Robert Herbert, 12th Earl of Pembroke and Arundhati Roy: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] -->
{{otherpersons|Robert Herbert}}
| name = Arundhati Roy
'''Robert Henry Herbert, 12th Earl of Pembroke and 9th Earl of Montgomery''' (19 September 1791 – 25 April 1862) was a British nobleman in line for great estates and position as head of the distinguished Herbert family and heir to the [[Earl of Pembroke|earldom of Pembroke]], but lived an irregular life in [[exile]] after a dissolute youth.
| image = Arundhati_roy_wti.jpg
| imagesize = 200 px
| caption = Arundhati Roy speaking at the 2007 [[World Tribunal on Iraq]].
| birthdate = [[November 24]], [[1961]]
| birthplace = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]
| nationality = {{IND}}
| occupation = Novelist, essayist
| period = 1997-''present''
| notableworks =
}}

'''Suzanna Arundhati Roy''' (born [[November 24]], [[1961]]) is an Indian [[writer]] and [[activist]] who won the [[Booker Prize]] in 1997 for her novel, ''[[The God of Small Things]]'', and in 2002, the [[Lannan Foundation|Lannan]] Cultural Freedom Prize.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Roy was born in [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]],<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/arundhathiroy.html Arundhati Roy - English Writer: The South Asian Literary Recordings Project (Library of Congress New Delhi Office)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[India]], to a [[Kerala|Keralite]] [[Syrian Christian]] mother, the women's rights activist [[Mary Roy]], and a [[Bengal]]i father, a tea planter by profession. She spent her childhood in Ayemenem or [[Aymanam]] in [[Kerala]], and went to school at [[Pallikoodam|Corpus Christi]], [[Kottayam]], followed by the [[Lawrence School, Lovedale]], in the Nilgiris, [[Tamil Nadu]]. She then studied [[architecture]] at the [[School of Planning and Architecture]], [[New Delhi]], where she met her first husband, architect [[Gerard DaCunha]].
===Early years===
Roy met her second husband, filmmaker [[Pradip Krishen]], in 1984, and played a village girl in his award-winning movie ''Massey Sahib''. Roy is a niece of prominent media personality [[Prannoy Roy]], the head of the leading Indian TV media group [[NDTV]],<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/oct/15mary.htm Rediff On The NeT: Mary Roy celebrates her daughter's victory<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and lives in [[New Delhi]].
Herbert was born at Hill Street, [[London]], the second (but eldest surviving) son of the [[George Augustus Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke|11th Earl of Pembroke]] by his first marriage to his first cousin, Elizabeth (d. 1793). She was the daughter of [[Topham Beauclerk]] by [[Lady Diana Beauclerk]], dau. of [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough]].


==Works==
After education at [[Harrow School]], Herbert made a disastrous clandestine marriage at the Butera Palace in [[Palermo]] in 1814. His bride was a [[Sicily|Sicilian]] princess, Ottavia Spinelli (1779–1857), the recently widowed wife of the (much older) Prince Ercole Branciforte di Butera, and daughter of the Duke of Laurino.
Roy first attracted attention when she criticised [[Shekhar Kapur]]'s film ''[[Bandit Queen]]'', based on the life of [[Phoolan Devi]], charging Kapur with exploiting Devi and misrepresenting both her life and its meaning.<ref>{{cite news | title = Arundhati Roy: A 'small hero' | publisher = BBC News Online | date = 2002-03-06 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1857495.stm}}</ref>


[[Image:Thegodofsmallthings.jpg|thumb|120px|[[The God of Small Things]], cover]]
Before the death of the Prince, the young Viscount Herbert had been the Princess's ''cavaliere servente''. His father attempted to have the marriage dissolved without success, but succeeded in persuading the Sicilian authorities to separate the parties. Accordingly Lord Herbert was imprisoned in a fortress and his wife in a convent. Herbert managed to escape, however, to [[Genoa]] and returned to England, where his father persuaded him to abandon the Princess. She promptly took a house in London under the name of Lady Herbert and brought a suite for restitution of conjugal rights in the English courts in 1819. The marriage was annulled and she was awarded £800 p.a., which it is said was later increased to £5,000, but Lord Herbert and the Princess never came together again. Neither did either ever remarry.
Roy began writing her first novel, ''[[The God of Small Things]]'', in 1992, completing it in 1996. The book is semi-autobiographical and a major part captures her childhood experiences in Ayemenem or [[Aymanam]] {{Fact|date=March 2007}}. The book received the 1997 Booker Prize for Fiction and was listed as one of the ''[[New York Times]]'' Notable Books of the Year for 1997.<ref>{{cite web | title = Notable Books of the Year 1997 | publisher = New York Times | date = 1997-12-07 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/12/07/reviews/notable-fiction.html | accessdate = 2007-03-21}}</ref> The book reached fourth position on the ''New York Times'' [[New York Times Best Seller list|Bestsellers list]] for Independent Fiction.<ref>{{cite web | title = Best Sellers Plus | publisher = New York Times | date = 1998-01-25 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/01/25/bsp/fictioncompare.html | accessdate = 2007-03-21 }}</ref> She received half a million pounds as an advance, and rights to the book were sold in 21 countries.


