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'''Romanization of Georgian''' is the representation of [[Georgian language]] texts, from [[Georgian alphabet]] into the [[Latin alphabet]].
{{Short description|Transliteration of text from the Georgian script into the Latin script}}
[[File:Road Sign in Latin and Georgian.jpg|thumb|[[Mtskheta]] and [[Tbilisi]] romanized]]
'''Romanization of Georgian''' is the process of [[transliterating]] the [[Georgian language]] from the [[Georgian script]] into the [[Latin script]].


== Georgian national system of romanization ==
== Georgian national system of romanization ==
This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, [[Georgian National Academy of Sciences]], establishes a [[transliteration]] system of the [[Georgian script|Georgian letters]] into [[Latin script|Latin letters]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names|year=2007|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/pubs/UNGEGN%20tech%20ref%20manual_m87_combined.pdf|author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names|access-date=7 January 2013|page=64}}</ref> The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses. It is also used by BGN and PCGN since 2009, as well as in [[Google translate]].

This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, Georgian Academy of Sciences, establishes a [[transliteration]] system of the modern [[Georgian alphabet]] in [[Latin alphabet|Latin characters]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names|year=2007|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/pubs/UNGEGN%20tech%20ref%20manual_m87_combined.pdf|author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names|accessdate=7 January 2013|page=64}}</ref> The system had already been in use since 1998 on driving licenses.

== ISO 9984 ==

The [[international standard]] '''ISO 9984''' establishes a system for the [[transliteration]] into [[Latin alphabet|Latin characters]] of modern [[Georgian alphabet|Georgian characters]].


== Unofficial system of romanization ==
== Unofficial system of romanization ==
Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in [[social networks]], [[internet forum|forums]], chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive [[Georgian keyboard layout]] that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the ''shift'' key to make another letter).


== ISO standard ==
Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in [[social networks]], [[internet forum|forums]], chat rooms etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive Georgian alphabet keyboard layout (see [[Georgian keyboard]]) that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the ''shift'' key to make another letter).
ISO 9984:1996, "Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters", was last reviewed and confirmed in 2010.<ref>{{citation|title=ISO 9984:1996, Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17892}}</ref>
The guiding principles in the standard are:
* No [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]], i.e. one Latin letter per Georgian letter (apart from the apostrophe-like "High comma off center" ([[ISO 5426]]), which is mapped<ref name="primes">[http://evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/iso-5426.pdf Evertype.com: ISO 5426 mapping to Unicode]; [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000/00220-map-5426.pdf Joan M. Aliprand: ''Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1'']; [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U02B0.pdf The Unicode Standard: Spacing Modifier Letters].</ref> to "Combining comma above right" (U+0315) in Unicode, for [[aspirated consonant]]s, whereas [[ejectives]] are unmarked, e.g.: კ → k, ქ → k̕
* Extended characters are mostly Latin letters with [[caron]] (haček – ž, š, č̕, č, ǰ), with the exception of "g macron" ღ → ḡ. Archaic extended characters are ē, ō, and ẖ (h with line below).
* No capitalization, both as it does not appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad hoc transliterations of caron characters as capitals instead. (e.g. შ as S for š)


== Transliteration table ==
== Transliteration table ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

