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{{Short description|Transliteration of text from the Georgian script into the Latin script}}
[[File:Road Sign in Latin and Georgian.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mtskheta]] and [[Tbilisi]] romanized on a [[road sign]].]]
[[File:Road Sign in Latin and Georgian.jpg|thumb|[[Mtskheta]] and [[Tbilisi]] romanized]]
'''Romanization of Georgian''' is the representation of [[Georgian language]] texts from [[Georgian script]] into the [[Latin script]].
'''Romanization of Georgian''' is the process of [[transliterating]] the [[Georgian language]] from the [[Georgian script]] into the [[Latin script]].


== Georgian national system of romanization ==
== Georgian national system of romanization ==
This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, [[Georgian National Academy of Sciences]], establishes a [[transliteration]] system of the [[Georgian script|Georgian letters]] into [[Latin script|Latin letters]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names|year=2007|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/pubs/UNGEGN%20tech%20ref%20manual_m87_combined.pdf|author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names|access-date=7 January 2013|page=64}}</ref> The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses. It is also used by BGN and PCGN since 2009, as well as in [[Google translate]].

This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, Georgian Academy of Sciences, establishes a [[transliteration]] system of the [[Georgian script|Georgian letters]] in [[Latin script|Latin letters]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names|year=2007|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/pubs/UNGEGN%20tech%20ref%20manual_m87_combined.pdf|author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names|accessdate=7 January 2013|page=64}}</ref> The system had already been in use since 1998 on driving licenses.

== ISO 9984 ==

The [[international standard]] '''ISO 9984''' establishes a system for the [[transliteration]] into [[Latin script|Latin characters]] of modern [[Georgian script|Georgian characters]].


== Unofficial system of romanization ==
== Unofficial system of romanization ==
Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in [[social networks]], [[internet forum|forums]], chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive [[Georgian keyboard layout]] that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the ''shift'' key to make another letter).


== ISO standard ==
Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in [[social networks]], [[internet forum|forums]], chat rooms etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive Georgian alphabet keyboard layout (see [[Georgian keyboard]]) that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the ''shift'' key to make another letter).
ISO 9984:1996, "Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters", was last reviewed and confirmed in 2010.<ref>{{citation|title=ISO 9984:1996, Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17892}}</ref>
The guiding principles in the standard are:
* No [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]], i.e. one Latin letter per Georgian letter (apart from the apostrophe-like "High comma off center" ([[ISO 5426]]), which is mapped<ref name="primes">[http://evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/iso-5426.pdf Evertype.com: ISO 5426 mapping to Unicode]; [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000/00220-map-5426.pdf Joan M. Aliprand: ''Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1'']; [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U02B0.pdf The Unicode Standard: Spacing Modifier Letters].</ref> to "Combining comma above right" (U+0315) in Unicode, for [[aspirated consonant]]s, whereas [[ejectives]] are unmarked, e.g.: კ → k, ქ → k̕
* Extended characters are mostly Latin letters with [[caron]] (haček – ž, š, č̕, č, ǰ), with the exception of "g macron" ღ → ḡ. Archaic extended characters are ē, ō, and ẖ (h with line below).
* No capitalization, both as it does not appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad hoc transliterations of caron characters as capitals instead. (e.g. შ as S for š)


== Transliteration table ==
== Transliteration table ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

