Achensee
| Achensee | ||
|---|---|---|
|
||
| The Achensee looking north (2018) | ||
| Geographical location | Tyrol , Austria | |
| Tributaries | Buchauer Bach, Dalfazerbach , Wankratzbach , Pletzach , Oberaubach | |
| Drain | nat .: (See-) Ache → Isar techn .: Power station → Inn |
|
| Places on the shore | Pertisau , Maurach , Achenkirch | |
| Data | ||
| Coordinates | 47 ° 27 '25 " N , 11 ° 42' 31" E | |
|
||
| Altitude above sea level | 929 m above sea level A. | |
| surface | 6.8 km² | |
| length | 8.4 km | |
| width | 1 km | |
| volume | 0,454.2 km³ | |
| scope | 20.85 km | |
| Maximum depth | 133 m | |
| Middle deep | 67 m | |
| PH value | 8.22 | |
| Catchment area | 218 km² (including supply lines) | |
|
particularities |
used since 1927 as storage for electricity generation |
|
.jpg)
|
||
| Achensee (view from the Erfurter Hütte ) | ||
The Achensee is north of Jenbach in Tyrol , 380 m above the Inn Valley. Together with the Achental, it forms the border between the Karwendel Mountains in the west and the Brandenberger Alps in the east.
The up to 133 m deep Achensee is the largest lake in Tyrol. It has excellent water quality (almost drinking water level ) with up to ten meters of visibility under water. Its water temperature is correspondingly low as a mountain lake and hardly ever exceeds 20 ° C. The Achensee is sometimes referred to as the Tyrolean Sea due to its size and the ideal wind conditions for sailors and surfers .
Riverside locations in the south are the holiday resorts of Pertisau , which belong to the municipality of Eben am Achensee , Haus Seespitz (former hotel), Maurach and Buchau and, in the north, the municipality of Achenkirch with the districts of Scholastika (hotel) and Achenseehof (lido).
The lake is with its southern end, although only 5 km - NNW - from the Inn, but it drains naturally from its northern end about the Seeache , in Bavaria Walchen called, northward to the Isar in Bavaria. Since the construction of the Achensee power plant (in the Inn valley), however, a large part of the lake has been draining southwards into the Inn.
history
Around the year 1140 supposedly - this is a documented forgery from the early 13th century - the gentlemen von Schlitters transferred their entire legacy in old age, namely the Achensee and the Achental, "lacus et locus, qui Emmaus appellatur" ( "Lake and area called Emmaus") the St. Georgenberg monastery . The name "Emmaus", which later never appears again, was probably an invention of the monks based on the biblical place .
Duke Siegmund wanted to purchase the fish-rich lake from the Georgenberg monastery for his own pleasure and to supply the farm with fish. When the convention objected, Siegmund gave in. In a document from 1469 he recognized the lake at Achen as the property of the monastery and took it as a fief . He could use it as he saw fit, but the monastery was still allowed to fish for its own use. In 1466 the duke had the ducal house built in Pertisau as a royal inn. For his successor, Emperor Maximilian I , the lake was one of the most popular places to stay, as his favorite pastimes hunting and fishing could be combined here.
The treaty of 1469 was confirmed and renewed by later sovereigns, but the lake was more and more the property of the sovereign and was put up for auction in 1775 with other sovereign fishing waters. The Fiecht monastery objected to this, but ultimately bought the fiefdom and right of use for 3,000 guilders. In 1919 the monastery sold him under pressure from the city of Innsbruck . It has been managed by the Tiroler Wasserkraft AG (TIWAG), founded for this purpose, since 1924 .
Due to the residence of the sovereigns and its use for hunting and fishing, there has been a lively shipping traffic on the lake since the 16th century. Since the Achental represented an important connection from the Inn Valley to Bavaria, but the road on the steep lakeshore was in poor condition, the Achensee was also used by cargo ships that transported the wagons between the south and north banks. Freight shipping existed until the middle of the 19th century when the railroad took over most of the traffic. Towards the end of the 19th century, however, passenger transport gained in importance for tourism reasons.
Special events
- On May 15, 1921, the muddy boarding bridge at the ship landing site in Seespitz collapsed: eight people were killed in the accident.
- Since 2001 there has been a swimming competition (2 × 25 m) with a 3 m jump and climbing an inflated iceberg and fun rating every New Year's Eve afternoon.