! <small>[[Georgian scripts|Georgian letter]]</small>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! <small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
! Georgian letter
! <small>National system<br> (2002)</small>
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! <small>[[BGN/PCGN romanization|BGN/PCGN]]<br> (1981—2009)</small>
! National system<br> (2002)
! <small>ISO 9984<br> (1996)</small>
! [[BGN/PCGN romanization|BGN/PCGN]]<br> (1981)
! <small>[[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]]<br> (1997)</small>
! ISO 9984<br> (1996)
! <small>Unofficial system</small>
! [[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]]<br> (1997)
! <small>Kartvelo translit</small>
! Unofficial system
! <small>NGR2</small>
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ა</span>
| ა
| /ɑ/
| {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || a
| a
| a
| a
| a
| a
Line 32: Line 37:
| a
| a
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ბ</span>
| ბ
| /b/
| {{IPA|/b/}} || b
| b
| b
| b
| b
| b
Line 40: Line 46:
| b
| b
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">გ</span>
| გ
| /g/
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || g
| g
| g
| g
| g
| g
Line 48: Line 55:
| g
| g
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">დ</span>
| დ
| /d/
| {{IPA|/d/}} || d
| d
| d
| d
| d
| d
Line 56: Line 64:
| d
| d
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ე</span>
| ე
| /ɛ/
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || e
| e
| e
| e
| e
| e
Line 64: Line 73:
| e
| e
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ვ</span>
| ვ
| /v/
| {{IPA|/v/}} || v
| v
| v
| v
| v
| v
Line 72: Line 82:
| v
| v
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ზ</span>
| ზ
| /z/
| {{IPA|/z/}} || z
| z
| z
| z
| z
Line 79: Line 89:
| z
| z
| z
| z
|-
| z
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| ჱ<ref name="archaic">Archaic letters.</ref>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჱ</span>{{efn|name=archaic|Archaic letters.}}
| /eɪ/
| {{IPA|/eɪ/}} ||
|
| ey
| ey
| ē
| ē
| ē
| ē
|
| é
| ej
| ẽ
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">თ</span>
| თ
| /tʰ/
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}} || t
| tʼ
| t̕
| tʻ
| T{{efn|name=IbL|These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.}} or t
| t
| t
| t'
| t / t̊
| t'
| t'
| T<ref name="IbL">These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters). </ref> or t
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ი</span>
| ი
| /i/
| {{IPA|/i/}} || i
| i
| i
| i
| i
| i
Line 104: Line 118:
| i
| i
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">კ</span>
| კ
| /kʼ/
| {{IPA|/kʼ/}} || kʼ
| k'
| k
| k
| k
| k
| k
| k
| k
| k
| ǩ
| k̉
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ლ</span>
| ლ
| /l/
| {{IPA|/l/}} || l
| l
| l
| l
| l
| l
Line 120: Line 136:
| l
| l
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">მ</span>
| მ
| /m/
| {{IPA|/m/}} || m
| m
| m
| m
| m
| m
Line 128: Line 145:
| m
| m
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ნ</span>
| ნ
| /n/
| {{IPA|/n/}} || n
| n
| n
| n
| n
Line 135: Line 152:
| n
| n
| n
| n
|-
| n
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| ჲ<ref name="archaic"/>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჲ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
| /i/, /j/
| {{IPA|/i/, /j/}} ||
|
| j
| j
| y
| y
| y
| y
|
|

| j
| ĩ
|-
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ო</span>
| ო
| /ɔ/
|{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| o || o
| o
| o
| o
| o
| o
| o

| o
| o
| o
| o
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">პ</span>
| პ
| /pʼ/
| {{IPA|/pʼ/}} || pʼ
| p'
| p
| p
| p
| p
| p
| p
| p
| p
| p̌
| p̉
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჟ</span>
| ჟ
| /ʒ/
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || zh
| zh
| zh
| zh
| ž
| ž
| ž
| ž
| J<ref name ="IbL" /> or j
| J,{{efn|name=IbL}} zh or j
| ž
| g̃
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">რ</span>
| რ
| /r/
| {{IPA|/r/}} || r
| r
| r
| r
| r
| r
Line 176: Line 201:
| r
| r
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ს</span>
| ს
| /s/
| {{IPA|/s/}} || s
| s
| s
| s
| s
| s
Line 184: Line 210:
| s
| s
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ტ</span>
| ტ
| /tʼ/
| {{IPA|/tʼ/}} || tʼ
| t'
| t
| t
| t
| t
| t
| t
| t
| t
| t̆
|-
| t̉
| ჳ<ref name="archaic"/>
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| /uɪ/
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჳ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
|
| {{IPA|/w/}} ||
|
|
| w
| w
| w
| w
|
|
| ŭ
| f̃
|-
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">უ</span>
| უ
| /u/
|{{IPA|/u/}}
| u || u
| u
| u
| u
| u
| u
| u

| u
| u
| u
| u
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ფ</span>
| ფ
| /pʰ/
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}} || p
| p
| pʼ
| p'
| p̕
| p'
| pʻ
| p'
| p or f
| p or f