''The God of Small Things'' received good reviews, for instance in [[The New York Times]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Truax | first = Alice | title = A Silver Thimble in Her Fist | newspaper = New York Times | year = 1997 | date = 25 May 1997 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/25/reviews/970525.25truaxt.html}}</ref> However, [[Carmen Callil]], chair of the Booker judges panel in 1996, called ''The God of Small Things'' "an execrable book" and said it should never have reached the shortlist.<ref>{{cite news | title = Arundhati Roy: A 'small hero'|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1857495.stm |
===Exile ===
| publisher = BBC News Online | date = [[6 March]], [[2002]]
Herbert succeeded to the titles on the death of his father in 1827 and took his seat in the [[House of Lords]] in 1833. Under a family agreement, his diligent younger half brother, the statesman [[Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea]], took control of the family estates centred on [[Wilton House]], [[Wiltshire]]. Subsequently by 1837 Herbert was living in Paris, where [[James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury|Lord Malmesbury]] wrote of him, "Lord Pembroke lives in great state in Paris, and is as famous for his cook as for his horses. He is a very handsome man."
| accessdate = 2006-12-08}}</ref>


Roy wrote the screenplays for ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]'' (1989) and ''Electric Moon'' (1992) in which she also appeared as a performer, and a television serial ''The Banyan Tree''. She also wrote the documentary ''DAM/AGE: A Film with Arundhati Roy'' (2002).
He lived out his exile in the [[Place Vendôme]], where he formed a liaison with Alexina Sophia Gallot. Alexina was born; 07 MAR 1821 in London, to John and Ann Gallot. By Alexina he had four illegitimate children 'running about the place', who adopted the surname 'Montgomery' (as other natural children of the Herbert family had done):
#Robert Henry Montgomery, born circa 1840.
#Sidney George Montgomery, born circa 1842.
#Henri George Montgomery, diplomat, born 17 Dec 1845; m. 'a woman of influential family named Ditte'; and d. 29 Nov 1900 (bur. St-Rémy-les-Chevreuse).
#Henriètte Jeanne Montgomery, born 2 Nov 1855; m. Louis Janvier de la Motte; and d. 16 July 1904.


In early 2007, Roy announced that she would begin work on a second novel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/books/an-activist-returns-to-the-novel/2007/03/08/1173166881043.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 |title=An activist returns to the novel |date= [[March 10]], [[2007]] |publisher = Sydney Morning Herald | accessdate = 2007-03-13|author=Randeep Ramesh}}</ref>
He died in Paris, where he is buried in the [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], his house having been stripped of all the valuable furniture, plate and jewels that he had taken from Wilton more than 30 years previously.


==Activism and advocacy==
===Succession ===

Herbert was succeeded in his titles by his half nephew, [[George Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke|George Robert Charles Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke]] (1850–1895), who had the previous year succeeded to the barony of Herbert of Lea, so that that title merged with the earldom. The 13th Earl's siblings were granted the style and precedence of the younger sons or daughters of an Earl by Royal Warrant (on 30 May).
''The God of Small Things'' is the only novel written by Roy. She has since devoted herself solely to nonfiction and politics, publishing two more collections of essays, as well as working for social causes. She is a spokesperson of the [[anti-globalization]]/[[alter-globalization]] movement and a vehement critic of [[neo-imperialism]] and of the global policies of the [[United States]]. She also criticizes [[India]]'s nuclear weapons policies and the approach to industrialization and rapid development as currently being practiced in India, including the [[Narmada Dam]] project and the power company [[Enron]]'s activities in India.

===Support for Kashmiri Separatism===
In an interview with ''Times of India'' published in August of 2008, Arundhati Roy expressed her support for the independence of Kashmir from India after massive demonstrations in favor of independence took place--some 500,000 separatists rallied in Srinagar in the Kashmir part of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] state of India for independence on 18 August 2008, according to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]]''.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html Jyoti Thottam, Valley of Tears, ''Time'' 4 Sep 2008]</ref> She took the rallies as a clear sign that Kashmiris desire independence from India, and not union with India.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Kashmir_needs_freedom_from_India_Arundhati_Roy/articleshow/3378687.cms Kashmir needs Freedom from India]</ref> She was criticized by [[Congress Party| INC]] and [[BJP]] for her remarks<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Cong_attacks_Roy_on_Kashmir_remark/articleshow/3384003.cms]</ref>, but along with Roy some mainstream Indian journalists, such as [[Vir Sanghvi]] (executive editor of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'')<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=37ea1a37-c222-41e7-8b19-859b5fd34cbdAmarnathLandRow_Special&&Headline=Think+the+Unthinkable Think the Unthinkable, ''Hindustan Times'', 16 August 2008]</ref>, [[Jug Suraiya]] (editor of the ''[[The Times of India]]'')<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Editorial/India_minus_K-word/articleshow/3382132.cms India minus K-word, ''The Times of India'', 20 Aug 2008]</ref>, and Swaminathan Aiyar (also at ''The Times of India'')<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Columnists/Independence_Day_for_Kashmir/articleshow/3372132.cms Independence Day for Kashmir, ''The Times of India'', 17 Aug 2008]</ref>, have argued similarly.<ref>[http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43782 Columnists Support Kashmir's Secession]</ref>

===Sardar Sarovar Project===
Roy has campaigned along with activist [[Medha Patkar]] against the [[Sardar Sarovar Project|Narmada dam project]], saying that the dam will displace half a million people, with little or no compensation, and will not provide the projected irrigation, drinking water and other benefits.<ref>{{Citation | last = Roy | first = Arundhati | author-link = Arundhati Roy | title = The Greater Common Good | journal = Frontline (magazine) | volume = 16 | issue = 11 | year = 1999 | date = May 22 - June 04, 1999 | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1611/16110040.htm}}</ref> Roy donated her Booker prize money as well as royalties from her books on the project to the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]]. Roy also appears in [[Franny Armstrong]]'s 2001 film [[Drowned Out]].<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0424055/</ref>

