The Star-Spangled Banner

Nicholson took the copy Key had given him to a printer, who published it as a broadside on 17 September, 1814 under the title “Defence of Fort McHenry,” with a note explaining the circumstances of its writing. Of the five copies made, two are known to survive.

“The Star-Spangled Banner” is the national anthem of the United States of America, with lyrics written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key. Key, a 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, wrote them as a poem after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland, by British ships in Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812.

Set to the tune of “To Anacreon in Heaven,” a popular British drinking song, it became well-known as an American patriotic song. With a range of one and a half octaves, it is known for being notoriously difficult to sing. It was recognized for official use by the United States Navy (1889) and the White House (1916), and was made the national anthem by a Congressional resolution on 3 March 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 USC 301). Although the song has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today.

History

Early history

[[Image:Bombardment2.jpg|251px|thumb|left|An artist's rendering of the battle at Your Mom. On September 3, 1814, Key and John S. Skinner, an American prisoner-exchange agent, set sail from Baltimore aboard the sloop HMS Minden flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by U.S. President James Madison. Their goal was to secure the release of Dr. William Beanes, the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro, a friend of Key’s who had been captured in his home. He was being accused of aiding in getting British soldiers arrested. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship, HMS Tonnant, on 7 September and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner, while they discussed war plans. At first, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes, but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment.

Because Key and Michle Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise, and later back on Minden, after which some British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it, but they were turned away by gunners at nearby Fort Covington, the city's last line of defense. During the rainy night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort’s smaller “storm flag” continued to fly, but once the shelling had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. By then, the storm flag had been lowered, and the larger flag had been raised.

15-star, 15-stripe “Star-Spangled Banner” flag

[[Image:KeysSSB.jpg|right|thumb|Francis Scott Key's original manuscript copy of his Star-Spangled Banner poem. It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society.]]

Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, came to be known as the Star Spangled Banner Flag and is today on display in the National Museum of American History, a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution. It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program.

Aboard the ship the next day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on 16 September, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He finished the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and he entitled it “Defence of Fort McHenry.”

Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law, Judge Joseph H. Nicholson, who recognized that the words fit the tune of the popular melody “To Anacreon in Heaven,” an old British drinking tune which dated from the mid-1760s, when it had been composed in London by John Stafford Smith (but see the discussion for an alternative theory regarding who composed the tune). Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously printed broadside copies of it—the song’s first known printing—on 17 September; of these, two known copies survive.

On 20 September, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song, with the note “Tune: Anacreon in Heaven.” The song quickly became popular, with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it. Soon after, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title “The Star-Spangled Banner.” The song’s popularity grew even larger, and its first public performance took place in October, when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley’s tavern.

The song gained popularity throughout the nineteenth century and bands played it during public events, such as July 4 celebrations. On 27 July 1889, Secretary of the Navy Benjamin F. Tracy signed General Order #374, making “The Star-Spangled Banner” the official tune to be played at the raising of the flag.

In 1913, Percy Moran painted a picture of Francis Scott Key reaching out toward the flag.

In 1916, Woodrow Wilson ordered that “The Star-Spangled Banner” be played at military and other appropriate occasions. Although the playing of the song two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of the 1918 World Series is often noted as the first instance that the Anthem was played at a baseball game, evidence shows that the “Star-Spangled Banner” was performed as early as 1897 at Opening Day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. Today, the anthem is performed before the first pitch at every game.

On 3 November 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, Believe it or Not!, saying, “Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem.” In 1931, John Philip Sousa published his opinion in favor, stating that “it is the spirit of the music that inspires” as much as it is Key’s “soulstirring” words. By a law signed on 3 March 1931 by President Herbert Hoover, “The Star-Spangled Banner” was adopted as the national anthem of the United States.

Modern history

A famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix’s guitar solo at the first Woodstock Festival. Incorporating incredible sonic effects to emphasize the "rockets red glare" and "bombs bursting in air", it became a late-1960s emblem.

In February 1983, Marvin Gaye gave an emotional performance of The Star-Spangled Banner at the NBA All-Star Game, held at The Forum in Inglewood, California.

Whitney Houston’s rendition at Super Bowl XXV with the Florida Orchestra is often considered one of the best performances of the song. There were actually no live microphones; everyone was lip synching and finger synching. Houston's vocal and the orchestra track had been separately prerecorded.