| p
| p / p̊
|-
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ქ</span>
| ქ
| /kʰ/
|{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
| k
| k || kʼ
| k'
| k̕
| k'
| kʻ
| k'
| q or k
| q or k
| q or k
| k / k̊
|-
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ღ</span>
| ღ
| /ɣ/
|{{IPA|/ʁ/}}
| gh
| gh || gh
| gh
| ḡ
| ḡ
| ġ
| ġ
| g or R<ref name ="IbL" />
| g, gh or R{{efn|name=IbL}}
| g, gh or R{{efn|name=IbL}}
| q̃
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ყ</span>
| ყ
| /qʼ/
| {{IPA|/qʼ/}} || qʼ
| q'
| q
| q
| q
| q
| y{{efn|Initially, the use of letter y for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.}}
| q
| q
| q
| q
| y<ref>Initially, the use of y letter for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.</ref>
|-
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">შ</span>
| შ
| /ʃ/
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| sh
| sh || sh
| sh
| š
| š
| š
| š
| sh or S<ref name ="IbL" />
| sh or S{{efn|name=IbL}}
| š
| x
|-
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჩ</span>
| ჩ
| /tʃ(ʰ)/
|{{IPA|/t͡ʃ(ʰ)/}}
| ch
| ch || chʼ
| ch'
| č̕
| č'
| čʻ
| ch or C{{efn|name=IbL}}
| č'
| č
| ch or C<ref name ="IbL" />
| c̃
|-
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ც</span>
| ც
| /ts(ʰ)/
|{{IPA|/t͡s(ʰ)/}}
| ts
| ts || tsʼ
| ts'
| c̕
| c'
| cʻ
| c'
| c or ts
| c or ts
| c
| c
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ძ</span>
| ძ
| {{IPA|/d͡z/}} || dz
| /dz/
| dz
| dz
| dz
| j
| j
| ż
| ż
| dz or Z<ref name ="IbL" />
| dz or Z{{efn|name=IbL}}
| ʒ
| d̃
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">წ</span>
| წ
| {{IPA|/t͡sʼ/}} || tsʼ
| /tsʼ/
| ts'
| ts
| ts
| c
| c
| c
| c
| w, c or ts
| w, c or ts
| ʃ
| c̉
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჭ</span>
| ჭ
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃʼ/}} || chʼ
| /tʃʼ/
| ch'
| ch
| ch
| č
| č
| č
| č
| W<ref name ="IbL" /> or ch
| W,{{efn|name=IbL}} ch or tch
| ʃ̌
| j̉
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ხ</span>
| ხ
| {{IPA|/χ/}} || kh
| /x/
| kh
| kh
| kh
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x or kh (rarely)
| x or kh (rarely)
|-
| x
| k̃
| ჴ<ref name="archaic"/>
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| /q/, /qʰ/
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჴ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
|
| {{IPA|/q/, /qʰ/}} ||
| q'
| qʼ
| ẖ
| ẖ
| x̣
| x̣
|
|

| q̌
| q̊
|-
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჯ</span>
| ჯ
|{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
| /dʒ/
| j || j
| ǰ
| j
| j
| j
| j
| ǰ
| ǯ| -
| j
| j
| j
|-
|-
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჰ</span>
| ჰ
| /h/
|{{IPA|/h/}}
| h
| h
| h
| h
Line 319: Line 364:
| h
| h
| h
| h
|-
| h
| h
| ჵ<ref name="archaic"/>
|- style="background:#FFCCCC"
| /oː/
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჵ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
|
|{{IPA|/oː/}}||
|
|
| ō
| ō
| ō
| ō
|
|
|-
| ჶ<ref name="archaic"/>
| /f/
|
|
| f
| f
|
|-
| ჷ<ref name="archaic"/>
| /ə/
|
|
|
| ĕ
|
|-
| ჸ<ref name="archaic"/>
| /ʔ/
|
|
|
| '
|
|}


| ȯ
== Notes and references ==
| h̃
|}<br />


== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
{{noteslist}}


== See also ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
* [[Georgian language]]
* [http://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/georgian/iso-9984/ Georgian – ISO 9984 transliteration system] – Transliteration web utility for the National and ISO transliteration of Georgian
* [[List of ISO transliterations]]


{{Georgian language}}
{{Romanization}}
{{Romanization}}
{{ISO standards}}


[[Category:Georgian alphabet]]
[[Category:Georgian scripts]]
[[Category:Romanization|Georgian]]
[[Category:Romanization|Georgian]]
[[Category:Georgian language]]
[[Category:ISO standards]]

Revision as of 11:02, 22 March 2024

Mtskheta and Tbilisi romanized

Romanization of Georgian is the process of transliterating the Georgian language from the Georgian script into the Latin script.