Arundhati Roy's opposition to the Narmada Dam project has been criticised as "anti-Gujarat" by [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leaders in Gujarat.<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031213/asp/nation/story_2674388.asp The Telegraph - Calcutta : Nation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In 2002, Roy responded to a [[Contempt of court|contempt]] notice issued against her by the [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] with an affidavit saying the court's decision to initiate the contempt proceedings based on an unsubstantiated and flawed petition, while refusing to inquire into [[Tehelka#Operation West End|allegations of corruption in military contracting deals]] pleading an overload of cases, indicated a "disquieting inclination" by the court to silence criticism and dissent using the power of contempt.<ref>{{cite news | title = Arundhati’s contempt: Supreme Court writes her a prison sentence | publisher = Indian Express | date = 2002-03-07 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/india-news/ie20020307/top3.html }}{{cite news | title = Of contempt and legitimate dissent | author = V. Venkatesan and Sukumar Muralidharan | publisher = Frontline | date = August 18 - 31, 2001 | url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl1817/18170910.htm }}</ref> The court found Roy's statement, which she refused to disavow or apologize for, constituted criminal contempt and sentenced her to a "symbolic" one day's imprisonment and fined Roy Rs. 2500.<ref>{{cite court |litigants= In re: Arundhati Roy.... Contemner |reporter= JUDIS |court= Supreme Court of India bench, Justices G.B. Pattanaik & R.P. Sethi |date=[[March 6]], [[2002]] | url = http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=18299}}</ref> Roy served the jail sentence for a single day and opted to pay the fine rather than serve an additional three months' imprisonment for default.<ref>{{cite web | last = Roy | first = Arundhati | author_link = Arundhati Roy | title = Statement by Arundhati Roy | date = 2002-03-07 | publisher = Friends of River Narmada | url = http://www.narmada.org/sc.contempt/aroy.stmt.mar7.2002.html | accessdate = 2007-03-21 }}</ref>
Environmental historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] has been critical of Roy's Narmada dam activism. While acknowledging her "courage and commitment" to the cause, Guha writes that her advocacy is hyperbolic and self-indulgent,<ref>Ramachandra Guha, [http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/26/stories/13260411.htm The Arun Shourie of the left], ''[[The Hindu]]'', November 26, 2000</ref> "Ms. Roy's tendency to exaggerate and simplify, her Manichean view of the world, and her shrill hectoring tone, have given a bad name to environmental analysis".<ref> Ramachandra Guha, [http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/17/stories/1317061b.htm Perils of extremism], ''[[The Hindu]]'', December 17, 2000</ref> He faults Roy's criticism of Supreme Court judges who were hearing a petition brought by the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] as careless and irresponsible.

Roy counters that her writing is intentional in its passionate, hysterical tone: "I ''am'' hysterical. I'm screaming from the bloody rooftops. And he and his smug little club are going 'Shhhh... you'll wake the neighbours!' I ''want '' to wake the neighbours, that's my whole point. I want everybody to open their eyes".<ref>[http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1801/18010040.htm Scimitars in the sun], ''Frontline'' 18.1, Jan. 6-19, 2001</ref>

[[Gail Omvedt]] and Roy have had a fierce discussions, in open letters, on Roy's strategy for the Narmada Dam movement. Though the activists disagree on whether to demand stopping the dam building all together (Roy) or searching for intermediate alternatives (Omvedt), the exchange has mostly been, though critical, constructive. <ref>[http://www.narmada.org/debates/gail/gail.open.letter.html Gail Omvedt'S Open Letter To Arundhati Roy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

=== United States foreign policy ===

Roy has strongly criticised the U.S. led invasion of Afghanistan in reaction to the September 11 attacks, decrying its undermining of international law and institutions. She disputes U.S. claims of being a peaceful and freedom-loving nation, listing the numerous armed conflicts the U.S. has been involved in since the Second World War<ref name="guardianPB">Arundhati Roy, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4283081,00.html "'Brutality smeared in peanut butter' Why America must stop the war now." ''The Guardian'' 10/23/01.]</ref> as well as its previous support for the Taliban movement and its support for the Northern Alliance (whose "track record is not very different from the Taliban's"). Noting the interests of arms and [[Big Oil|oil industries]] in formulating foreign policy, Roy doubts the U.S.'s stated goals of restoring democracy in Afghanistan and argues that its humanitarian efforts there are a cynical public relations exercise. While condemning the 9/11 attacks, she writes that its response has legitimised violence as a political instrument and aided governments around the world in suppressing freedom and civil rights.

Her views were criticized by [[Ian Buruma]], who wrote: "The snobbery of her tone alone betrays the lingering, if perhaps unconscious, influence in India of British lefties from the end of the Raj. It is the language of the [[Bloomsbury group|Bloomsbury]] drawing room. You could well imagine [[Bertrand Russell]] taking this line."<ref>[http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20020429&s=buruma042902 The Anti-American] by [[Ian Buruma]], The New Republic ([http://web.archive.org/web/20020428083546/http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20020429&s=buruma042902 Archived link])</ref>

In May 2003 she delivered a speech entitled "Instant-Mix Imperial Democracy" at the [[Riverside Church]] in [[New York City]]. In it she described the [[United States]] as a global empire that reserves the right to bomb any of its subjects at any time, deriving its legitimacy directly from God. The speech was an indictment of the U.S. actions relating to the [[Iraq War]].<ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0518-01.htm Instant-Mix Imperial Democracy (Buy One, Get One Free)], speech by Arundhati Roy at The Riverside Church, May 13, 2003. [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/10/24/1443226 Audio and video]</ref> In June 2005 she took part in the [[World Tribunal on Iraq]]. In March 2006, Roy criticized US President [[George W. Bush]]'s visit to India.<ref>{{cite news | last = Roy | first = Arundhati | title = George Bush go home | language = en | publisher = The Hindu | date = 2006-02-28 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/28/stories/2006022804301100.htm
| accessdate = 2007-03-21 }}</ref>

