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'''Theridiosomatidae,''' commonly known as '''Ray Spiders,''' are a family of [[Arachnid]] first described by [[Eugène Simon]] in 1881.<ref>{{cite book| last=Simon| first=E.| author-link=Eugène Simon| year=1881| title=Les arachnides de France. Tome cinquième, première partie}}</ref> The family includes 137 [[species]] divided between 20 [[genus]].<ref name="NMBE" /> They are most recognizable for their construction of cone-shaped webs.<ref>{{cite book |first=B.J. |last=Kaston |author-link=B. J. Kaston |title=How to Know the Spiders |edition=3rd |series=Pictured key nature series |publisher=Wm C. Brown Company Publishers |location=Dubuque, IA |date=1972 |isbn=9780697048981 |oclc=668250654 }}</ref> |
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The family contains several genera which actively hunt for prey by using their webs to slingshot themselves towards prey.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/notebook/slingshot-spiders-pull-more-gs-than-cheetahs-68097 |title=Slingshot Spiders Pull More Gs than Cheetahs Do |last=Yeager |first=Ashley |date=Nov 1, 2022 |publisher=[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]] |access-date=Dec 30, 2022}}</ref> |
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== Description == |
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Ray Spiders are m a generally less than 4mm. |
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==Genera== |
==Genera== |
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{{main|List of Theridiosomatidae species}} |
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*''[[Andasta]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small> – Seychelles, Malaysia, Sri Lanka |
*''[[Andasta]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small> – Seychelles, Malaysia, Sri Lanka |
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*''[[Parogulnius]]'' <small>Archer, 1953</small> – United States |
*''[[Parogulnius]]'' <small>Archer, 1953</small> – United States |
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*''[[Plato_(spider)|Plato]]'' <small>Coddington, 1986</small> – South America, Trinidad |
*''[[Plato_(spider)|Plato]]'' <small>Coddington, 1986</small> – South America, Trinidad |
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*''[[Sennin]]'' <small>Suzuki, Hiramatsu & Tatsuta, 2022</small> – Japan |
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*''[[Sinoalaria]]'' <small>Zhao & Li, 2014</small> – China |
*''[[Sinoalaria]]'' <small>Zhao & Li, 2014</small> – China |
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*''[[Tagalogonia]]'' <small>Labarque & Griswold, 2014</small> – Philippines |
*''[[Tagalogonia]]'' <small>Labarque & Griswold, 2014</small> – Philippines |
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Revision as of 02:17, 26 April 2023
| Ray spiders Temporal range:
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| Wendilgarda, female | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Theridiosomatidae Simon, 1881[1] |
| Diversity | |
| 20 genera, 132 species | |
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Theridiosomatidae, commonly known as Ray Spiders, are a family of Arachnid first described by Eugène Simon in 1881.[2] The family includes 137 species divided between 20 genus.[1] They are most recognizable for their construction of cone-shaped webs.[3]
Description
Ray Spiders are m a generally less than 4mm.
Genera
As of April 2023[update], the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[1]
- Andasta Simon, 1895 – Seychelles, Malaysia, Sri Lanka
- Baalzebub Coddington, 1986 – Central America, Brazil, Australia, China
- Chthonopes Wunderlich, 2011 – Laos
- Chthonos Coddington, 1986 – Ecuador, Brazil, Peru
- Coddingtonia Miller, Griswold & Yin, 2009 – Malaysia, Laos
- Cuacuba Prete, Cizauskas & Brescovit, 2018
- Epeirotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 – Mexico, Costa Rica
- Epilineutes Coddington, 1986 – Mexico, Brazil
- Karstia Chen, 2010 – China
- Menglunia Zhao & Li, 2012 – China
- Naatlo Coddington, 1986 – Central America, South America, Trinidad and Tobago
- Ogulnius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882 – South America, Caribbean, Panama, Asia
- Parogulnius Archer, 1953 – United States
- Plato Coddington, 1986 – South America, Trinidad
- Sennin Suzuki, Hiramatsu & Tatsuta, 2022 – Japan
- Sinoalaria Zhao & Li, 2014 – China
- Tagalogonia Labarque & Griswold, 2014 – Philippines
- Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 – South America, Africa, Oceania, North America, Asia, Central America, Jamaica
- Wendilgarda Keyserling, 1886 – Asia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Central America, Brazil, Mexico, Caribbean
- Zoma Saaristo, 1996 – China, Seychelles
Fossil species
- †Eoepeirotypus Wunderlich 2004 Baltic amber, Eocene
- †Eotheridiosoma Wunderlich 2004 Bitterfeld amber, Baltic amber, Eocene
- †Palaeoepeirotypus Wunderlich 1988 Dominican amber, Miocene
- †Umerosoma Wunderlich 2004 Baltic amber, Eocene
- †"Baalzebub" mesozoicum Penney 2014 - Vendée amber, France, Turonian[4] later considered to be stem-theridiosomatid[5]
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Family: Theridiosomatidae Simon, 1881". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
- ^ Simon, E. (1881). Les arachnides de France. Tome cinquième, première partie.
- ^ Kaston, B.J. (1972). How to Know the Spiders. Pictured key nature series (3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Wm C. Brown Company Publishers. ISBN 9780697048981. OCLC 668250654.
- ^ "A fossil ray spider (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) in Cretaceous amber from Vendée, France". Paleontological Contributions. 2014-12-01. doi:10.17161/pc.1808.15982. ISSN 1946-0279.
- ^ Magalhaes, Ivan L. F.; Azevedo, Guilherme H. F.; Michalik, Peter; Ramírez, Martín J. (February 2020). "The fossil record of spiders revisited: implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic". Biological Reviews. 95 (1): 184–217. doi:10.1111/brv.12559. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 31713947. S2CID 207937170.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Theridiosomatidae.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theridiosomatidae.