American snowball
| American snowball | ||||||||||||
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American snowball |
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| Viburnum opulus subsp. trilobum | ||||||||||||
| ( Marshall ) RTClausen |
The American snowball ( Viburnum opulus subsp. Trilobum ) even cranberry shrub called or highbush cranberry, is a subspecies of the genus viburnum ( Viburnum ) within the family of adoxaceae (Adoxaceae). It is widespread in North America and can be used as a wild fruit .
description
Appearance and leaf
The American snowball grows as a relatively large, deciduous shrub and can reach heights of up to 4 meters. The bark of the branches is smooth and bare. There are no terminal buds and the two side buds have touching (valvate) bud scales.
The green, oppositely arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade; they are reminiscent of maple leaves. The furrowed, up to 12 cm long petiole has two elongated glands. The simple leaf blade is 5 to 11 cm long, more or less broadly ovoid in outline and three-lobed. The nerve is palmate. The terminal pair of leaves has long, pointed leaf lobes, a wedge-shaped to almost rounded base and a smooth to slightly blunt-toothed leaf margin. The underlying leaves are broader, with rounded to truncated base, shorter leaf lobes and a coarsely serrated leaf margin. The autumn leaves are red to purple in color. The stipules are thin.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering time is in the middle of summer. Many flowers are in terminal, with a diameter of 4 to 15 cm relatively large, trugdoldigen inflorescences, are flattened above, together. The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five petals are white. The outer flowers, up to 2.5 cm in size, are sterile; its corolla is flattened. The inner flowers are much smaller and fertile, their calyx is small and inconspicuous and the corolla has a diameter of up to 5 mm. In the fertile flowers there are five fertile stamens , which are fused with the corolla and protrude above it, and an ovary below . The pollination is done by insects and birds.
The stone fruit, which is reddish-orange to red berry-like when ripe, is ellipsoidal to spherical and has a length of 6 to 12 mm and contains only one flat, white seed in the stone core. In North America, the fruits ripen in late summer and remain on the shrub through winter. Only from the age of about five years do plants that emerge from seeds bear fruit.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.
distribution
The American snowball is native to North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Washington to Virginia and is said to be spread from the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico . Locations are given for the Canadian provinces: New Brunswick , Newfoundland, Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , Alberta , British Columbia and Manitoba and for the US states: Connecticut , Indiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont , West Virginia , Illinois , Iowa , Minnesota , Nebraska ( Douglas County ), North Dakota , South Dakota , Wisconsin , Idaho , Washington , Wyoming ( Crook County ) and Virginia .
use
The fruits are called "highbush cranberry", but it is not a cranberry , ie cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ), but belongs to a different plant family. Appearance and taste as well as the ripening time are not like the cranberry, but very hard to get used to. The sour fruits contain a lot of vitamin C and can be eaten raw or cooked. Jam or jam can be made from the fruits. Like those made from the fruits of the common snowball ( Viburnum opulus ), it is suitable as an accompaniment to game dishes, an alternative to cranberries .
In northern Ontario , the juicy and sour, edible fruits are mostly used to make jam . The ripe fruits have a strong musky odor that persists during cooking, but is no longer present in the finished jam or jelly.
In Canada, the American snowball in gardens is because of the fruits as crop cultivated. Canadians of French origin call the fruit "Pembina", Canadians of Ukrainian and Russian origin "Kalyna".
Taxonomy
It was first published in 1785 under the name ( Basionym ) Viburnum trilobum by Humphry Marshall in Arbustrum Americanum , p. 162. It was published in 1949 by Robert Theodore Clausen in Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir , Volume 291, p. 10 under the name Viburnum opulus subsp . trilobum (Marshall) RTClausen as a subspecies of Viburnum opulus L. detected. It is also often that by William Aiton in 1789 in Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalog ... , Volume 1, p. 280, the name Viburnum opulus var. americanum Aiton was used.
swell
- Viburnum opulus subsp. trilobum (Marshall) RTClausen - highbush cranberry, American cranberry bush, cranberry-tree, grouseberry, crampbark; Fri: viorne trilobée, quatre-saisons des bois; Ojibway (Anishinabe): niibimin, aniibiminagaawashk, aniibmiin. Adoxaceae - Viburnum Family at Northern Ontario Plant Database . (Section description)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Robert Zander : Zander. Concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold . 17th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3573-6 Viburnum trilobum on p. 845.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Viburnum opulus subsp. trilobum (Marshall) RTClausen - highbush cranberry, American cranberry bush, cranberry-tree, grouseberry, crampbark; Fri: viorne trilobée, quatre-saisons des bois; Ojibway (Anishinabe): niibimin, aniibiminagaawashk, aniibmiin. Adoxaceae - Viburnum Family at Northern Ontario Plant Database .
- ↑ a b c d e f Dumont's Great Plant Encyclopedia , Dumont Buchverlag Cologne 2000. ISBN 3-7701-4350-7 . Viburnum trilobum on p. 1051.
- ↑ Viburnum opulus subsp. trilobum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b Entry at GRIN - Germplasm Resources Information Network : Viburnum opulus var. Americanum
- ^ Jeanne SE Dericks-Tan & Gabriele Vollbrecht: On the trail of wild fruits in Europe , Abadi-Verlag 2009. ISBN 978-3-00021129-4 : p. 259
- ↑ Entry in Tropicos - Viburnum opulus subsp. trilobum .
Web links
- James E. Nellessen: Viburnum opulus L. var. Americanum (Mill.) Ait. (American cranberrybush): A Technical Conservation Assessment , USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project , May 8, 2006: PDF .
- Missouri Botanical Garden : Viburnum opulus var. Americanum
- UConn Plant Database: Viburnum trilobum
- highbush-cranberry Caprifoliaceae Viburnum opulus var. americanum L. var. americanum Aiton at Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation .