and Baja , initially as a Határozott fellépés 2015 maneuver ('Resolute Behavior') in preparation for the border operation. A state of crisis was imposed for the two districts of Bács-Kiskun and Csongrád .

Development of border crossings

Number of illegal border crossings per day in 2015

After the completion of the Hungarian border fence with Croatia and the closure of the border on October 17, 2015, the number of illegal immigrants fell within 24 hours from several thousand to a few dozen per day and fell to mostly single-digit values as the year progressed.

Since September 2015

Critical reactions came from the government of Serbia, Croatia and Romania : the latter expressed the fear that the flow of refugees would then shift to their countries, the fence ended at the border triangle with Romania in the flat country, while the Hungarian-Romanian border was not fortified. Orbán said in September 2015 that if necessary, a border facility would also be built there. The Hungarian-Croatian and Hungarian-Romanian borders are Schengen area external borders, not EU external borders.

In addition to human rights organizations, representatives of some EU states also expressed negative attitudes, according to French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius - although France itself had hindered the transit from Italy with massive police operations a few weeks earlier and the situation at the Eurotunnel is also not under control. The Austrian Minister for European Affairs Kurz ( Faymann II government ) expressed understanding for Hungary's “individual measures” in view of the “missing holistic solution” on the part of the EU. The EU Commission said that because of its focus on the Mediterranean region , Europe had neglected the crisis in the Balkans and otherwise kept a low profile. The Western Balkans Conference took place in Vienna at the end of August to discuss a further joint approach.

Illegal cross-border commuters, August 2015

In the course of the completion of the fence, the wave of refugees reached new record numbers with up to 3,000 people a day, probably because many refugees were still trying to reach Hungary on their own as well as with the help of smugglers. The fence itself initially had limited effect; many migrants passed under it. Then border crossings increasingly concentrated on unblocked train tracks, where the Hungarian police set up assembly points to bring migrants to camps. This created new hotspots. At Budapest Ostbahnhof many Escaped gathered. After the tumult, the police gave up attempts to register them or bring them to camps.

At the end of August, due to misleading statements by the German BAMF and Chancellor Merkel, the opinion spread among migrants that in future Germany would in principle grant asylum to Syrian refugees without examination or consideration of the Schengen Agreement. At the reception camp in the border town of Röszke , there was a massive police operation with tear gas against a group of refugees who refused to be registered, and there were also mass outbreaks. After the refugee tragedy just after the border with Austria , where 71 dead refugees were found in a tug truck, Austria stepped up controls for people smugglers on the road; At the Budapest Ostbahnhof there was a massive run on the trains to Vienna and on to Bavaria.
Many thousands of people marched towards the Austrian border near Nickelsdorf . In the course of September, Austria and Germany opened their borders completely, with almost 100,000 cross-border commuters in a few days. At the same time as the fence was being completed, Hungary cleared the Röszke camp and brought 8,000 people to the Austrian border. Then these two countries, as well as Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland, began with temporary border controls, in Austria with assistance from the armed forces.

Diplomatic entanglements returned. Orbán announced that from now on those refugees who seek asylum in the country will also be returned to Serbia, it will be considered a safe country of origin . Serbia, on the other hand, announced that it would only accept the return agreement as a basis. At the Serbian-Hungarian border near Röszke / Horgoš , after the final closure, more than 20,000 people accumulated within a day. There were only a few dozen asylum applications on the first day, but all of them were quickly rejected. For a short time, up to 1,000 refugees were stuck in the Serbian-Hungarian no man's land. They were denied entry to Hungary, but Serbia refused to return them. There were tumults and water cannons and tear gas were used to prevent barriers from breaking through and the border crossing was blocked for 30 days.

After the border was closed, the course of the Balkan route shifted to Croatia, Slovenia and south-east Austria within a few days. The flow of refugees subsided on the Hungarian southern border and the migrants reacted quickly to the changed situation.

The Triplex Confinum near Kübekháza , before the fence was built

At the same time as the completion, Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó also announced that he would extend the border fence along the Romanian border, at least the 20 kilometers to the Maros River near Makó . In mid-October, a piece of fence was erected on the border with Croatia after uncontrolled mass crossings there, in order to concentrate the migration on individual sites. Unlike the Serbia fence, it secures an external Schengen area border, not an external EU border. In the short term there were also temporary obstacles on the border with Slovenia ; On September 24th , barbed wire was laid at the Tornyiszentmiklós - Pince border crossing , in the triangle between Hungary, Croatia and Slovenia, but it was dismantled two days later. Until the beginning of November, after the number of refugees remained similarly high as in late summer, comparable temporary border security measures on the border with Austria, in Austria with Slovenia, in Slovenia with Croatia and in Croatia on the border with Serbia were discussed. A fence was built in Slovenia to Croatia in November .

In March 2016, Die Zeit wrote that the Hungarian fence had worked well for so long "as nobody else built fences"; since other states along the Balkan route had also closed their borders, more refugees would try again via Hungary.

In September 2017, the President of the European Commission Juncker Orbán rejected the suggestion that the EU should pay EUR 400 million, allegedly half the cost of building and operating the border fence. Juncker pointed u. a. points out that Hungary already benefits from considerable European solidarity; z. For example, around 25 billion euros have been budgeted for Hungary from the EU structural and investment funds for the budget period 2014-2020. This is more than 3 percent of the annual Hungarian gross domestic product; in no country is the proportion higher.

Legal sources

↑ A Kormány 1401/2015. (VI. 17.) Korm. határozata a rendkívüli bevándorlási nyomás kezelése érdekében szükséges egyes intézkedésekről. Magyar Közlöny 83, June 17, 2015 (pdf, kozlonyok.hu).
↑ 2015. évi CXXVII. törvény az ideiglenes biztonsági határzár létesítésével, valamint a migrációval összeugtgő törvények módosításáról. Magyar Közlöny 102, July 13, 2015 (pdf, kozlonyok.hu).
↑ A Kormány 213/2015. (VII. 31.) Korm. rendelete a határőrizeti célú ideiglenes biztonsági határzár építésén dolgozók védelméről, továbbá az államhatárról szóló törvény szerinti közérdekű használAddan joggal össórtal 211. (VII. 23.) Korm. rendelet módosításáról. Magyar Közlöny 112, July 31, 2015 (pdf, kozlonyok.hu).