- On March 30, 2011, a helicopter belonging to the Austrian Ministry of the Interior's flight police crashed into the lake. A memorial plaque for the 4 police officers killed in the process, one of them from Switzerland, is located at the Seehof chapel.
Catchment area
The natural catchment area of the Achensee is 105.3 km². In order to increase the amount of water available for power plant operation, water from several streams, including the Dürrach and the Ampelsbach, is fed to the Achensee, increasing the catchment area by 122.7 km².
The majority of the natural catchment area consists of forests and near-natural areas (87.8%) and water areas (6.9%), only 2.8% is used by agricultural and 2.5% by built-up areas. The highest point in the catchment area is the Sonnjoch at 2,457 m above sea level. A.
ecology
Water quality
In the past, a high nutrient content led to increased growth of the Burgundy blood algae, which at times formed algae mats on the surface of the water. The wastewater remediation carried out in the catchment area in the 1990s led to a significant improvement in the water quality of the lake, which has since been classified as stable oligotrophic . The mean depth of visibility in 2010 was 6.3 m. Regular cloudiness can be traced back to the addition of mineral suspended matter after heavy precipitation. Despite the high water quality, the overall ecological condition is only assessed as moderate by the power plant operation due to the fluctuations in the lake level.
Flora and fauna
The Achensee has a great diversity of fish species. These include burbot , brook , rainbow and brown trout , bream , minnow , perch , gudgeon , pike , Koppe , whitefish , roach , tench , loach and Arctic char . A specialty are lake trout, which do not spawn in the tributaries but in the lake itself at a depth of 10 to 15 m.
The Achensee, especially the flatter south, plays an important role as staging and wintering ground for waterfowl, including Little Grebe , Pochard , Tufted Duck , Mallard and Bless Rail .
The west bank north of Pertisau belongs to the quiet area Achental-West, part of the Karwendel Alpine Park . Here you can find some remarkable communities: the debris cones on the bank are home to warmth-loving plant communities with pines and erica , along the bank promenade near Pertisau there is a small population of the fire lily .
Achensee power plant
The lake, which was originally only drained to the north via the Ache and Isar , has been diverted via the Inn since the construction of the hydropower plant in Jenbach in 1927 , to which it has an altitude difference of 380 m. The lake stores 66 million m³ available from power plants within 11.5 m mirror difference with a total volume of 454 million m³ at the dam destination. Since the water level of the lake has only been lowered by up to 6 m in winter since 2005, the extent of the water no longer fluctuates as much as it used to when a maximum lowering of the lake of 11.5 m was permitted. In order to increase the usable amount of water, an average of 2.8 m³ / s of water from the Austrian part of the Dürr valley (drained to the Isar into the Sylvenstein reservoir) and its side valley, the Kesselbachtal, are fed through a tunnel (contract with Bavaria dated June 29th 1948).
The power plant was commissioned in 1927 and has a drop height of 375 m. Eight free-jet turbines ( Pelton turbines ) had a total output of 96 MW at a speed of 500 min −1 . At the time of its commissioning, it was the largest storage power plant in Austria.
In the years 2000 to 2005 the power station was renovated and rebuilt. Now only 5 Pelton turbines are operating with a total of 25 MW control power and 79 MW bottleneck power. The expansion water volume is 28 m³ / s, the raw head 390 m, the standard annual production 219.5 GWh electrical energy. In the winter half of the year - with the lowering of the water level - more electricity is produced here than in summer.
Tourism and Achensee shipping
.jpg)
In order to generate income for the Fiecht Monastery, Abbots Pirmin Pockstaller and Albert Wildauer promoted tourism on the Achensee, which experienced a great boom with the expansion of the Lower Inn Valley Railway (1859). In 1887 the first steamship St. Josef (originally St. Joseph ) was purchased and construction of the Achenseebahn began. This narrow gauge - cog railway runs over seven kilometers of track length between since 1889 Jenbach and Seespitz . A second steamship, the St. Benedikt , was put into service on July 21 of the same year , and in 1890 the two ships with a capacity of 320 seats carried a total of around 30,000 people. After that, Achensee shipping continued to develop steadily; the newest ship in the fleet was put into service in 2016 and is named Achensee .
Since the Achensee is located in a nature reserve, no fuel-powered motor boats are allowed. Since the beginning of the 1970s, sailing has also enjoyed great popularity on Lake Achensee. Numerous sailing clubs were founded. Since the Achensee is characterized by a relatively stable wind, it was also often used as a venue for state, European and world championships in sailing.