===India's nuclear weaponisation===
In response to India's testing of nuclear weapons in [[Pokhran]], [[Rajasthan]], Roy wrote ''The End of Imagination'' (1998), a critique of the Indian government's [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear]] policies. It was published in her collection ''The Cost of Living'' (1999), in which she also crusaded against India's massive hydroelectric dam projects in the central and western states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]].
===Criticism of Israel===
In August 2006, Roy signed a letter written by Professor [[Steve Trevillion]] calling Israel's attacks on Lebanon a "war crime" and accused Israel of "state terror".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1835915,00.html |title=War crimes and Lebanon |date= [[August 3]], [[2006]]}}</ref> In 2007, Roy was one of more than 100 artists and writers who signed an open letter initiated by [[Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism]] and the [[South West Asian, North African Bay Area Queers]] [http://www.swanaqueers.com/sf (SWANABAQ)] and calling on the [[Frameline|San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival]] "to honor calls for an [[Economic and political boycotts of Israel|international boycott of Israeli political and cultural institutions]], by discontinuing [[Israeli]] consulate sponsorship of the LGBT film festival and not cosponsoring events with the Israeli consulate."[http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=1838][http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article6966.shtml]

===2001 Indian Parliament attack===
Roy has raised questions about the investigation into the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] and the trial of the accused. She has called for the death sentence of [[Mohammad Afzal]] to be stayed while a parliamentary enquiry into these questions are conducted and denounced press coverage of the trial.<ref>[http://www.countercurrents.org/hr-roy311006.htm Arundhati Roy, 'And His Life Should Become Extinct'], ''Outlook'', 30 October 2006</ref> The [[BJP]] has criticized Roy for what it alleges is defence of a terrorist going against the national interest.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1830995,0008.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200610281922.htm BJP flays Arundhati for 'defending' Afzal], ''The Hindu'', 28 October 2006</ref>

===The Muthanga 'Incident'===
In 2003, the Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha, a social movement for adivasi land rights in Kerala, organized a major land occupation of a piece of land of a former Eucalyptus plantation in the Muthanga Wildlife Reserve, on the border of Kerala and Karnataka. After 48 days, a police force was sent into the area to evict the occupants--one participant of the movement and a policeman were killed, and the leaders of the movement were arrested. Arundhati Roy travelled to the area, visited the movement's leaders in jail, and wrote an open letter to the then Chief Minister of Kerala, [[A.K. Antony]] now India's Defence Minister, saying "You have blood on your hands." <ref> http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2006/stories/20030328002104500.htm)</ref>

===Violation of forest law===
In 2003, Arundhati and her husband were informed by [[Panchmarhi]] district administration that a hilltop bungalow her husband owns near [[Panchmarhi]] stands on notified forest land and has to be pulled down, on grounds of violation of forest law. Besides Roy three others were similarly notified: a forest officer, a doctor at a police training center, and the sister of Indian novelist [[Vikram Seth]]. Arundhati’s husband bought the 4,346 sq ft plot in 1994.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1681245.cms Arundhati Roy, Vikram Seth in encroachment case] Times of India - June 26, 2006</ref> Since then, a local court mandated that the encroachments be removed by 7 July 2006<ref>{{cite news | last = KIDWAI | first = RASHEED | title = Bungalow blow to Arundhati - Allotment on notified forest land cancelled in Panchmarhi | language = en | publisher = The Telegraph (Calcutta) | date = 2003-05-07 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030507/asp/frontpage/story_1945565.asp | accessdate = 2007-03-21 }}</ref>; whether this has been obeyed or settled otherwise is not known.

==Awards==
Arundhati Roy was awarded the 1997 [[Booker Prize]] for her novel [[The God of Small Things]]. The award carried a prize of about US $30,000<ref>{{cite web | title = Arundhati Roy interviewed by David Barsamian | publisher = The South Asian | month = September | year = 2001 | url = http://www.the-south-asian.com/Sept2001/Arundhati_Roy-Interview1.htm}}</ref> and a citation that noted, 'The book keeps all the promises that it makes.' <ref>{{cite web | title = Previous winners - 1997 | publisher = Booker Prize Foundation | url = http://www.themanbookerprize.com/about/previous/1997.php | accessdate = 2007-03-21 }}</ref>

In 2002, she won the [[Lannan Foundation]]'s Cultural Freedom Award for her work "about civil societies that are adversely affected by the world’s most powerful governments and corporations," in order "to celebrate her life and her ongoing work in the struggle for freedom, justice and cultural diversity."<ref>{{cite web | title = 2002 Lannan Cultural Freedom Prize awarded to Arundhati Roy | publisher = Lannan Foundation | url = http://www.lannan.org/lf/cf/detail/2002-prize-for-cultural-freedom-roy/ | accessdate = 2007-03-21 }}</ref>

Roy was awarded the [[Sydney Peace Prize]] in May 2004 for her work in social campaigns and her advocacy of [[Nonviolence|non-violence]].

