Field scabious

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Field scabious
Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis)

Field Scabious ( Knautia arvensis )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Cardigans (Dipsacales)
Family : Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae)
Subfamily : Cardaceae (Dipsacoideae)
Genre : Widow flowers ( knautia )
Type : Field scabious
Scientific name
Knautia arvensis
( L. ) Coult.

The field scabious ( Knautia arvensis ), also called meadow scabious , sewing pillow or meadow scabious , is a species of the genus scabious ( Knautia ) in the subfamily of cardiac plants (Dipsacoideae).

description

illustration
Fissured foliage leaf
Fruit cluster

Vegetative characteristics

The field scabious is a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 80 centimeters. There is a rhizome as a permanent organ. The back of the stem has stiff hairs.

The opposite leaves are usually pinnate and appear matt gray-green. There are no stipules .

Generative characteristics

In rough hairy, slightly arched, head-shaped inflorescences , which surrounds a common shell, no chaff leaves are contained. The flower heads contain up to 50 flowers. In addition to plant specimens with hermaphrodite flowers, there are also all-female specimens; so it is gynodioecia .

The flowers are four or five-fold. Your chalice has eight to 16 bristles. The petals are fused into a corolla tube up to 9 millimeters long, which ends in four or five corolla lobes. There are two to four free stamens . The pollen is reddish. The stylus ends in two scars. The under constant, unicompartmental ovary contains only one ovule .

The achenes have a permanent cup.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20 or 40.

Pollination with wood bumblebee ( Bombus sylvarum )

ecology

The field scabious is a mesomorphic hemicryptophyte and a half-rosette plant.

In terms of flower biology, the inflorescence is of the "cup flower type". The flowers are fragrant. The flowers are always pre-male . The nectar is protected by a layer of sap, but is still accessible to short-nosed insects . First the stamens open and stretch one after the other , then the stylus. Bees and various butterflies (such as the ram ) act as pollinators . Even self-pollination occurs.

The achenes have a long hairy outer calyx, which is photosynthetically active until after the detachment , and white, bristle-shaped sepals as well as an oil body ( elaiosome ) formed from the base of the cover sheet for the spreading by ants . The bottom of the basket is stiffly hairy and promotes the spread of the diaspores as animal litter. Human expansion also occurs. The achenes can germinate for over 35 years. The fruit ripens in September.

Occurrence

The original range of the field scabious includes Europe , the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and western Siberia. It is also found in Tunisia. It is a neophyte in eastern Siberia, Argentina and North America . The main area of ​​distribution is in the western areas of Europe up to altitudes of 1500 meters. In the Allgäu Alps , it rises in the Vorarlberg part between Berbigen-Vorsäß and Stoggenalpe up to an altitude of 1250 meters.

The field scabious can be found everywhere in Central Europe on nutrient-rich meadows , on roadsides , on semi- arid grasslands or extensively farmed fields. She is "basenhold", d. H. it thrives best on basic soils . After Oberdorfer it thrives in Central Europe on fresh to moderately dry, nutrient and base-rich, slightly acidic to mild, more or less rich, loose, medium subtle to deep clay soils without waterlogging . It is a character species of the order Arrhenatheretalia, but also occurs in plant communities of the Mesobromion association.

Systematics

It was first published in 1759 under the name (Basionym) Scabiosa arvensis Carl von Linné . The new combination to Knautia arvensis (L.) DC. was published by Thomas Coulter . Other synonyms for Knautia arvensis (L.) DC. are: Scabiosa collina F.W.Schmidt , Scabiosa polymorpha F.W.Schmidt , Trichera arvensis (L.) Schrad. , Trichera timeroyi (Jord.) Nyman , Trichera arvensis subsp. timeroyi (Jord.) Nyman , Knautia timeroyi Jord. , Knautia avernica Chass. & Szabó , Knautia boderei Szabó , Knautia borderei Szabó , Knautia catalaunica Szabó , Knautia purpurea subsp. timeroyi (Jord.) P. Fourn. , Knautia arvensis var. Pseudolongifolia Szabó , Knautia arvensis subsp. polymorpha (FWSchmidt) O.Schwarz , Knautia arvensis subsp. pratensis Rouy , Knautia arvensis subsp. pseudolongifolia (Szabó) O.Black .

Several subspecies are distinguished depending on the author:

  • Common field scabious ( Knautia arvensis (L.) DC. Subsp. Arvensis ) Leaves glabrous or hairy, stem hairs coarse, often reddish at the base; it is tetraploid . It occurs in Tunisia , Spain , Austria , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , Croatia , Hungary and Romania .
  • Knautia arvensis subsp. collina (Duby) Bonnier : It only occurs in Spain.
  • Pannonian field scabious ( Knautia arvensis subsp. Pannonica (Heuff.) O.Schwarz , Syn .: Knautia pannonica Heuff. , Knautia arvensis var. Budensis (Simonk.) Szabó ): The leaves are hairy gray-tomentose, the stem hairs are fine on the base greenish; it is diploid ; Occurrence in Austria in Lower Austria , Upper Austria , Vienna and Burgenland .
  • Knautia arvensis subsp. rosea (Baumg.) Soó (Syn .: Knautia bosniaca (Conrath) Borbás , Knautia dumetorum Heuff. , Scabiosa arvensis var. rosea Baumg. ): It is widespread from Central Europe to Southern Europe and Southeast Europe.
  • Knautia arvensis subsp. rupicola (Willk.) O.Bolòs, Vigo, Masalles & Ninot (Syn .: Trichera subscaposa var. rupicola Willk. ): This new combination took place in 1990. It occurs only in Spain.
  • Knautia arvensis subsp. serpentinicola Smejkal : This endemic occurs only in the Czech Republic .

use

Allegedly, like others in the family, it was used as a medicine against scabies in earlier centuries . However, the ingredients have not been adequately researched and there are no more recent studies. As part of a research project by the European Union on the ingredients of pasture plants and their possible benefits in the diet of ruminants, it was tested whether the species is suitable for producing antibiotic feed additives for cattle. For this purpose, phenolic components in particular were analyzed.

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Gunter Steinbach (Ed.), Bruno P. Kremer u. a .: wildflowers. Recognize & determine. Mosaik, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-576-11456-4 .
  • Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder: The new handbook of medicinal plants. Franckh-Kosmos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2011, ISBN 3-440-09387-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  886-887 .
  2. a b Knautia arvensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  3. a b c d e f g h i G. Domina (2017): Dipsacaceae. : Datasheet Knautia arvensis , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  4. Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 543.
  5. DA Patil (2015): Study of common names of plants in ethnomedicinal and historical perspectives. Species 12 (32): 14-16.
  6. Jaroslaw Moldoch, Barbara Szajwaj, Milena Masullo, Lukasz Pecio, Wieslaw Oleszek, Sonia Piacente, Anna Stochmal (2011): Phenolic Constituents of Knautia arvensis Aerial Parts. Natural Product Communications 6 (11): 1627-1630.
  7. Erna Karalija, Edina Muratović, Petr Tarkowski, Sanja Ćavar Zeljković (2017): Variation in Phenolic Composition of Knautia arvensis in Correlation with Geographic Area and Plant Organ. Natural Product Communications 12 (4): 545-548.

Web links

Commons : Field Scabious ( Knautia arvensis )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files