Georgian national system of romanization

This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, Georgian National Academy of Sciences, establishes a transliteration system of the Georgian letters into Latin letters.[1] The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses. It is also used by BGN and PCGN since 2009, as well as in Google translate.

Unofficial system of romanization

Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in social networks, forums, chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive Georgian keyboard layout that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the shift key to make another letter).

ISO standard

ISO 9984:1996, "Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters", was last reviewed and confirmed in 2010.[2] The guiding principles in the standard are:

  • No digraphs, i.e. one Latin letter per Georgian letter (apart from the apostrophe-like "High comma off center" (ISO 5426), which is mapped[3] to "Combining comma above right" (U+0315) in Unicode, for aspirated consonants, whereas ejectives are unmarked, e.g.: კ → k, ქ → k̕
  • Extended characters are mostly Latin letters with caron (haček – ž, š, č̕, č, ǰ), with the exception of "g macron" ღ → ḡ. Archaic extended characters are ē, ō, and ẖ (h with line below).
  • No capitalization, both as it does not appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad hoc transliterations of caron characters as capitals instead. (e.g. შ as S for š)

Transliteration table

Georgian letter IPA National system
(2002) 		BGN/PCGN
(1981—2009) 		ISO 9984
(1996) 		ALA-LC
(1997) 		Unofficial system Kartvelo translit NGR2
ა /ɑ/ a a a a a a a
ბ /b/ b b b b b b b
გ /ɡ/ g g g g g g g
დ /d/ d d d d d d d
ე /ɛ/ e e e e e e e
ვ /v/ v v v v v v v
ზ /z/ z z z z z z z
ჱ[a] /eɪ/ ey ē ē é ej ẽ
თ /tʰ/ t tʼ t̕ tʻ T[b] or t t t / t̊
ი /i/ i i i i i i i
კ /kʼ/ kʼ k k k k ǩ k̉
ლ /l/ l l l l l l l
მ /m/ m m m m m m m
ნ /n/ n n n n n n n
ჲ[a] /i/, /j/ j y y j ĩ
ო /ɔ/ o o o o o o o
პ /pʼ/ pʼ p p p p p̌ p̉
ჟ /ʒ/ zh zh ž ž J,[b] zh or j ž g̃
რ /r/ r r r r r r r
ს /s/ s s s s s s s
ტ /tʼ/ tʼ t t t t t̆ t̉
ჳ[a] /w/ w w ŭ f̃
უ /u/ u u u u u u u
ფ /pʰ/ p pʼ p̕ pʻ p or f p p / p̊
ქ /kʰ/ k kʼ k̕ kʻ q or k q or k k / k̊
ღ /ʁ/ gh gh ḡ ġ g, gh or R[b] g, gh or R[b] q̃
ყ /qʼ/ qʼ q q q y[c] q q
შ /ʃ/ sh sh š š sh or S[b] š x
ჩ /t͡ʃ(ʰ)/ ch chʼ č̕ čʻ ch or C[b] č c̃
ც /t͡s(ʰ)/ ts tsʼ c̕ cʻ c or ts c c
ძ /d͡z/ dz dz j ż dz or Z[b] ʒ d̃
წ /t͡sʼ/ tsʼ ts c c w, c or ts ʃ c̉
ჭ /t͡ʃʼ/ chʼ ch č č W,[b] ch or tch ʃ̌ j̉
ხ /χ/ kh kh x x x or kh (rarely) x k̃
ჴ[a] /q/, /qʰ/ qʼ ẖ x̣ q̌ q̊
ჯ /d͡ʒ/ j j ǰ j j - j
ჰ /h/ h h h h h h h
ჵ[a] /oː/ ō ō ȯ h̃


Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Archaic letters.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.
  3. ^ Initially, the use of letter y for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.

References

  1. ^ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). United Nations. p. 64. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  2. ^ ISO 9984:1996, Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters
  3. ^ Evertype.com: ISO 5426 mapping to Unicode; Joan M. Aliprand: Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1; The Unicode Standard: Spacing Modifier Letters.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Georgian&oldid=1214975733"