In January 2006, she was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi]] award, a national award from India's Academy of Letters, for her collection of essays on contemporary issues, ''[[The Algebra of Infinite Justice]]'', but she declined to accept it "in protest against the Indian Government toeing the US line by 'violently and ruthlessly pursuing policies of brutalisation of industrial workers, increasing militarisation and economic neo-liberalisation.'"<ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0116-01.htm Sahitya Akademi Award: Arundhati Roy Rejects Honor</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Books===
*{{cite book | author=Roy, Arundhati;| title=[[The God of Small Things]]| publisher=Flamingo | year=1997 | id=ISBN 0-00-655068-1}}
*{{cite book | author=Roy, Arundhati;| title=[[The Cost of Living (book)|The Cost of Living]]| publisher=Flamingo | year=1999 | id=ISBN 0375756140}}. It contains the essays ''The Greater Common Good'' and ''The End of Imagination'', which are now included in the book ''The Algebra of Infinite Justice''
*{{cite book | author=Roy, Arundhati;| title=[[The Algebra of Infinite Justice]]| publisher=Flamingo | year=2002 | id=ISBN 0-00-714949-2}} (a collection of essays: ''The End of Imagination'', ''The Greater Common Good'', ''Power Politics'' [also a book], ''The Ladies Have Feelings, So...'', ''The Algebra of Infinite Justice'', ''War is Peace'', ''Democracy'', ''War Talk'' [also a book] and ''Come September''.)
*Foreword to ''For Reasons of State'' (2003) ISBN 1-56584-794-6 by [[Noam Chomsky]]
*{{cite book | author=Roy, Arundhati;| title=Power Politics| publisher=South End Press | year=2002 | id=ISBN 0-89608-668-2}}
*{{cite book | author=Roy, Arundhati;| title=War Talk| publisher=South End Press | year=2003 | id=ISBN 0-89608-724-7}}
*Roy, Arundhati; (2004). ''An Ordinary Person's Guide To Empire'', Consortium Book Sales and Dist, [[September 15]], [[2004]], hardcover, ISBN 0-89608-728-X; trade paperback, Consortium, [[September 15]], [[2004]], ISBN 0-89608-727-1
*{{cite book | author=Roy, Arundhati;| title=Public Power in the Age of Empire| publisher=Seven Stories Press | year=2004 | id=ISBN 1-58322-682-6}}
*{{cite book | author=Roy, Arundhati;| title=The Checkbook and the Cruise Missile: Conversations with Arundhati Roy | publisher=South End Press | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0-89608-710-7}}

===Essays, Speeches and Articles===
* ''Insult and Injury in Afghanistan'' (MSNBC, [[20 October]] [[2001]])
* ''Instant Democracy'' ([[May 13]], [[2003]])


==References==
==References==

*Sir Tresham Lever, ''The Herberts of Wilton'' (Murray, 1967)
{{reflist}}
*[[George Cokayne|Cokayne]] et al., ''[[The Complete Peerage]]''

*Phillimore, ''Cases in Ecclesiastical Courts'', vol. 3, pp. 58-66
==See also==
*''[[Burke's Peerage]]'', 107th edition
*[[Anti-globalization movement]]
*Malmesbury, ''Memoirs of an ex-Minister'', vol. 1, p. 78
*[[Narmada Bachao Andolan]]
*[[Indian English literature]]
*[[American Empire]]
*[[Criticism of United States foreign policy]]


==External links==
==External links==
===Biographical material===
*[http://www.gallot.co.nz/Gallot/Alexina_Sophia_Gallot.htm/ Robert Herbert and Alexina Gallot]
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5928 Literary Encyclopedia] (in-progress)
* [http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Roy+Arundhati SAWNET biography]
*[http://www.chitram.org/mallu/ar.htm Bibliography]

===Works, speeches===
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.weroy.org We] 'We,' documentary featuring the words of Arundhati Roy
* [http://nmazca.com/verba/roy.htm Come September] Transcript of speech on [[18 September]] [[2002]] and conversation with [[Howard Zinn]]
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2006/5/23/arundhati_roy_on_india_iraq_u Arundhati Roy on India, Iraq, U.S. Empire and Dissent--interview on ''Democracy Now!'']
* [http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2004/569/569p12.htm 'We have to become the global resistance'] (Abridged version of speech at the World Social Forum in Mumbai, 16 January 2004)
* [http://www.democracynow.org/static/Arundhati_Trans.shtml Tide? or Ivory Snow? Public Power in the Age of Empire] (16 August 2004 speech in San Francisco)
* [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] [[Radio National]] [http://abc.net.au/rn/bigidea/stories/s1232956.htm transcript of Sydney Peace Prize Lecture] (with audio) [http://www.tvset.org/roy3.html or download the speech here]
* [http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=ROY20050628&articleId=540 'The Most Cowardly War in History'; opening statement at the Iraq tribunal] (Article dated [[24 June]] [[2005]])
*[http://www.cityweekend.com.cn/shanghai/articles/blogs-shanghai/shanghai-book-club/live-blogging-with-arundhati-roy-andpankaj-mishra-india-in-the-world-arundhati-roy-in-coversation-with-pankaj-mishra/ Podcast of Arundhati Roy and Pankaj Mishra discussing "India in the World" at the Shanghai International Literary Festival]

===Other===
*[[We (film)|We]], a political documentary about Roy's words. [http://www.weroy.org Available online.]
*[http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/937 Arundhati Roy denounces Indian democracy] by Atul Cowshish
*Carreira, Shirley de S. G.''A representação da mulher em ''Shame'', de Salman Rushdie, e ''O deus das pequenas coisas'', de Arundathi Roy''. In: MONTEIRO, Conceição & LIMA, Tereza M. de O. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Caetés, 2005
*[http://ascentmagazine.com/articles.aspx?articleID=94&page=read&subpage=past&issueID=09 "In the Valley of the Tigers"]; Interview with Ascent magazine on the Narmada Valley
*Ch'ien, Evelyn Nien-Ming, "The Politics of Design" (''Weird English.'' Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2004; 154-99). Essay on Roy's language. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Fx6o5NXOLoQC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=The+Politics+of+Design+roy&source=web&ots=ewjuVIh_5o&sig=yjY5EeQU4PliwhZPOkRnwPLszIs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA199,M1 Available online.]