Streets and paths
On the east bank between Achenkirch and Maurach runs the Achenseestrasse , which was essentially completed in 1955 and gradually modernized with extensions and numerous tunnels with views of the water and the steep peaks of the Karwendel Mountains ( Seekarspitze and Seebergspitze ), which slope down on the west bank .
The south bank is accessed by a side road between Eben, Seespitz and Pertisau.
The west bank is only accessible on foot along the steep limestone walls of the Karwendel Mountains between Pertisau and Achenkirch (district Scholastika). The hiking trail is asphalted to the Prälatenbuche lookout point , to the north of which there is a narrow path (Mariensteig), some with steps to the Gaisalm (managed hut with its own ship landing stage). The path crosses several Kare and the current flowing from the Gaisalmklamm Bach. The Gaisalmsteig , which is partly secured with wire ropes, north to Scholastika high above the lake, requires surefootedness and a head for heights . There are numerous views to the east of the Rofan mountain range.
The Achensee Run has been held on the 23.2 km long circular route around the lake since 2000 .
Lines laid in the lake
Several lines for drinking water, sewage and electricity are laid in the water, each lying on the lake floor.
- At the beginning of the 20th century, a power cable was laid in the lake for the first time. The lead cable leads from the Prelate House on the Märchenwiese to Pertisau, was taken out of service in 2019 after a defect and is only to be lifted out of the lake when a transformer station connected to it is dismantled. It is not crossed by any of the cables laid later.
- In 1999 a medium-voltage line for 30 kV with 3 single conductors of 150 sqmm aluminum each was laid between Seehof and Gaisalm along the bank.
- In October 2013 - not crossing any other power lines - another 30 kV line from Tinetz, a subsidiary of TIWAG to improve the supply of the Achental, was first installed along the lake, almost 7 km wide and at a depth of up to 133 m relocated. The 3 cables supplied by Nexans each have a 300 sqmm aluminum conductor cross-section. The insulation is made of PVC and has a coaxial 16 mm² thick copper screen that is grounded at both ends. An inner layer of paper swells up when water penetrates in order to limit the length of the damage if the cable is damaged. A galvanized steel reinforcement protects the outside. The three cables were bundled with cable ties and weighted down in places with iron washers in order to sink to the bottom more quickly. On land, there are sleeves for cables without steel armouring near the shore, which are therefore more flexible and allow the smaller radii of curvature required here .
- At the same time, a fiber optic cable for data transmission was laid from the same pontoon in 2013 .
gallery
Seespitz around 1900
July 1903 - 2 fishermen with nets in a rowboat
The Achensee in winter
Picturesque winter landscape at the Achensee in Tyrol
Hotel Scholastika
North shore of the Achensee
Achenseebahn and steamship St. Benedikt (II)
Motor ship Tirol 2008
Achensee 2004
Achensee 2014
Flower meadow at the Achensee
View from the summit of the Grosser Unnütz to Pertisau (SW)
The Achensee power plant in Jenbach in the Inn Valley
View from Rofan over Lake Achensee to the Seekar- (l) and Seebergspitze (r)
literature
- Karl Armbruster, Hans Peter Pawlik: Jenbach - Achensee. The Tyrolean rack railway. International Archive for Locomotive History, Volume 34.Slezak-Verlag, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-85416-149-2 .
- Valentin E. Wille: The founding power plants of the state producers. Architecture of former large power plants. Published in: Stalla et al .: Architecture and Monument Preservation. Studienverlag, Innsbruck-Wien-Bozen 2012, ISBN 3-7065-5129-2 .
- J (ohann) Angerer: features section. Achensee. In: Innsbrucker Nachrichten , No. 235/1900 (XLVII. Volume), October 13, 1900, p. 1 ff. (Online at ANNO ). .
- Thomas Naupp, Gerd-Klaus Pinggera: Stiftsmuseum Fiecht. Documents on the history of St. Georgenberg-Fiecht. (Catalog). Benedictine Abbey St. Georgenberg (Ed.), Fiecht 1988, OBV .
