Cithaeronidae: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Family of spiders}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image = Cithaeron praedonius 67528493.jpg
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| image_caption = ''[[Cithaeron praedonius]]''
| classis = [[Arachnida]]
| ordo = [[Araneae]]
| taxon = Cithaeronidae
| subordo = [[Araneomorphae]]
| authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1893
| superfamilia = [[Gnaphosoidea]]
| familia = '''Cithaeronidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1893
| diversity_link = List of Cithaeronidae species
| diversity = 2 genera, 6 species
| range_map = Distribution.cithaeronidae.1.png
| range_map = Distribution.cithaeronidae.1.png
| diversity = [[#Genera|2 genera]], [[List of Cithaeronidae species|11 species]]
| range_map_width = 250px
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
| subdivision = {{linked genus list
⚫
|''[[Cithaeron (spider)|Cithaeron]]''|O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872
see text
|''[[Inthaeron]]''|Platnick, 1991}}
}}
}}
'''Cithaeronidae''' is a small family of [[Araneomorphae|araneomorph]] [[spider]]s first described by [[Eugène Simon|Simon]] in 1893<ref>{{cite book| last=Simon| first=E.| year=1893| title=Histoire naturelle das araignées}}</ref> Female ''Cithaeron'' are about {{convert|5|to|7|mm}} long, males about {{convert|4|mm}}.<ref name=Murphy2000>{{cite journal| last1=Murphy| first1=Frances| last2=Murphy| first2=John| year=2000| title=An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia| journal=Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>


They are pale yellowish, fast-moving spiders that actively hunt at night and rest during the day, building silken retreats below rocks.<ref name=carvalho2007>{{cite journal| last1=Carvalho| first1=L.S.| last2=Bonaldo| first2=A. B.| last3=Brescovit| first3=A. D.| year=2007| title=The first record of the family Cithaeronidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea) to the new world| journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia| volume=24| issue=2| pages=512–514| url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v24n2/a34v24n2.pdf| doi=10.1590/S0101-81752007000200034}}</ref> They prefer very hot, dry stony places.<ref name=Murphy2000 />
The '''Cithaeronidae''' are a small spider family with only six species in two genera.

==Biology==
Cithaeronidae are fast-moving spiders that actively hunt at night. They rest during the day in silken retreats they construct below rocks.<ref name=carvalho2007>Carvalho ''et al.'' 2007</ref>. Female ''Cithaeron'' are about 5 to 7 mm long, males about 4 mm. They are pale yellowish, and have a preference for very hot, dry stony places.<ref>Murphy & Murphy 2000: 134</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
While ''Inthaeron'' occurs only in India, members of the genus ''Cithaeron'' can be found in [[Africa]], [[India]] and parts of [[Eurasia]]. Three adult females of ''C. praedonius'' were found in [[Teresina]], [[Piauí]], [[Brazil]]. As they were found in and near human housings, they presumably were accidentally introduced.<ref name=carvalho2007/> This is probably also the case for finds in the [[Northern Territory]] of [[Australia]].
While ''Inthaeron'' occurs only in India, members of the genus ''Cithaeron'' are found in [[Africa]], [[India]] and parts of [[Eurasia]]. Three adult females of ''C. praedonius'' were found in [[Teresina]], [[Piauí]], [[Brazil]]. As they were found in and near human housings, they presumably were accidentally introduced.<ref name=carvalho2007/> This is probably also the case for finds in the [[Northern Territory]] of [[Australia]].


Another population of ''C. praedonius'' has been discovered in Florida U.S.A., with reports of a stable breeding population.(Pers. comm. Joseph Stiles)
Another population of ''C. praedonius'' has been discovered in Florida U.S.A., with reports of a stable breeding population.(Pers. comm. Joseph Stiles)


==Species==
==Genera and Species==
This section lists all described [[species]] accepted by the [[World Spider Catalog]] {{as of|2020|12|lc=y}}:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Family: Cithaeronidae Simon,1893| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| access-date=2021-01-08| year=2021| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/16| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>
⚫
''[[Cithaeron (spider)|Cithaeron]]'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. P-Cambridge]], 1872</small>

⚫
* ''[[Cithaeron delimbatus]]'' <small>[[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1906</small> — [[East Africa]]
* ''[[Cithaeron indicus]]'' <small>[[Norman I. Platnick|Platnick]] & Gajbe, 1994</small> — India
''[[Cithaeron_(spider)|Cithaeron]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872</small>
* ''[[Cithaeron jocqueorum]]'' <small>Platnick, 1991</small> — [[Ivory Coast]]
* ''[[Cithaeron contentum|C. contentum]]'' <small>Jocqué & Russell-Smith, 2011</small> — South Africa
* ''[[Cithaeron praedonius]]'' <small>O. P.-Cambridge, 1872</small> — [[Greece]], [[Libya]] to [[Malaysia]], Australia and Brazil
* ''[[Cithaeron delimbatus|C. delimbatus]]'' <small>Strand, 1906</small> — East Africa
* ''[[Cithaeron reimoseri]]'' <small>Platnick, 1991</small> — [[Ethiopia]]
* ''[[Cithaeron dippenaarae|C. dippenaarae]]'' <small>Bosmans & Van Keer, 2015</small> — Morocco
⚫
* ''[[Cithaeron indicus|C. indicus]]'' <small>Platnick & Gajbe, 1994</small> — India
* ''[[Cithaeron jocqueorum|C. jocqueorum]]'' <small>Platnick, 1991</small> — Ivory Coast
* ''[[Cithaeron praedonius|C. praedonius]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872</small> ([[Type species|type]]) — North Africa, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Middle East to India, Malaysia. Introduced to USA, Cuba, Brazil, Australia (Northern Territory)
* ''[[Cithaeron reimoseri|C. reimoseri]]'' <small>Platnick, 1991</small> — Eritrea, Brazil (probably introduced)