{{Man Booker Prize Winners}}
{{Footer Sydney Peace Prize laureates}}


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[[Category:Anti-globalization writers]]
[[Category:Booker Prize winners]]
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Revision as of 03:44, 10 October 2008

Arundhati Roy
Arundhati Roy speaking at the 2007 World Tribunal on Iraq.
Arundhati Roy speaking at the 2007 World Tribunal on Iraq.
OccupationNovelist, essayist
Nationality India
Period1997-present

Suzanna Arundhati Roy (born November 24, 1961) is an Indian writer and activist who won the Booker Prize in 1997 for her novel, The God of Small Things, and in 2002, the Lannan Cultural Freedom Prize.

Biography

Roy was born in Shillong, Meghalaya,[1] India, to a Keralite Syrian Christian mother, the women's rights activist Mary Roy, and a Bengali father, a tea planter by profession. She spent her childhood in Ayemenem or Aymanam in Kerala, and went to school at Corpus Christi, Kottayam, followed by the Lawrence School, Lovedale, in the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. She then studied architecture at the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, where she met her first husband, architect Gerard DaCunha. Roy met her second husband, filmmaker Pradip Krishen, in 1984, and played a village girl in his award-winning movie Massey Sahib. Roy is a niece of prominent media personality Prannoy Roy, the head of the leading Indian TV media group NDTV,[2] and lives in New Delhi.

Works

Roy first attracted attention when she criticised Shekhar Kapur's film Bandit Queen, based on the life of Phoolan Devi, charging Kapur with exploiting Devi and misrepresenting both her life and its meaning.[3]

The God of Small Things, cover

Roy began writing her first novel, The God of Small Things, in 1992, completing it in 1996. The book is semi-autobiographical and a major part captures her childhood experiences in Ayemenem or Aymanam [citation needed]. The book received the 1997 Booker Prize for Fiction and was listed as one of the New York Times Notable Books of the Year for 1997.[4] The book reached fourth position on the New York Times Bestsellers list for Independent Fiction.[5] She received half a million pounds as an advance, and rights to the book were sold in 21 countries.

The God of Small Things received good reviews, for instance in The New York Times.[6] However, Carmen Callil, chair of the Booker judges panel in 1996, called The God of Small Things "an execrable book" and said it should never have reached the shortlist.[7]

Roy wrote the screenplays for In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones (1989) and Electric Moon (1992) in which she also appeared as a performer, and a television serial The Banyan Tree. She also wrote the documentary DAM/AGE: A Film with Arundhati Roy (2002).

In early 2007, Roy announced that she would begin work on a second novel.[8]

Activism and advocacy

The God of Small Things is the only novel written by Roy. She has since devoted herself solely to nonfiction and politics, publishing two more collections of essays, as well as working for social causes. She is a spokesperson of the anti-globalization/alter-globalization movement and a vehement critic of neo-imperialism and of the global policies of the United States. She also criticizes India's nuclear weapons policies and the approach to industrialization and rapid development as currently being practiced in India, including the Narmada Dam project and the power company Enron's activities in India.

Support for Kashmiri Separatism

In an interview with Times of India published in August of 2008, Arundhati Roy expressed her support for the independence of Kashmir from India after massive demonstrations in favor of independence took place--some 500,000 separatists rallied in Srinagar in the Kashmir part of Jammu and Kashmir state of India for independence on 18 August 2008, according to Time magazine.[9] She took the rallies as a clear sign that Kashmiris desire independence from India, and not union with India.[10] She was criticized by INC and BJP for her remarks[11], but along with Roy some mainstream Indian journalists, such as Vir Sanghvi (executive editor of the Hindustan Times)[12], Jug Suraiya (editor of the The Times of India)[13], and Swaminathan Aiyar (also at The Times of India)[14], have argued similarly.[15]

Sardar Sarovar Project

Roy has campaigned along with activist Medha Patkar against the Narmada dam project, saying that the dam will displace half a million people, with little or no compensation, and will not provide the projected irrigation, drinking water and other benefits.[16] Roy donated her Booker prize money as well as royalties from her books on the project to the Narmada Bachao Andolan. Roy also appears in Franny Armstrong's 2001 film Drowned Out.[17]

Arundhati Roy's opposition to the Narmada Dam project has been criticised as "anti-Gujarat" by Congress and BJP leaders in Gujarat.[18]

In 2002, Roy responded to a contempt notice issued against her by the Indian Supreme Court with an affidavit saying the court's decision to initiate the contempt proceedings based on an unsubstantiated and flawed petition, while refusing to inquire into allegations of corruption in military contracting deals pleading an overload of cases, indicated a "disquieting inclination" by the court to silence criticism and dissent using the power of contempt.[19] The court found Roy's statement, which she refused to disavow or apologize for, constituted criminal contempt and sentenced her to a "symbolic" one day's imprisonment and fined Roy Rs. 2500.[20] Roy served the jail sentence for a single day and opted to pay the fine rather than serve an additional three months' imprisonment for default.[21]

Environmental historian Ramachandra Guha has been critical of Roy's Narmada dam activism. While acknowledging her "courage and commitment" to the cause, Guha writes that her advocacy is hyperbolic and self-indulgent,[22] "Ms. Roy's tendency to exaggerate and simplify, her Manichean view of the world, and her shrill hectoring tone, have given a bad name to environmental analysis".[23] He faults Roy's criticism of Supreme Court judges who were hearing a petition brought by the Narmada Bachao Andolan as careless and irresponsible.