- Thomas Naupp: Achensee fish for monastery kitchens and tavern tables , Edition Tirol 2013, on austria-forum.org
Web links
- State of Tyrol - Achensee water ecology
- Achenseekraftwerk, from the archive for architecture
- Webcam and current measured values of wind, water temperature and lake level: tiwag.at
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Federal Office for Water Management (Hrsg.): Atlas of the natural lakes of Austria with an area ≥ 50 ha. Morphometry - Typing - Trophy. As of 2005. Series of publications by the Federal Office for Water Management, Volume 29, Vienna 2008, pp. 123–125 ( PDF; 9 MB )
- ↑ a b Armin Landmann: On the importance of the waters of North Tyrol as resting and wintering places for water birds (Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Anatidae, Rallidae and Laridae). Results of the water bird censuses from 1969/70 to 1980/81. In: Egretta - Vogelkundliche Nachrichten aus Österreich 24/1 (1981), pp. 1–40 ( PDF; 2.7 MB )
- ↑ a b Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (Ed.): Hydrographisches Jahrbuch von Österreich 2010. 118th volume. Vienna 2012, p. OG 399, PDF (12.6 MB) on bmlrt.gv.at (yearbook 2010)
- ↑ In detail on the forged certificate prepared by Prior Eberhard von St. Georgenberg (sometimes referred to in the literature as the "Schlitter donation") including the relevant edition of the text: Martin Bitschnau , Hannes Obermair : Tiroler Urkundenbuch, II. Department: The documents on the history of the Inn -, Eisack and Pustertal valleys. Volume 2: 1140-1200 . Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck 2012, ISBN 978-3-7030-0485-8 , p. 8–13, no. 390, especially section a .
- ↑ Museum Catalog (Naupp: Stiftsmuseum Fiecht ) 26, certificate; a year, 1112, was only added to the deed in the 16th or 17th century, but the donation is definitely before 1141, the notarized incorporation of the parish by Bishop Hartmann von Brixen .
- ↑ a b c Otto Stolz : History of the waters of Tyrol. Schlern-Schriften, Volume 32, Innsbruck 1932, pp. 188–193 ( digitized version )
- ↑ The catastrophic collapse on Lake Achensee. In: Neue Freie Presse , Morgenblatt, No. 20372/1921, May 18, 1921, p. 7, center left. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ↑ Catastrophic bridge collapse on the Achensee. Fatally injured women. In: Neue Freie Presse , Afternoon Sheet, No. 20371/1921, May 17, 1921, p. 5, center left. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ↑ New Year's Eve Swimming at Achensee achensee.com, last accessed June 5, 2017.
- ↑ Achensee - Tirols Sport & VitalPark: New Year's Eve Swimming at Achensee 2014 youtube.com, January 2, 2015, accessed June 5, 2017. Video (2:23) - more videos of New Year's Eve swimming at Lake Achensee from 2008.
- ^ Probably four dead in a helicopter crash in Tyrol . In: nzz.ch , March 30, 2011, accessed on July 31, 2011.
- ↑ a b c Federal Ministry of Health (Ed.): Bathing water profile Achensee, North . Vienna 2011. ( PDF; 2 MB )
- ↑ Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Water Management and Federal Environment Agency (ed.): Water quality in Austria. Annual report 2011. ( ZIP file; 17.4 MB ( Memento from December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ))
- ↑ Federal Office for Water Management, Institute for Aquatic Ecology, Fishery Biology and Seology (Ed.): The fish species communities of the great Austrian lakes. Comparison between historical and current situation. Fish ecological lake types. Series of publications by the Federal Office for Water Management, Volume 18, Vienna 2003, p. 151 ( PDF; 2.8 MB ( Memento from December 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ))
- ↑ Thomas Spindler: Fish fauna in Austria: ecology - endangerment - bioindication - fishing - legislation. Federal Environment Agency Monographs Volume 87, Vienna 1997 ( PDF; 3.2 MB )
- ↑ Tyrolean protected areas: quiet area Achental-West
- ^ Anton Hütter: Agreement between Tiroler Wasserkraft AG and tourism in questions of lowering the lake . Eben am Achensee, December 15, 2004. - Text online (PDF; 50 kB) , accessed on July 31, 2011. - Maximum lowering reduced to 6 m.
- ↑ Achenseekraftwerk ( memento from January 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) TIWAG - Tiroler Wasserkraft AG> Achenseekraftwerk, accessed on January 19, 2015
- ↑ Built at the shipyard of the Allgemeine Österreichische Baugesellschaft in Linz , powered by a 60 hp engine from the machine factory in Wiener Neustadt . - See: Steamboat trip on the Achensee. In: Die Presse , No. 128/1887 (XL year), May 10, 1887, p. 6, top left. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ↑ Power cable through the middle of the Achensee , orf.at, October 25, 2013, accessed April 23, 2020.
- ↑ Information from Tinetz by phone on April 23, 2020.