Web links

Commons : Hungarian-Serbian border fence - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Asylum crime - Hungary treats refugees like common criminals . In: Pester Lloyd online, May 10, 2012.
↑ Croatia: the EU's longest external border . DiePresse.com, June 25, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hungary's “Immigration Problem”: 42,000 asylum applications, but only 500 wanted to stay . In: Pester Lloyd online, January 15, 2015; with graphic (data from 2013) countries of origin of “illegal” refugees who came to Europe via Hungary.
^ Neptune. ( Memento of September 1, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) frontex.europa.eu> Archive of operations.
↑ Schengen external border: Hungary wants more control . In: Deutschlandfunk online, March 26, 2015.
↑ ^a ^b Memorandum signed - Austria will in future cooperate more closely with the Hungarian, but also with the Serbian border guards . ORF.at, June 30, 2015.
^ Austro-Hungarian alliance on refugee issues . In: Kurier online, June 30, 2015.
↑ ^a ^b ^c 2013: 18,895 asylum seekers (1.9 per thousand inhabitants); Italy 27,930 asylum seekers, Greece 8,225, Spain 4,485; Germany 1.6 per thousand inhabitants, Austria 2.1; Information Significant increase in registered asylum seekers to almost 435,000 in the EU28 in 2013. (PDF) Press release, Eurostat (24 March 2014).
^ Refugee disaster in Syria . Caritas Austria: Brennpunkte (updated content, accessed August 11, 2015.)
↑ ^a ^b Of the 78,000 asylum applications up to mid-July 2015, 77,600 applicants came to Hungary via Serbia. Megkezdődött a határőrizeti célú ideiglenes kerítés építése . police.hu, July 13, 2015.
↑ Figures as of May 2015; Asylum seekers in Austria's neighboring countries . Graphic for For a common asylum policy . In: Salzburger Nachrichten . August 18, 2015, Domestic Policy, p. 2 . ;
60 million people on the run . In: OÖ Nachrichten online, June 19, 2015 (figures for the first quarter).
^ Wave of refugees: Police officers from Austria for Hungary's border . In: Die Presse online, print edition, June 11, 2015, section Hardly any asylum recognition.
↑ ^a ^b At the beginning of September 2015, Orbán called the refugee crisis “a German problem”. Orbán on the refugee crisis "The problem is a German problem" . FAZ.net, September 3, 2015.
↑ Deportation without asylum procedure: Hungary wants to send refugees back immediately, contrary to EU law . In: Pester Lloyd online, February 9, 2012;
Hungary: Stricter asylum law entered into force . And Hungary: express deportation made possible . In: Die Presse online, August 1, 2015.
↑ ^a ^b Refugees in Hungary: And they come anyway. www.zeit.de, March 7, 2016
↑ ^a ^b Hungary interim storage facility - locked away: On the situation of asylum seekers in and from Hungary . In: Pester Lloyd online, February 17, 2012.
↑ Interim storage facility - Germany prohibits deportation to Hungary for humanitarian reasons . In: Pester Lloyd online, September 12, 2013.
↑ “Arbitrary Detention”: German court prevents extradition to Hungary again . In: Pester Lloyd online, January 21, 2015.
↑ Germany stops deportation of Syrians to Hungary. ( Memento from August 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: Wirtschaftsblatt online, July 8, 2015.
↑ Lifelong in the “integration container” - Supreme judges in Hungary bow to UN pressure for permanent refugees . In: Pester Lloyd online, October 14, 2013.
↑ Uprising in the asylum seekers' bar - locked away and molested: 60 refugees went on hunger strike in Hungary . In: Pester Lloyd online, October 16, 2013.
↑ Refugee dispute : Mikl-Leitner threatens Hungary with border controls . In: Der Standard online, June 24, 2015.
↑ Commission report: Council of Europe denounces racism in Hungary . In: Spiegel Online, June 9, 2015.
↑ Hungary: Government fears 200,000 deportations . In: Der Standard online, June 25, 2015
↑ Dublin Agreement: Hungary will no longer take back any deported refugees . In: Zeit online, June 23, 2015;
Hungary now wants to continue taking in refugees . In: FAZ online, June 24, 2015;
Admission stop: EU demands an explanation for Hungary's single entry of refugees . In: Der Spiegel online, June 24, 2015;
Take-back stop: Hungary is rowing back . In: Oberösterreichische Nachrichten online, June 24, 2015;
Withdrawal of asylum seekers: Hungary denies termination of EU asylum agreements . In: Der Standard online, June 24, 2015;
Hungary is rowing backwards: “Comply with all EU legal norms” . In: Die Presse online, June 24, 2015;
Hungary: Misunderstandings about Dublin III . ORF.at, June 24, 2015.
↑ Report: The Exodus from Kosovo . In: Die Presse online, February 9, 2015.
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d Report: On the way on the Western Balkans route from Serbia to Hungary . In: Profile online, September 1, 2015.
↑ ^a ^b Refugees are rushing to Europe - the current hot spots . In: Salzburger Nachrichten online, salzburg.com, Dossier , August 21, 2015.
↑ Refugee crisis: Macedonia declares a state of emergency - military on duty . In: Focus online, August 20, 2015.
↑ ^a ^b flee quickly before Hungary is closed . In: Die Welt online, August 20, 2015.
↑ Migration from Serbia: Hungary plans border fence against refugees . In: Der Spiegel online, June 17, 2015.
↑ ^a ^b Previously a poster campaign against migrants. The Hungarian government has ordered the closure of the 175-kilometer border with Serbia . ORF.at, June 17, 2015.
^ Hungary's new iron curtain. Page 3/3: "The media lie" . In: Die Zeit online, July 25, 2015.
↑ The barbed wire is returning in Southeastern Europe . In: Die Welt online, June 19, 2015.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Kétféle kerítés épül, de gyorsan . vs hu, July 21, 2015.
↑ ^a ^b Hungary is building a fence against refugees. An EU country isolates itself. Report, Till Rüger, ARD 2015, broadcast in moma , August 25, 2015, 05:30 ( broadcast article on daserste.de ( memento from September 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive )).