Roy counters that her writing is intentional in its passionate, hysterical tone: "I am hysterical. I'm screaming from the bloody rooftops. And he and his smug little club are going 'Shhhh... you'll wake the neighbours!' I want to wake the neighbours, that's my whole point. I want everybody to open their eyes".[24]

Gail Omvedt and Roy have had a fierce discussions, in open letters, on Roy's strategy for the Narmada Dam movement. Though the activists disagree on whether to demand stopping the dam building all together (Roy) or searching for intermediate alternatives (Omvedt), the exchange has mostly been, though critical, constructive. [25]

United States foreign policy

Roy has strongly criticised the U.S. led invasion of Afghanistan in reaction to the September 11 attacks, decrying its undermining of international law and institutions. She disputes U.S. claims of being a peaceful and freedom-loving nation, listing the numerous armed conflicts the U.S. has been involved in since the Second World War[26] as well as its previous support for the Taliban movement and its support for the Northern Alliance (whose "track record is not very different from the Taliban's"). Noting the interests of arms and oil industries in formulating foreign policy, Roy doubts the U.S.'s stated goals of restoring democracy in Afghanistan and argues that its humanitarian efforts there are a cynical public relations exercise. While condemning the 9/11 attacks, she writes that its response has legitimised violence as a political instrument and aided governments around the world in suppressing freedom and civil rights.

Her views were criticized by Ian Buruma, who wrote: "The snobbery of her tone alone betrays the lingering, if perhaps unconscious, influence in India of British lefties from the end of the Raj. It is the language of the Bloomsbury drawing room. You could well imagine Bertrand Russell taking this line."[27]

In May 2003 she delivered a speech entitled "Instant-Mix Imperial Democracy" at the Riverside Church in New York City. In it she described the United States as a global empire that reserves the right to bomb any of its subjects at any time, deriving its legitimacy directly from God. The speech was an indictment of the U.S. actions relating to the Iraq War.[28] In June 2005 she took part in the World Tribunal on Iraq. In March 2006, Roy criticized US President George W. Bush's visit to India.[29]

India's nuclear weaponisation

In response to India's testing of nuclear weapons in Pokhran, Rajasthan, Roy wrote The End of Imagination (1998), a critique of the Indian government's nuclear policies. It was published in her collection The Cost of Living (1999), in which she also crusaded against India's massive hydroelectric dam projects in the central and western states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

Criticism of Israel

In August 2006, Roy signed a letter written by Professor Steve Trevillion calling Israel's attacks on Lebanon a "war crime" and accused Israel of "state terror".[30] In 2007, Roy was one of more than 100 artists and writers who signed an open letter initiated by Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism and the South West Asian, North African Bay Area Queers (SWANABAQ) and calling on the San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival "to honor calls for an international boycott of Israeli political and cultural institutions, by discontinuing Israeli consulate sponsorship of the LGBT film festival and not cosponsoring events with the Israeli consulate."[3][4]

2001 Indian Parliament attack

Roy has raised questions about the investigation into the 2001 Indian Parliament attack and the trial of the accused. She has called for the death sentence of Mohammad Afzal to be stayed while a parliamentary enquiry into these questions are conducted and denounced press coverage of the trial.[31] The BJP has criticized Roy for what it alleges is defence of a terrorist going against the national interest.[32][33]

The Muthanga 'Incident'

In 2003, the Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha, a social movement for adivasi land rights in Kerala, organized a major land occupation of a piece of land of a former Eucalyptus plantation in the Muthanga Wildlife Reserve, on the border of Kerala and Karnataka. After 48 days, a police force was sent into the area to evict the occupants--one participant of the movement and a policeman were killed, and the leaders of the movement were arrested. Arundhati Roy travelled to the area, visited the movement's leaders in jail, and wrote an open letter to the then Chief Minister of Kerala, A.K. Antony now India's Defence Minister, saying "You have blood on your hands." [34]

Violation of forest law

In 2003, Arundhati and her husband were informed by Panchmarhi district administration that a hilltop bungalow her husband owns near Panchmarhi stands on notified forest land and has to be pulled down, on grounds of violation of forest law. Besides Roy three others were similarly notified: a forest officer, a doctor at a police training center, and the sister of Indian novelist Vikram Seth. Arundhati’s husband bought the 4,346 sq ft plot in 1994.[35] Since then, a local court mandated that the encroachments be removed by 7 July 2006[36]; whether this has been obeyed or settled otherwise is not known.

Awards

Arundhati Roy was awarded the 1997 Booker Prize for her novel The God of Small Things. The award carried a prize of about US $30,000[37] and a citation that noted, 'The book keeps all the promises that it makes.' [38]

In 2002, she won the Lannan Foundation's Cultural Freedom Award for her work "about civil societies that are adversely affected by the world’s most powerful governments and corporations," in order "to celebrate her life and her ongoing work in the struggle for freedom, justice and cultural diversity."[39]

Roy was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize in May 2004 for her work in social campaigns and her advocacy of non-violence.