''[[Inthaeron]]'' <small>Platnick, 1991</small>
''[[Inthaeron]]'' <small>Platnick, 1991</small>
* ''[[Inthaeron rossi]]'' <small>Platnick, 1991</small> — India
* ''[[Inthaeron longipes|I. longipes]]'' <small>(Gravely, 1931)</small> — India
* ''[[Inthaeron rossi|I. rossi]]'' <small>Platnick, 1991</small> ([[Type species|type]]) — India


==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
⚫
*{{aut|Platnick, N.I.}} (2002): A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea). ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' '''271'''. [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/494/1/B271.pdf PDF (26Mb)] — [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/494 Abstract]


⚫
==External links==
[[File:Example.jpg]]==References==
* {{aut|Murphy, Frances & Murphy, John}} (2000): An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. ''Malaysian Nature Society'', Kuala Lumpur.
⚫
*{{aut|Platnick, N.I.}} (2002): A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea). ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' '''271'''. [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/494/1/B271.pdf PDF (26Mb)] — [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/494 Abstract]
* {{aut|Carvalho, L.S.; Bonaldo, A.B. & Brescovit, A.D.}} (2007): The first record of the family Cithaeronidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea) to the new world. ''Revista Brasileira de Zoologia'' '''24'''(2): 512–514. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v24n2/a34v24n2.pdf PDF (124kb)]
* {{aut|Platnick, Norman I.}} (2009): [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/CITHAERONIDAE.html The world spider catalog], version 10.0. ''American Museum of Natural History''.
* {{aut|Edwards, G.B. & Stiles, J.}}(2011): [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1698&context=insectamundi The first North American records of the synanthropic spider].
* {{aut|Edwards, G.B. & Stiles, J.}}(2011): [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1698&context=insectamundi The first North American records of the synanthropic spider].
⚫
* [http://colecoes.inpa.gov.br/sb/aranhasnaofuncionalu/IMARA/Cithaeronidae%20Cithaeron%20praedonius/?C=S;O=D Hi-Res Photographs of ''Cithaeron praedonius'']{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


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{{Wikispecies|Cithaeronidae}}
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==External links==
⚫
* [http://colecoes.inpa.gov.br/sb/aranhasnaofuncionalu/IMARA/Cithaeronidae%20Cithaeron%20praedonius/?C=S;O=D Hi-Res Photographs of ''Cithaeron praedonius'']


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{{spider-stub}}
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{{wikispecies|Cithaeronidae}}
{{Araneae}}
{{Araneae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q8631}}

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[[Category:Cithaeronidae| ]]
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[[Category:Araneomorphae families]]


[[Category:Lists of spider species]]
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[[Category:Araneomorphae]]


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{{Cithaeronidae-stub}}
[[ca:Citerònid]]
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[[es:Cithaeronidae]]
[[fa:عنکبوت تندرو]]
[[fr:Cithaeronidae]]
[[it:Cithaeronidae]]
[[nl:Cithaeronidae]]
[[no:Cithaeronidae]]

Latest revision as of 07:27, 23 July 2021

Cithaeronidae
Cithaeron praedonius
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Cithaeronidae
Simon, 1893
Genera
Diversity
2 genera, 11 species

Cithaeronidae is a small family of araneomorph spiders first described by Simon in 1893[1] Female Cithaeron are about 5 to 7 millimetres (0.20 to 0.28 in) long, males about 4 millimetres (0.16 in).[2]

They are pale yellowish, fast-moving spiders that actively hunt at night and rest during the day, building silken retreats below rocks.[3] They prefer very hot, dry stony places.[2]

Distribution[edit]

While Inthaeron occurs only in India, members of the genus Cithaeron are found in Africa, India and parts of Eurasia. Three adult females of C. praedonius were found in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. As they were found in and near human housings, they presumably were accidentally introduced.[3] This is probably also the case for finds in the Northern Territory of Australia.

Another population of C. praedonius has been discovered in Florida U.S.A., with reports of a stable breeding population.(Pers. comm. Joseph Stiles)

Genera and Species[edit]

This section lists all described species accepted by the World Spider Catalog as of December 2020:[4]

Cithaeron O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872

  • C. contentum Jocqué & Russell-Smith, 2011 — South Africa
  • C. delimbatus Strand, 1906 — East Africa
  • C. dippenaarae Bosmans & Van Keer, 2015 — Morocco
  • C. indicus Platnick & Gajbe, 1994 — India
  • C. jocqueorum Platnick, 1991 — Ivory Coast
  • C. praedonius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 (type) — North Africa, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Middle East to India, Malaysia. Introduced to USA, Cuba, Brazil, Australia (Northern Territory)
  • C. reimoseri Platnick, 1991 — Eritrea, Brazil (probably introduced)

Inthaeron Platnick, 1991

References[edit]

  1. ^ Simon, E. (1893). Histoire naturelle das araignées.
  2. ^ a b Murphy, Frances; Murphy, John (2000). "An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia". Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
  3. ^ a b Carvalho, L.S.; Bonaldo, A. B.; Brescovit, A. D. (2007). "The first record of the family Cithaeronidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea) to the new world" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 24 (2): 512–514. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752007000200034.
  4. ^ "Family: Cithaeronidae Simon,1893". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2021. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  • Platnick, N.I. (2002): A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 271. PDF (26Mb) — Abstract

External links[edit]

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