! <small>[[Georgian scripts|Georgian letter]]</small>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! <small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
! [[Georgian scripts|Georgian letter]]
! <small>National system<br> (2002)</small>
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! <small>[[BGN/PCGN romanization|BGN/PCGN]]<br> (1981—2009)</small>
! National system<br> (2002)
! <small>ISO 9984<br> (1996)</small>
! [[BGN/PCGN romanization|BGN/PCGN]]<br> (1981)
! <small>[[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]]<br> (1997)</small>
! ISO 9984<br> (1996)
! <small>Unofficial system</small>
! [[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]]<br> (1997)
! <small>Kartvelo translit</small>
! Unofficial system
! <small>NGR2</small>
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ა</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ა</span>
| {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || a
| {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || a
| a
| a
| a
| a
| a
| a
Line 34: Line 39:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ბ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ბ</span>
| {{IPA|/b/}} || b
| {{IPA|/b/}} || b
| b
| b
| b
| b
| b
| b
Line 41: Line 48:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">გ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">გ</span>
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || g
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || g
| g
| g
| g
| g
| g
| g
Line 48: Line 57:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">დ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">დ</span>
| {{IPA|/d/}} || d
| {{IPA|/d/}} || d
| d
| d
| d
| d
| d
| d
Line 55: Line 66:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ე</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ე</span>
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || e
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || e
| e
| e
| e
| e
| e
| e
Line 62: Line 75:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ვ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ვ</span>
| {{IPA|/v/}} || v
| {{IPA|/v/}} || v
| v
| v
| v
| v
| v
| v
Line 69: Line 84:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ზ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ზ</span>
| {{IPA|/z/}} || z
| {{IPA|/z/}} || z
| z
| z
| z
| z
| z
| z
Line 74: Line 91:
| z
| z
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჱ</span><ref name="archaic">Archaic letters.</ref>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჱ</span>{{efn|name=archaic|Archaic letters.}}
| {{IPA|/eɪ/}} ||
| {{IPA|/eɪ/}} ||
| ey
| ey
| ē
| ē
| ē
| ē
|
| é
| ej
| ẽ
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">თ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">თ</span>
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}} || t
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}} || t
| t'
| tʼ
| t'
| t̕
| t'
| tʻ
| T<ref name="IbL">These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.</ref> or t
| T{{efn|name=IbL|These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.}} or t
| t
| t / t̊
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ი</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ი</span>
| {{IPA|/i/}} || i
| {{IPA|/i/}} || i
| i
| i
| i
| i
| i
| i
Line 96: Line 119:
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">კ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">კ</span>
| {{IPA|/kʼ/}} || k'
| {{IPA|/kʼ/}} || kʼ
| k
| k
| k
| k
| k
| k
| k
| k
| ǩ
| k̉
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ლ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ლ</span>
| {{IPA|/l/}} || l
| {{IPA|/l/}} || l
| l
| l
| l
| l
| l
| l
Line 111: Line 138:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">მ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">მ</span>
| {{IPA|/m/}} || m
| {{IPA|/m/}} || m
| m
| m
| m
| m
| m
| m
Line 118: Line 147:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ნ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ნ</span>
| {{IPA|/n/}} || n
| {{IPA|/n/}} || n
| n
| n
| n
| n
| n
| n
Line 123: Line 154:
| n
| n
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჲ</span><ref name="archaic"/>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჲ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
| {{IPA|/i/, /j/}} ||
| {{IPA|/i/, /j/}} ||
| j
| j
Line 129: Line 160:
| y
| y
|
|

| j
| ĩ
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ო</span>
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ო</span>
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || o
|{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| o || o
| o
| o
| o
| o
| o

| o
| o
| o
| o
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">პ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">პ</span>
| {{IPA|/pʼ/}} || p'
| {{IPA|/pʼ/}} || pʼ
| p
| p
| p
| p
| p
| p
| p
| p
| p̌
| p̉
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჟ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჟ</span>
Line 149: Line 188:
| ž
| ž
| ž
| ž
| J,<ref name ="IbL" /> zh or j
| J,{{efn|name=IbL}} zh or j
| ž
| g̃
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">რ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">რ</span>
| {{IPA|/r/}} || r
| {{IPA|/r/}} || r
| r
| r
| r
| r
| r
| r
Line 160: Line 203:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ს</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ს</span>
| {{IPA|/s/}} || s
| {{IPA|/s/}} || s
| s
| s
| s
| s
| s
| s
Line 166: Line 211:
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ტ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ტ</span>
| {{IPA|/tʼ/}} || t'
| {{IPA|/tʼ/}} || tʼ
| t
| t
| t
| t
| t
| t
| t
| t
| t̆
| t̉
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჳ</span><ref name="archaic"/>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჳ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
| {{IPA|/uɪ/}} ||
| {{IPA|/w/}} ||
|
|
| w
| w
| w
| w
|
|
| ŭ
| f̃
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">უ</span>
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">უ</span>
| {{IPA|/u/}} || u
|{{IPA|/u/}}
| u || u
| u
| u
| u
| u
| u

| u
| u
| u
| u
Line 188: Line 240:
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ფ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ფ</span>
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}} || p
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}} || p
| p'
| pʼ
| p'
| p̕
| p'
| pʻ
| p or f
| p or f