In January 2006, she was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award, a national award from India's Academy of Letters, for her collection of essays on contemporary issues, The Algebra of Infinite Justice, but she declined to accept it "in protest against the Indian Government toeing the US line by 'violently and ruthlessly pursuing policies of brutalisation of industrial workers, increasing militarisation and economic neo-liberalisation.'"[40]

Bibliography

Books

  • Roy, Arundhati; (1997). The God of Small Things. Flamingo. ISBN 0-00-655068-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Roy, Arundhati; (1999). The Cost of Living. Flamingo. ISBN 0375756140.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). It contains the essays The Greater Common Good and The End of Imagination, which are now included in the book The Algebra of Infinite Justice
  • Roy, Arundhati; (2002). The Algebra of Infinite Justice. Flamingo. ISBN 0-00-714949-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (a collection of essays: The End of Imagination, The Greater Common Good, Power Politics [also a book], The Ladies Have Feelings, So..., The Algebra of Infinite Justice, War is Peace, Democracy, War Talk [also a book] and Come September.)
  • Foreword to For Reasons of State (2003) ISBN 1-56584-794-6 by Noam Chomsky
  • Roy, Arundhati; (2002). Power Politics. South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-668-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Roy, Arundhati; (2003). War Talk. South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-724-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Roy, Arundhati; (2004). An Ordinary Person's Guide To Empire, Consortium Book Sales and Dist, September 15, 2004, hardcover, ISBN 0-89608-728-X; trade paperback, Consortium, September 15, 2004, ISBN 0-89608-727-1
  • Roy, Arundhati; (2004). Public Power in the Age of Empire. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-58322-682-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Roy, Arundhati; (2004). The Checkbook and the Cruise Missile: Conversations with Arundhati Roy. South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-710-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Essays, Speeches and Articles

References

  1. ^ Arundhati Roy - English Writer: The South Asian Literary Recordings Project (Library of Congress New Delhi Office)
  2. ^ Rediff On The NeT: Mary Roy celebrates her daughter's victory
  3. ^ "Arundhati Roy: A 'small hero'". BBC News Online. 2002-03-06.
  4. ^ "Notable Books of the Year 1997". New York Times. 1997-12-07. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  5. ^ "Best Sellers Plus". New York Times. 1998-01-25. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  6. ^ Truax, Alice (25 May 1997), "A Silver Thimble in Her Fist", New York Times{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ^ "Arundhati Roy: A 'small hero'". BBC News Online. 6 March, 2002. Retrieved 2006-12-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  8. ^ Randeep Ramesh (March 10, 2007). "An activist returns to the novel". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2007-03-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Jyoti Thottam, Valley of Tears, Time 4 Sep 2008
  10. ^ Kashmir needs Freedom from India
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ Think the Unthinkable, Hindustan Times, 16 August 2008
  13. ^ India minus K-word, The Times of India, 20 Aug 2008
  14. ^ Independence Day for Kashmir, The Times of India, 17 Aug 2008
  15. ^ Columnists Support Kashmir's Secession
  16. ^ Roy, Arundhati (May 22 - June 04, 1999), "The Greater Common Good", Frontline (magazine), 16 (11) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  17. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0424055/
  18. ^ The Telegraph - Calcutta : Nation
  19. ^ "Arundhati's contempt: Supreme Court writes her a prison sentence". Indian Express. 2002-03-07.V. Venkatesan and Sukumar Muralidharan (August 18 - 31, 2001). "Of contempt and legitimate dissent". Frontline. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ In re: Arundhati Roy.... Contemner, JUDIS (Supreme Court of India bench, Justices G.B. Pattanaik & R.P. Sethi March 6, 2002).
  21. ^ Roy, Arundhati (2002-03-07). "Statement by Arundhati Roy". Friends of River Narmada. Retrieved 2007-03-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |author_link= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Ramachandra Guha, The Arun Shourie of the left, The Hindu, November 26, 2000
  23. ^ Ramachandra Guha, Perils of extremism, The Hindu, December 17, 2000
  24. ^ Scimitars in the sun, Frontline 18.1, Jan. 6-19, 2001
  25. ^ Gail Omvedt'S Open Letter To Arundhati Roy
  26. ^ Arundhati Roy, "'Brutality smeared in peanut butter' Why America must stop the war now." The Guardian 10/23/01.
  27. ^ The Anti-American by Ian Buruma, The New Republic (Archived link)
  28. ^ Instant-Mix Imperial Democracy (Buy One, Get One Free), speech by Arundhati Roy at The Riverside Church, May 13, 2003. Audio and video
  29. ^ Roy, Arundhati (2006-02-28). "George Bush go home". The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  30. ^ "War crimes and Lebanon". August 3, 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ Arundhati Roy, 'And His Life Should Become Extinct', Outlook, 30 October 2006
  32. ^ [2]
  33. ^ BJP flays Arundhati for 'defending' Afzal, The Hindu, 28 October 2006
  34. ^ http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2006/stories/20030328002104500.htm)
  35. ^ Arundhati Roy, Vikram Seth in encroachment case Times of India - June 26, 2006
  36. ^ KIDWAI, RASHEED (2003-05-07). "Bungalow blow to Arundhati - Allotment on notified forest land cancelled in Panchmarhi". The Telegraph (Calcutta). Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  37. ^ "Arundhati Roy interviewed by David Barsamian". The South Asian. 2001. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "Previous winners - 1997". Booker Prize Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  39. ^ "2002 Lannan Cultural Freedom Prize awarded to Arundhati Roy". Lannan Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  40. ^ [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0116-01.htm Sahitya Akademi Award: Arundhati Roy Rejects Honor

See also

External links

Biographical material

Works, speeches

Wikiquote has quotations related to Arundhati Roy.

Other

  • We, a political documentary about Roy's words. Available online.
  • Arundhati Roy denounces Indian democracy by Atul Cowshish
  • Carreira, Shirley de S. G.A representação da mulher em Shame, de Salman Rushdie, e O deus das pequenas coisas, de Arundathi Roy. In: MONTEIRO, Conceição & LIMA, Tereza M. de O. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Caetés, 2005
  • "In the Valley of the Tigers"; Interview with Ascent magazine on the Narmada Valley
  • Ch'ien, Evelyn Nien-Ming, "The Politics of Design" (Weird English. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2004; 154-99). Essay on Roy's language. Available online.


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