When sung in public (before major sporting events, for example), verses after the first are almost always omitted, and few Americans know their words, or even that they exist. Isaac Asimov’s short story “No Refuge Could Save” made light of this: a foreign spy was identified when it was found he knew every stanza, the joke being that no “real” American would know the whole text.

It is also sometimes said humorously that the last two words of the national anthem are “PLAY BALL!” since that phrase is shouted by baseball umpires after the anthem is played before games. On his album "Wake Up America!", Abbie Hoffman and several musicians perform a raucous version of the song, with Hoffman shouting "Play ball!" at the song's conclusion. American motor racing events also play the song before the start of the race, leading to the other supposed last words of the anthem: "Gentlemen, start your engines!"

In March 2005, the government-sponsored The National Anthem Project was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem. While some view this project (sponsored by the military and various corporations) as a form of wartime propaganda, some music teachers say it will offer benefits for music education by bringing new attention to their efforts.

Alternative anthems

At various times in American history "The Star-Spangled Banner" has faced challenges by rival songs for the status of national anthem. In the 1960s, particularly during the John F. Kennedy administration, there were unsuccessful efforts to give "America the Beautiful" legal status either as a national hymn or the national anthem. Proponents of "America the Beautiful" prefer it for for various reasons, arguing that it is easier to sing, more melodic, and more adaptable to new orchestrations while still remaining as easily recognizable as "The Star-Spangled Banner." Some also prefer "America the Beautiful" to the "The Star-Spangled Banner" due to the latter's war-oriented imagery. (Others prefer "The Star-Spangled Banner" for the same reason.)

"Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing," written by James Weldon Johnson in 1900 for an Abraham Lincoln birthday celebration at the segregated Stanton School in Johnson's native Jacksonville, Florida, later became colloquially known as "The Black National Anthem." The song became immensely popular and was passed on among students throughout the South in the early 1900s. About 20 years after Johnson wrote it the NAACP adopted it as the "Negro National Hymn" and in the 1970s it was often sung immediately following "The Star-Spangled Banner" at public events and performances with significant African-American audiences.

Satire

From Kurt Vonnegut’s Breakfast of Champions:

Listen:

Trout and Hoover were citizens of the United States of America, a country which was called America for short. This was their national anthem, which was pure balderdash, like so much they were expected to take seriously:

[the first stanza of the anthem follows]

There were one quadrillion nations in the Universe, but the nation Dwayne Hoover and Kilgore Trout belonged to was the only one with a national anthem which was gibberish sprinkled with question marks.

[...]

The undippable flag was a beauty, and the anthem and the vacant motto might not have mattered much, if it weren´t for this: a lot of citizens were so ignored and cheated and insulted that they thought they might be in the wrong country, or even on the wrong planet, that some terrible mistake had been made. It might have comforted them some if their anthem and their motto had mentioned fairness or brotherhood or hope or happiness, had somehow welcomed them to the society and its real estate. (from Breakfast of Champions, chapter 1, 1973)

Text

O say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore, dimly seen thro’ the mist of the deep,
Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam,
In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream
’Tis the star-spangled banner. Oh! long may it wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle’s confusion
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footstep’s pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave,
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war’s desolation,
Blest with vict’ry and peace, may the Heav’n-rescued land
Praise the Pow’r that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto—“In God is our trust.”
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

Translations

The anthem has also been translated into other languages. In 1861, it was translated into German. [3] It has been translated into Yiddish by Jewish immigrants [4], and into French by Acadians of Louisiana [5]. The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin. [6] It has been translated into Samoan; here are the last four lines of the first verse:

O roketi mumu fa'aafi, o pomu ma fana ma aloi afi

E fa'amaonia i le po atoa, le fu'a o lo'o tu maninoa.

Aue! ia tumau le fe'ilafi mai, ma agiagia pea

I eleele o sa'olotoga, ma nofoaga o le au totoa..

Nuestro Himno

A Spanish-language version, "Nuestro Himno," was released on 28 April 2006, just days before nationwide demonstrations (on 1 May) about immigration-law reform. This version was created as a show of support for Latino and Hispanic immigrants in the United States as a response to a proposed crackdown on illegal immigration. Similar to the English version of the Canadian national anthem, which was set to the tune of the original French version but is not related to the text thereof, this song, or himno, is merely inspired by and is only an approximate—not a word-for-word—translation of stanzas selected from Key's poem. No claim is made that it is the Spanish-language version of the United States' national anthem. Public reaction was widely divided, and it drew this response from President George W. Bush: "I think people who want to be a citizen of this country ought to learn English and they ought to learn to sing the national anthem in English."