| p
| p / p̊
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ქ</span>
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ქ</span>
| {{IPA|/kʰ/}} || k
|{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
| k'
| k || kʼ
| k'
| k̕
| k'
| kʻ
| q or k
| q or k
| q or k
| k / k̊
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ღ</span>
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ღ</span>
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || gh
|{{IPA|/ʁ/}}
| gh || gh
| gh
| ḡ
| ḡ
| ġ
| ġ
| g, gh or R<ref name ="IbL" />
| g, gh or R{{efn|name=IbL}}
| g, gh or R{{efn|name=IbL}}
| q̃
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ყ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ყ</span>
| {{IPA|/qʼ/}} || q'
| {{IPA|/qʼ/}} || qʼ
| q
| q
| q
| q
| q
| q
| y<ref>Initially, the use of y letter for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.</ref>
| y{{efn|Initially, the use of letter y for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.}}
| q
| q
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">შ</span>
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">შ</span>
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || sh
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| sh || sh
| sh
| š
| š
| š
| š
| sh or S<ref name ="IbL" />
| sh or S{{efn|name=IbL}}
| š
| x
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჩ</span>
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჩ</span>
| {{IPA|/tʃ(ʰ)/}} || ch
|{{IPA|/t͡ʃ(ʰ)/}}
| ch'
| ch || chʼ
| č'
| č̕
| č'
| čʻ
| ch or C<ref name ="IbL" />
| ch or C{{efn|name=IbL}}
| č
| c̃
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ც</span>
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ც</span>
| {{IPA|/ts(ʰ)/}} || ts
|{{IPA|/t͡s(ʰ)/}}
| ts'
| ts || tsʼ
| c'
| c̕
| c'
| cʻ
| c or ts
| c or ts
| c
| c
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ძ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ძ</span>
| {{IPA|/dz/}} || dz
| {{IPA|/d͡z/}} || dz
| dz
| dz
| j
| j
| ż
| ż
| dz or Z<ref name ="IbL" />
| dz or Z{{efn|name=IbL}}
| ʒ
| d̃
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">წ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">წ</span>
| {{IPA|/tsʼ/}} || ts'
| {{IPA|/t͡sʼ/}} || tsʼ
| ts
| ts
| c
| c
| c
| c
| w, c or ts
| w, c or ts
| ʃ
| c̉
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჭ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჭ</span>
| {{IPA|/tʃʼ/}} || ch'
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃʼ/}} || chʼ
| ch
| ch
| č
| č
| č
| č
| W,<ref name ="IbL" /> ch or tch
| W,{{efn|name=IbL}} ch or tch
| ʃ̌
| j̉
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ხ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ხ</span>
| {{IPA|/x/}} || kh
| {{IPA|/χ/}} || kh
| kh
| kh
| x
| x
| x
| x
| x or kh (rarely)
| x or kh (rarely)
| x
| k̃
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჴ</span><ref name="archaic"/>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჴ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
| {{IPA|/q/, /qʰ/}} ||
| {{IPA|/q/, /qʰ/}} ||
| q'
| qʼ
| ẖ
| ẖ
| x̣
| x̣
|
|

| q̌
| q̊
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჯ</span>
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჯ</span>
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || j
|{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
| j || j
| j
| ǰ
| ǰ
| j
| j
| j
| ǯ| -
| j
| j
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჰ</span>
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჰ</span>
| {{IPA|/h/}} || h
|{{IPA|/h/}}
| h
| h
| h
| h
| h
| h
| h
| h
| h
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| h
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჵ</span><ref name="archaic"/>
| h
| {{IPA|/oː/}} ||
|- style="background:#FFCCCC"
|<span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჵ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
|{{IPA|/oː/}}||
|
|
| ō
| ō
| ō
| ō
|
|
|}


| ȯ
In ALA-LC, the Mingrelian letters ჷ {{IPA|/ə/}} and ჸ {{IPA|/ʔ/}} are written {{angbr|ĕ}} and {{angbr|'}}.
| h̃
|}<br />


== Notes and references ==
== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}


== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/georgian/iso-9984/ Georgian – ISO 9984 transliteration system] – Transliteration web utility for the National and ISO transliteration of Georgian

{{Georgian language}}
{{Georgian language}}
{{Romanization}}
{{Romanization}}
{{ISO standards}}

[[Category:Georgian scripts]]
[[Category:Georgian scripts]]
[[Category:Romanization|Georgian]]
[[Category:Romanization|Georgian]]
[[Category:Georgian language]]
[[Category:Georgian language]]
[[Category:Wikipedia romanization systems]]
[[Category:ISO standards]]

Revision as of 11:02, 22 March 2024

Mtskheta and Tbilisi romanized

Romanization of Georgian is the process of transliterating the Georgian language from the Georgian script into the Latin script.