↑ Hikers on the embankment: Refugees move through Hungary . Dossier, DPA. In: Salzburger Nachrichten . August 26, 2015 ( article archive ).

↑ Határzár: Nem bolygatják meg a földikutyákat . origo.hu, August 19, 2015.

↑ ^a ^b Ásotthalomnál is építik a határzárat . origo.hu, August 3, 2015.

^ ^A ^b ^c Hungary erects a lower border fence with Serbia due to lack of time. ( Memento from August 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: Wirtschaftsblatt online, August 7, 2015.

↑ Hungary starts building border fence to Serbia . DiePresse.com, August 3, 2015.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Hungary started building border fences with Serbia . In: Der Standard online, August 3, 2015.

↑ A 175 kilometer long fence is being built on the border between Serbia and Hungary. In addition to 900 soldiers, the government is also using prisoners to build it . In: Der Spiegel online, June 16, 2015.

↑ Lázár elárulta: ilyen lesz a kerítés a déli határon . Válasz.hu, July 21, 2015.

^ Hungary's new iron curtain. Page 2/3: “Everything is going according to plan” . In: Die Zeit online, July 25, 2015.

↑ ^a ^b Hungary starts building border fence . In: Die Zeit online, July 13, 2015.

↑ Épül már a pengés drótakadály Ásotthalmon . mno, August 5, 2015;
Feszítik a drótakadályt Ásotthalomnál . Origo, August 5, 2015.

↑ Ásotthalomnál is építik a határzárat . Origo, August 3, 2015.

↑ Százezrekre büntetik, aki akadályozza a kerítés építését a határon . vs hu, August 7, 2015.

↑ Átvágták éjszaka a kerítést . magyarhirlap.hu, August 7, 2015 - with a report on the surveying work in the border area.

↑ Hungary defends construction of border fence: . Army deployment in conversation. ORF.at, August 26, 2015.

↑ Refugees: Hungary closes the last loophole in the border fence . In: Der Spiegel online, September 14, 2015.

↑ ^a ^b Hungary: Orbán slams the border gate . Jürgen Streihammer in: Die Presse online, September 15, 2015.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Refugees - Ticker: De Maizière calls for more solidarity . ( Memento from April 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: Frankfurter Rundschau online, September 15, 2015.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Refugees: Stricter regulations in Hungary . ORF.at, September 15, 2015.

↑ Határozott fellépés miatt lesz dugó . index.hu, September 9, 2015.

↑ ^a ^{b wave of} refugees: government deployed up to 2200 soldiers . In: Oberösterreichische Nachrichten online, September 15, 2015–2200 is the number for Austrian assistance at this time.

↑ ^a ^b Refugees: border controls in Austria from midnight . Live ticker in: Oberösterreichische Nachrichten online, September 15, 2015.

↑ Elfogott migránsok száma (Hungarian Border Police) ( Memento from 23 August 2018 in the Internet Archive ), "Number of migrants checked"

↑ Refugee crisis: Hungary closes green border with Croatia , In: Der Standard , October 17, 2015, accessed on January 3, 2016

↑ ^a ^b Orbán attacks Germany over asylum policy . In: Kurier online, heise.de, September 3, 2015.

↑ Reuters: "France criticizes Eastern Europe, Hungary Over Refugee Policy" . In: New York Times , August 30, 2015;
diepresse.com . September 1, 2015.

↑ Where Europe pushes its refugees back and forth . In: Die Welt online, June 16, 2015.

↑ ^a ^b Brief: Criticism of Greeks - Hungarians: tear gas and border fence for refugees . In: Online today , August 26, 2015.

↑ ^a ^b Orban hands out - against Merkel . Eric Bonse on Telepolis , heise.de, September 3, 2015.

↑ EU criticizes Hungary's lax controls . ORF.at, August 31, 2015.

↑ Dublin procedure suspended: Syria refugees are allowed to stay in Germany . spiegel.de, August 25, 2015.

↑ Juncker urges EU asylum rules . FAZ.net, August 31, 2015.

↑ Refugees: Orbán threatens with a fence on the border with Croatia . In: Spiegel online, September 3, 2015.