"Nuestro Himno" is not the first Spanish-language version of the "The Star-Spangled Banner" to have been published. The United States Department of State's website shows other Spanish-language versions of it, including "Himno nacional—La Bandera de Estrellas," copyrighted in 1919.

Another multilingual version was released on May 16, 2006. Performing as Voices United for America, ten singers sing the song in Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Bulgarian, German, Arabic, Japanese, Tagalog, Korean, and English. The song was recorded to raise awareness of House Resolution 793, which states that the National Anthem should be sung only in English.

Performances

Main article: Performances and adaptations of The Star-Spangled Banner

The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing, because its range is wide: an octave and a half. Garrison Keillor has frequently campaigned for the performance of the anthem in the original key, G major—which can, in fact, be managed by most average singers without difficulty. (It is usually played in A-flat or B-flat.) Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus:

In an attempt to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were soon bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and when, by the dawn's early light, the British heard it sung, they fled in terror!

Professional singers have been known to forget the words—which is one reason the song is so often prerecorded and lip-synched. This situation was lampooned in the comedy film The Naked Gun, as its star Leslie Nielsen, undercover as opera singer Enrico Palazzo at a baseball game, made mincemeat of the lyrics. The prerecording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks (such as Boston's Fenway Park, according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project) [7], due also in part to the poor acoustics at such venues.

Musical references

The tune has been referenced in many other musical compositions.

• The city of Philadelphia commissioned Richard Wagner to write a piece in honor of the centenary of U.S. independence. His American Centennial March uses a recurring allusion to "The Star-Spangled Banner" in its main theme.
• The American heavy metal band Iced Earth played the song as the first song on their album The Glorious Burden
• The nineteenth-century American composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–1869) incorporated both "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "Yankee Doodle" in his piano composition The Union.
• Giacomo Puccini controversially used the opening phrases of "The Star-Spangled Banner" as a theme for the character of Pinkerton in his opera Madama Butterfly.
• The last of Leopold Godowsky's set of thirty piano pieces titled Triakontameron is "Requiem (1914–1918): Epilogue", which concludes with a full-blown romantic arrangement of the anthem.
• The opening strains of the anthem appear prominently in first portion of Edwin E. Bagley's National Emblem March.
• The paraphrase of the first stanza is used in the score of American Panorama (1933) by Daniele Amfitheatrof.
• The title tune of the 1960s musical Hair contains the line "O, say, can you see / my eyes? If you can / then my hair's too short!"
• Jimi Hendrix performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the Woodstock Festival on August 18, 1969.
• The opera Nixon in China by John Coolidge Adams seems to quote "The Star-Spangled Banner" upon the arrival of President Nixon's plane.
• In the musical "1776" the song "Cool, Cool Considerate Men " starts and ends with the beginning bars of "The Star-Spangled Banner" and begins with the lyrics "Oh say do you see what I see?"
• Walt Kelly, creator of the comic strip Pogo, wrote a nonsense song entitled "Pot Lucky", set to the melody of "The Star-Spangled Banner".

Motion Picture References

Several films have their titles taken from the song lyrics. These include two films entitled Dawn's Early Light (2000 [8] and 2005 [9]), two Made-For-TV features entitled By Dawn's Early Light (1990 [10] and 2000 [11] ), two films entitled So Proudly We Hail (1943 [12] and 1990 [13] ) , and a feature (1977 [14]) and a short (2005 [15]) both entitled Twilight's Last Gleaming. One version each of By Dawn's Early Light and Twilight's Last Gleaming deal with nuclear warfare. In a scene from the 2006 satirical documentary film Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan the character Borat sings his National anthem to the tune of The Star-Spangled Banner at a rodeo, much to the chagrin of the staunchly patriotic crowd.

External links

• Library of Congress article
• National Museum of American History article
• Maryland Online Encyclopedia article
• British Attack on Ft. McHenry Launched from Bermuda
• Isaac Asimov on the four stanzas of the anthem
• Encyclopedia Smithsonian article on "The Star-Spangled Banner"
• "Star-Mangled Banner: A look at some controversial, and botched, renditions of our national anthem"
• "The Star-Spangled Banner" by John A. Carpenter
• Easybyte—free easy piano arrangement of "The Star-Spangled Banner / Anacreon in Heaven"
• "Stars and Stripes Forever" City Pages, July 4, 2001
• "The Toughest 2 Minutes"