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{{Short description|Transliteration of text from the Georgian script into the Latin script}}
[[File:Road Sign in Latin and Georgian.jpg|thumb|[[Mtskheta]] and [[Tbilisi]] romanized]]
'''Romanization of Georgian''' is the process of [[transliterating]] the [[Georgian language]] from the [[Georgian script]] into the [[Latin script]].
 
== Georgian national system of romanization ==
This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, [[Georgian National Academy of Sciences]], establishes a [[transliteration]] system of the [[Georgian script|Georgian letters]] into [[Latin script|Latin letters]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names|year=2007|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/pubs/UNGEGN%20tech%20ref%20manual_m87_combined.pdf|author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names|accessdateaccess-date=7 January 2013|page=64}}</ref> The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses. It is also used by BGN and PCGN since 2009, as well as in [[Google translate]].
 
== Unofficial system of romanization ==
Line 13 ⟶ 14:
* No [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]], i.e. one Latin letter per Georgian letter (apart from the apostrophe-like "High comma off center" ([[ISO 5426]]), which is mapped<ref name="primes">[http://evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/iso-5426.pdf Evertype.com: ISO 5426 mapping to Unicode]; [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000/00220-map-5426.pdf Joan M. Aliprand: ''Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1'']; [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U02B0.pdf The Unicode Standard: Spacing Modifier Letters].</ref> to "Combining comma above right" (U+0315) in Unicode, for [[aspirated consonant]]s, whereas [[ejectives]] are unmarked, e.g.: კ → k, ქ → k̕
* Extended characters are mostly Latin letters with [[caron]] (haček – ž, š, č̕, č, ǰ), with the exception of "g macron" ღ → ḡ. Archaic extended characters are ē, ō, and ẖ (h with line below).
* No capitalization, both as it does not appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad- hoc transliterations of caron characters as capitals instead. (ege.g. შ as S for š)
 
== Transliteration table ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! <small>[[Georgian scripts|Georgian letter]]</small>
! <small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
Line 24 ⟶ 25:
! <small>[[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]]<br> (1997)</small>
! <small>Unofficial system</small>
! <small>Kartvelo translit</small>
! <small>NGR2</small>
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ა</span>
| {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || a
| a
| a
| a
Line 40 ⟶ 43:
| b
| b
| b
| b
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">გ</span>
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || g
| g
| g
| g
Line 56 ⟶ 61:
| d
| d
| d
 
| d
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ე</span>
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || e
| e
| e
| e
Line 68 ⟶ 74:
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ვ</span>
| {{IPA|/wv/}} || v
| v
| v
| v
Line 77 ⟶ 84:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ზ</span>
| {{IPA|/z/}} || z
| z
| z
| z
Line 88 ⟶ 96:
| ē
| ē
| é
| ej
| ẽ
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">თ</span>
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}} || t
| t'tʼ
| t̕
| t'tʻ
| T{{efn|name=IbL|These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.}} or t
| t
| t / t̊
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ი</span>
| {{IPA|/i/}} || i
| i
| i
| i
Line 114 ⟶ 125:
| k
| ǩ
| k̉
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ლ</span>
| {{IPA|/l/}} || l
| l
| l
| l
Line 125 ⟶ 138:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">მ</span>
| {{IPA|/m/}} || m
| m
| m
| m
Line 133 ⟶ 147:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ნ</span>
| {{IPA|/n/}} || n
| n
| n
| n
Line 146 ⟶ 161:
|
 
| j
| ĩ
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ო</span>
Line 156 ⟶ 172:
 
| o
| o
 
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">პ</span>
Line 165 ⟶ 181:
| p
| p̌
| p̉
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჟ</span>
Line 173 ⟶ 190:
| J,{{efn|name=IbL}} zh or j
| ž
| g̃
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">რ</span>
| {{IPA|/r/}} || r
| r
| r
| r
Line 184 ⟶ 203:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ს</span>
| {{IPA|/s/}} || s
| s
| s
| s
Line 197 ⟶ 217:
| t
| t̆
| t̉
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჳ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
Line 204 ⟶ 225:
| w
|
| ŭ ▼
 
| f̃
▲|ŭ
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">უ</span>
Line 215 ⟶ 236:
 
| u
| u
 
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ფ</span>
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}} || p
| p'pʼ
| p̕
| p'pʻ
| p or f
 
| p
| p / p̊
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ქ</span>
|{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
| k || k'kʼ
| k̕
| k'kʻ
| q or k
| q or k
| k / k̊
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ღ</span>
Line 241 ⟶ 264:
| g, gh or R{{efn|name=IbL}}
| g, gh or R{{efn|name=IbL}}
| q̃
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ყ</span>
Line 247 ⟶ 271:
| q
| q
| y{{efn|Initially, the use of y letter y for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.}}
| q
 
| q
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">შ</span>
Line 258 ⟶ 282:
| sh or S{{efn|name=IbL}}
| š
| x
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჩ</span>
|{{IPA|/t͡ʃ(ʰ)/}}
| ch || ch'chʼ
| č̕
| č'čʻ
| ch or C{{efn|name=IbL}}
| č
| c̃
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ც</span>
|{{IPA|/t͡s(ʰ)/}}
| ts || ts'tsʼ
| c̕
| c'cʻ
| c or ts
| c
| c
|-
Line 282 ⟶ 309:
| dz or Z{{efn|name=IbL}}
| ʒ
| d̃
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">წ</span>
Line 290 ⟶ 318:
| w, c or ts
| ʃ
| c̉
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჭ</span>
Line 298 ⟶ 327:
| W,{{efn|name=IbL}} ch or tch
| ʃ̌
| j̉
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ხ</span>
Line 306 ⟶ 336:
| x or kh (rarely)
| x
| k̃
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჴ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
| {{IPA|/q/, /qʰ/}} ||
| q'qʼ
| ẖ
| x̣
|
 
| q̌
| q̊
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჯ</span>
Line 322 ⟶ 354:
| j
| j
| ǯ| -
| j
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჰ</span>
|{{IPA|/h/}}
| h
| h
| h
| h
| h
| h
| h
|- style="background:#FFCCCC"
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჵ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
Line 340 ⟶ 374:
|
 
| ȯ
| h̃
|}<br />
 
== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}
Line 349 ⟶ 385:
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/georgian/iso-9984/ Georgian – ISO 9984 transliteration system] – Transliteration web utility for the National and ISO transliteration of Georgian
 
{{Georgian language}}

Revision as of 11:02, 22 March 2024

Mtskheta and Tbilisi romanized

Romanization of Georgian is the process of transliterating the Georgian language from the Georgian script into the Latin script.

Georgian national system of romanization

This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, Georgian National Academy of Sciences, establishes a transliteration system of the Georgian letters into Latin letters.[1] The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses. It is also used by BGN and PCGN since 2009, as well as in Google translate.

Unofficial system of romanization

Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in social networks, forums, chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive Georgian keyboard layout that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the shift key to make another letter).

ISO standard

ISO 9984:1996, "Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters", was last reviewed and confirmed in 2010.[2] The guiding principles in the standard are:

  • No digraphs, i.e. one Latin letter per Georgian letter (apart from the apostrophe-like "High comma off center" (ISO 5426), which is mapped[3] to "Combining comma above right" (U+0315) in Unicode, for aspirated consonants, whereas ejectives are unmarked, e.g.: კ → k, ქ → k̕
  • Extended characters are mostly Latin letters with caron (haček – ž, š, č̕, č, ǰ), with the exception of "g macron" ღ → ḡ. Archaic extended characters are ē, ō, and ẖ (h with line below).
  • No capitalization, both as it does not appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad hoc transliterations of caron characters as capitals instead. (e.g. შ as S for š)

Transliteration table

Georgian letter IPA National system
(2002) 		BGN/PCGN
(1981—2009) 		ISO 9984
(1996) 		ALA-LC
(1997) 		Unofficial system Kartvelo translit NGR2
ა /ɑ/ a a a a a a a
ბ /b/ b b b b b b b
გ /ɡ/ g g g g g g g
დ /d/ d d d d d d d
ე /ɛ/ e e e e e e e
ვ /v/ v v v v v v v
ზ /z/ z z z z z z z
ჱ[a] /eɪ/ ey ē ē é ej ẽ
თ /tʰ/ t tʼ t̕ tʻ T[b] or t t t / t̊
ი /i/ i i i i i i i
კ /kʼ/ kʼ k k k k ǩ k̉
ლ /l/ l l l l l l l
მ /m/ m m m m m m m
ნ /n/ n n n n n n n
ჲ[a] /i/, /j/ j y y j ĩ
ო /ɔ/ o o o o o o o
პ /pʼ/ pʼ p p p p p̌ p̉
ჟ /ʒ/ zh zh ž ž J,[b] zh or j ž g̃
რ /r/ r r r r r r r
ს /s/ s s s s s s s
ტ /tʼ/ tʼ t t t t t̆ t̉
ჳ[a] /w/ w w ŭ f̃
უ /u/ u u u u u u u
ფ /pʰ/ p pʼ p̕ pʻ p or f p p / p̊
ქ /kʰ/ k kʼ k̕ kʻ q or k q or k k / k̊
ღ /ʁ/ gh gh ḡ ġ g, gh or R[b] g, gh or R[b] q̃
ყ /qʼ/ qʼ q q q y[c] q q
შ /ʃ/ sh sh š š sh or S[b] š x
ჩ /t͡ʃ(ʰ)/ ch chʼ č̕ čʻ ch or C[b] č c̃
ც /t͡s(ʰ)/ ts tsʼ c̕ cʻ c or ts c c
ძ /d͡z/ dz dz j ż dz or Z[b] ʒ d̃
წ /t͡sʼ/ tsʼ ts c c w, c or ts ʃ c̉
ჭ /t͡ʃʼ/ chʼ ch č č W,[b] ch or tch ʃ̌ j̉
ხ /χ/ kh kh x x x or kh (rarely) x k̃
ჴ[a] /q/, /qʰ/ qʼ ẖ x̣ q̌ q̊
ჯ /d͡ʒ/ j j ǰ j j - j
ჰ /h/ h h h h h h h
ჵ[a] /oː/ ō ō ȯ h̃


Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Archaic letters.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.
  3. ^ Initially, the use of letter y for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.

References

  1. ^ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). United Nations. p. 64. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  2. ^ ISO 9984:1996, Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters
  3. ^ Evertype.com: ISO 5426 mapping to Unicode; Joan M. Aliprand: Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1; The Unicode Standard: Spacing Modifier Letters.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Georgian&oldid=1214975733"