Georgian national system of romanization

This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, Georgian National Academy of Sciences, establishes a transliteration system of the Georgian letters into Latin letters.[1] The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses. It is also used by BGN and PCGN since 2009, as well as in Google translate.

Unofficial system of romanization

Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in social networks, forums, chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive Georgian keyboard layout that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the shift key to make another letter).

ISO standard

ISO 9984:1996, "Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters", was last reviewed and confirmed in 2010.[2] The guiding principles in the standard are:

  • No digraphs, i.e. one Latin letter per Georgian letter (apart from the apostrophe-like "High comma off center" (ISO 5426), which is mapped[3] to "Combining comma above right" (U+0315) in Unicode, for aspirated consonants, whereas ejectives are unmarked, e.g.: კ → k, ქ → k̕
  • Extended characters are mostly Latin letters with caron (haček – ž, š, č̕, č, ǰ), with the exception of "g macron" ღ → ḡ. Archaic extended characters are ē, ō, and ẖ (h with line below).
  • No capitalization, both as it does not appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad hoc transliterations of caron characters as capitals instead. (e.g. შ as S for š)

Transliteration table

Georgian letter IPA National system
(2002) 		BGN/PCGN
(1981—2009) 		ISO 9984
(1996) 		ALA-LC
(1997) 		Unofficial system Kartvelo translit NGR2
ა /ɑ/ a a a a a a a
ბ /b/ b b b b b b b
გ /ɡ/ g g g g g g g
დ /d/ d d d d d d d
ე /ɛ/ e e e e e e e
ვ /v/ v v v v v v v
ზ /z/ z z z z z z z
ჱ[a] /eɪ/ ey ē ē é ej ẽ
თ /tʰ/ t tʼ t̕ tʻ T[b] or t t t / t̊
ი /i/ i i i i i i i
კ /kʼ/ kʼ k k k k ǩ k̉
ლ /l/ l l l l l l l
მ /m/ m m m m m m m
ნ /n/ n n n n n n n
ჲ[a] /i/, /j/ j y y j ĩ
ო /ɔ/ o o o o o o o
პ /pʼ/ pʼ p p p p p̌ p̉
ჟ /ʒ/ zh zh ž ž J,[b] zh or j ž g̃
რ /r/ r r r r r r r
ს /s/ s s s s s s s
ტ /tʼ/ tʼ t t t t t̆ t̉
ჳ[a] /w/ w w ŭ f̃
უ /u/ u u u u u u u
ფ /pʰ/ p pʼ p̕ pʻ p or f p p / p̊
ქ /kʰ/ k kʼ k̕ kʻ q or k q or k k / k̊
ღ /ʁ/ gh gh ḡ ġ g, gh or R[b] g, gh or R[b] q̃
ყ /qʼ/ qʼ q q q y[c] q q
შ /ʃ/ sh sh š š sh or S[b] š x
ჩ /t͡ʃ(ʰ)/ ch chʼ č̕ čʻ ch or C[b] č c̃
ც /t͡s(ʰ)/ ts tsʼ c̕ cʻ c or ts c c
ძ /d͡z/ dz dz j ż dz or Z[b] ʒ d̃
წ /t͡sʼ/ tsʼ ts c c w, c or ts ʃ c̉
ჭ /t͡ʃʼ/ chʼ ch č č W,[b] ch or tch ʃ̌ j̉
ხ /χ/ kh kh x x x or kh (rarely) x k̃
ჴ[a] /q/, /qʰ/ qʼ ẖ x̣ q̌ q̊
ჯ /d͡ʒ/ j j ǰ j j - j
ჰ /h/ h h h h h h h
ჵ[a] /oː/ ō ō ȯ h̃


Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Archaic letters.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.
  3. ^ Initially, the use of letter y for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.

References

  1. ^ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). United Nations. p. 64. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  2. ^ ISO 9984:1996, Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters
  3. ^ Evertype.com: ISO 5426 mapping to Unicode; Joan M. Aliprand: Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1; The Unicode Standard: Spacing Modifier Letters.

External links

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