Wolfstrapp

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Wolfstrapp
Ufer-Wolfstrapp (Lycopus europaeus)

Ufer-Wolfstrapp ( Lycopus europaeus )

Systematics
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Nepetoideae
Tribe : Mentheae
Sub tribus : Nepetinae
Genre : Wolfstrapp
Scientific name
Lycopus
L.

Wolfstrapp ( Lycopus ) is a genus of plants from the family of the lip flower family (Lamiaceae).

description

Illustration of the Ufer-Wolfstrapp ( Lycopus europaeus ) with toothed leaves.
The flowers are in pseudo whorls , here at Lycopus virginicus
Illustration of the High Wolfstrapp ( Lycopus exaltatus ) with pinnately split leaves
False whorls in the leaf axils of Lycopus uniflorus

Appearance and leaves

Lycopus species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . They form long rhizomes .

The opposite leaves are stalked or sessile. The leaf blades are simple and toothed or pinnate.

Inflorescences and flowers

Many flowers stand together in seated pseudo whorls . The bracts are similar to foliage and become simpler and smaller the higher up on the stem they are. The sessile flowers stand over tiny bracts , the outer ones being at least as long as the sepals.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The sepals , bare on the inside, are fused in a bell-shaped manner and end in four or five calyx teeth, all of which are the same or one of them is longer. The calyx is more or less radial symmetry. The five petals are bell-shaped fused with shaggy hairy throat. The zygomorphic corolla is two-lipped. The upper lip is entire or marginalized. The lower lip is three-lobed, while the middle corolla lobe is longer than the two lateral ones. Of the four stamens , only the two upper ones are fertile, straight and protrude slightly from the corolla. The two lower stamens are rudimentary and short or thread -shaped , sterile staminodes with a club-shaped or head-shaped upper end. The stamens are bare and the anthers consist of two initially parallel counters that later diverge. Two carpels are a top permanent ovary fused; it is divided into four chambers by false partitions. The stylus towers above the corolla and ends in two scar lobes that are flattened and pointed; they are the same or the lower one is smaller.

fruit

The four-part Klausen fruits disintegrate into four solitary partial fruits. The individual clauses are brown, flattened, more or less ribbed on the top and glabrous or glandular on the top; its base is wedge-shaped, the upper end trimmed and the edge thickened.

Systematics and distribution

Lycopus americanus
Lycopus amplectens
Habit, opposite, simple leaves and false whorls with flowers of Lycopus lucidus in the habitat
Habitus, opposite, simple leaves and false whorls with flowers of Lycopus lucidus var. Maackianus

The genus Lycopus was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 21. Lycopus europaeus L. was introduced as a lectotype species in 1913 by NL Britton and A. Brown in Ill. Fl. NUS , 2nd edition, 3, p. 146. Synonyms for Lycopus L. are: Phytosalpinx Lunell nom. superfl., Euhemus Raf.

The genus Lycopus belongs to the Unterertribus Nepetinae from the tribe Mentheae in the subfamily Nepetoideae within the family Lamiaceae .

Lycopus species are found throughout Europe, parts of western Asia, and the temperate areas of eastern North America. In Central Europe there are only two species of Hoher Wolfstrapp ( Lycopus exaltatus ) and Ufer-Wolfstrapp ( Lycopus europaeus ). There are four species with three varieties in China.

The genus Wolfstrapp ( Lycopus ) includes 10 to 20 species:

  • Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W.Bart. (Syn .: Lycopus europaeus Walter sensu auct., Lycopus exaltatus Elliott auct sensu., Lycopus bracteatus Muhl. Ex Link , Lycopus heterophyllus Raf. , Lycopus integrifolius Raf. , Lycopus lacerus Greene , Lycopus longifolius Raf. , Lycopus pauciflorus Raf. , Lycopus pensylvanicus Muhl. ex Raf. , Lycopus pinnatifidus Raf. , Lycopus praealtus Nutt. ex Benth. , Lycopus sinuatus Elliott , Lycopus vulgaris Nutt. , Lycopus europaeus var. integrifolius A.Gray , Lycopus europaeus var. sinuatus (Elliott) A.Gray , Lycopus lucidus var. Obtusifolius MacMill. ): It is common in Canada and the USA .
  • Lycopus amplectens Raf. (Syn .: Lycopus europaeus var. Sessilifolius A.Gray , Lycopus sessilifolius (A. Gray) A. Gray , Lycopus pubens Britton ex Small , Lycopus amplectens var. Pubens (Britton ex Small) Fernald ): It comes in the northern-central and eastern USA.
  • Lycopus angustifolius Elliott : It occurs in the east-central and southeastern United States.
  • Lycopus asper Greenewestern : It is distributed in western North America from western Canada to the western USA (California to Great Plains ).
  • Lycopus australis R.Br. : The home is southern and eastern Australia.
  • Lycopus cavaleriei H.Lév. : It is common in Japan , Korea and the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Guizhou , Jiangxi , Jilin , Sichuan , Yunnan and Zhejiang .
  • Lycopus charkeviczii Prob. : It occurs in Russia's Far East and Korea.
  • Lycopus cokeri H.E. Ahles ex Sorrie : It occurs only in North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina.
  • Shore Wolfstrapp ( Lycopus europaeus L. , Syn .: Lycopus alboroseus Gilib. , Lycopus albus Mazziari , Lycopus aquaticus Moench , Lycopus decrescens K.Koch , Lycopus laciniatus Marz.-Penc.ex Pollini , Lycopus menthifolius Mabille , Lycopus mollis A.Kern . , Lycopus niger Gueldenst. , Lycopus palustris Burm. F. , Lycopus riparius Salisb. Nom. Superfl., Lycopus solanifolius Lojac. , Lycopus souliei Sennen , Lycopus vulgaris Pers. ): Subtaxa are not accepted. It is spread from the Azores across Europe and Central Asia to China .
  • Hoher Wolfstrapp ( Lycopus exaltatus L. f. , Syn .: Lycopus italicus L. ex BDJacks. , Lycopus laciniatus Rouy nom. Illeg., Lycopus pinnatifidus Pall. Nom. Nud.): It is distributed from Europe via Central Asia to northwestern China .
  • Lycopus hirtellus Kom . : It occurs in Russia's Far East.
  • Lycopus × intermedius Hausskn. (Syn .:Lycopus × intercedens Rech.=Lycopus europaeus×Lycopus exaltatus)
  • Lycopus kurilensis prob . : It only occurs on the Kuril Islands .
  • Lycopus laurentianus Roll.-Germ. : It occurs only in the eastern Canadian province of Québec .
  • Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth. : There are three varieties:
    • Lycopus lucidus var. Hirtus (usually) Makino & Nemoto (Syn .: Lycopus lucidus var. Formosanus Hayata , Lycopus formosanus (Hayata) Sasaki ): She is from China ( Anhui , Fujian , Gansu , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hebei , Heilongjiang , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Jilin , Liaoning , Nei Mongol , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi , Sichuan , Yunnan , Zhejiang ), Taiwan to temperate East Asia ( Amur Oblast , Primorye Region ) and Thailand, Korea and Japan. She is a neophyte in Italy.
    • Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth. var. lucidus : It is distributed from Siberia via China (Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan) to temperate East Asia and Thailand, Korea and Japan.
    • Lycopus lucidus var. Maackianus Maxim. ex Herder (Syn .: Lycopus angustus Makino , Lycopus maackianus (Maxim. ex Herder) Makino ): It occurs only in the Chinese province of Heilongjiang and perhaps in Korea.
  • Lycopus rubellus Moench : It occurs from the central to eastern USA and Colorado.
  • Lycopus × sherardii Steele (= Lycopus uniflorus × Lycopus virginicus )
  • Lycopus sichotensis Prob.  : It occurs only in Russia's Far East.
  • Lycopus uniflorus Michx. (Syn .: Lycopus pumilus Vahl , Lycopus virginicus var. Parviflorus Benth. , Lycopus parviflorus (Benth.) Maxim. , Lycopus communis E.P.Bicknell , Lycopus membranaceus E.P.Bicknell , Lycopus coreanus H.Lév. , Lycopus uniflorus var. Macrophyllus Farw. , Lycopus uniflorus var. Membranacea Farw. , Lycopus uniflorus var. Ovatus Fernald & H.St.John , Lycopus uniflorus var. Parviflorus (Benth.) Kitag. ): It is found in Canada, the USA , Russia's Far East and China (Heilongjiang, Jilin) ​​common.
  • Lycopus virginicus L. (syn .: Lycopus virginicus var. Quercifolius Pursh , Lycopus macrophyllus Benth. , Lycopus virginicus var. Pauciflorus Benth. , Euhemus officinalis Raf. , Euhemus sylvaticus Raf. , Lycopus virginicus var. Macrophyllus (Benth.) A.Gray ): It is common in the central to eastern United States.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Lycopus at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae : Lycopus , p. 239 - the same text online as the printed text , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 17 - Verbenaceae through Solanaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X .
  3. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  4. ^ Lycopus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 25, 2012.
  5. ↑ a b Lycopus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
  6. ↑ Hye-Kyoung Moon, Suk-Pyo Hong: Nutlet morphology and anatomy of the genus Lycopus (Lamiaceae: Mentheae) . In: The Botanical Society of Japan and Springer-Verlag (Ed.): Journal of Plant Research . tape 119 , no. 6 , September 2006, p. 633–644 , doi : 10.1007 / s10265-006-0023-6 (English, PDF file 131.93KB ).
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Lycopus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  8. ^ A b John M. Miller, Dieter H. Wilken, 2013: Lycopus at Jepson eFlora .

Supplementary literature

Web links

Commons : Wolfstrapp ( Lycopus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files