Alter Tiefer Fürstenstolln

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Course of the Altes Tiefen Fürstenstolln and associated side wing

The old depth Prince Stolln , old: main Tolln is, one in the longitudinal extension of more than 10 km, and with sequels and side wings over 80 km of 1 long Stoll system in Freiberger area in Saxony . The 1384 first documented Stolln was over five centuries is the lowest and the dewatering important the Freiberger mining area Erbstolln . It drains into the Rote Graben or into the Freiberg Mulde .

As part of the “Freiberg Mining Landscape” , the mining made possible on the main tunnel is a selected site for the candidacy for the UNESCO World Heritage “ Ore Mountains Mining Region ”.

Location and course

The tunnel system extends roughly in a north-south direction over the districts of Tuttendorf , Freiberg , Zug , Brand , Erbisdorf and St. Michaelis . Here it follows the significant passage of the main gallery standing and its southern continuations. He drives to other pits via the side wing.

The oldest mouth hole is located above the Rote Graben in the valley of the Freiberger Mulde, about 500 m west of the Halsbrücker district of Tuttendorf. From here, the tunnel first runs in the direction of SSW on the main tunnel Stehender . This partially medieval mining can still be seen on the surface from a dump train and the "path on the main tunnel". Here, seen from the Muldental, u. a. the Birkenschacht , the Korbschacht , Erasmus , Reiche Zeche , Hope Gottes and, already in today's urban area, Löfflerschacht and Reicher Trost Schacht . There it is divided into two main wings . One wing continues in the direction of SSW to the Himmelsfürster mining area and then south-east to United Field in Erbisdorf. The other wing initially runs about 1.2 km to the southeast on various spar veins and then follows another important ore vein for about 6 km, the High Birch Standing , which strikes again towards SSW . In the Erbisdorf area, additional shafts were approached via side wings.

Later, further relief tunnels were built in the Muldental on the southeast running section, with which the water could be cut off into the Freiberg Mulde.

Associated objects

Tunnel

The Altes Tiefen Fürstenstolln brings together a number of other tunnels and neighboring towns that drain this bottom :

  • Old Tiefer Fürstenstolln : before 1384
  • Tiefer Fürstenstolln in Emanuel , also known as Roter Stolln , later simply Tiefer Fürstenstolln: laid out around 1580/1590, SSW on the Hohe Birke Stand, 5.9 km long
  • Elector Johann Georg Stolln : from 1612, altitude: 362 m above sea level. NN, wing of the Tiefen Fürstenstolln in Emanuel, main wing 4.0 km, secondary wing 7.8 km
  • New Tiefer Fürstenstolln : around 1720, altitude: 330 m above sea level. NN, continuation of the Old Tiefen Fürstenstolln from Reicher Trost to Michaelis , about 2.5 km
  • Moritzstolln : from 1791, 337 to 360 m above sea level. NN, continuation of the New Tiefen Fürstenstolln and partly running under the Elector Johann Georg Stolln, main wing 6.4 km, side wing 19.1 km
  • Thurmhofer auxiliary tunnel: construction time 1752–1773, height: 325.75–333 m above sea level. NN, 4.4 km, relief tunnel in the area of ​​the Himmelfahrt treasure trove
  • Main adit upheaval : 1822–1850, 3.5 km, parallel to the Alten Tiefen Fürstenstolln

Mouth holes

The tunnel system has three mouth holes, all of which are in the north and a relatively short distance apart in the valley of the Freiberger Mulde:

Mouth hole of the old Tiefen Fürstenstolln
  • ⊙ Themouth of the Alten Tiefen Fürstenstollnis321.3  m above sea level. NN . It dates from the 18th century at the latest. Thebasket archwas made of gneiss anda sandstone block was insertedas thekeystone, which shows the Saxon coat of arms in relief. Themouth holewas also called the “zero point grotto”, as the zero point for the Freiberg district was located here in a 5.91 m district profile plan made in 1850/1852 due to the central location and importance of the tunnel. Before 1613 the mouth hole was even lower at314.9  m above sea level. NN directly on the Freiberger Mulde, but was raised in the course of the construction of the Red Trench.
Mouth hole of the main tunnel break
  • ⊙ Themouth of the mainaditis about 40 m east of the previous one at321.2  m above sea level. NN . In the unusual building, thewatersaige emergesin anarchedvault at thebottom left, while on the right one reaches the actual mouth hole above it via three steps. The high basket arch is again made of gneiss and set off as apilaster strip. As the water flowed over the entire width, inside a stage was built from wood cross, so that one of the Stollnsailcould. The mouth hole was redeveloped in 2003, as thepit weather wasto be used to cool the district hospital in the corridor.
  • ⊙ Themouth of the Thurmhofer auxiliarytunnelis located below theDavidschachtat323.6  m above sea level. NN .

Hat houses

  • ⊙ Thehat house of Elector Johann Georg Stollnswas built between 1705 and 1725. The wide, single-storeyhut househas a floor space of 17 × 9.60 m with a ground floor height of only 2.25 m. A high, steep, slate-covered gableroofsits on top. The building and the rear annex are under monument protection.
The hat house of the Tiefen Fürstenstolln in Emanuel in Zug
  • ⊙ TheHuthaus des Tiefen Fürstenstollns in Emanuel(also known as theRed Stollnhaus,Altes Stollnhaus) was built between 1690 and 1710. The two-storey structure has a floor area of ​​15.8 × 9 m and a storey height of 2.1–2.8 m. The greater height of the upper floor and the low inclination of the gable roof at 45 ° speak in favor of subsequent construction. Together with the neighboringmountain smithy, it is a listed building.
  • ⊙ TheStadtstollnhaus,first mentioned in1635, stood at the entrance to the Stollngasse on Helmertplatz. Here,the only inner-city access to the Alten Tiefen Fürstenstollnwas via theReichtroster Tagschacht. After it wasthrown offby the construction of the main adit, the shaft was used as a royal shot factory since 1851, by pouring liquid lead into the approximately 61.4 m deep shaft. The Stadtstollnhaus was demolished in 1872.
  • ⊙ Thehat house of the New Tiefen Fürstenstollnstood east of Brander Strasse. It is described as a “low house with an attic apartment and shingle roof” and outbuildings. It was later sold to the railroad and used in the expansion of the station.

history

Beginnings

The first documentary mention dates from February 11, 1384, when the later "Fürstenstolln" was used by the Wettin princes and margraves Balthasar and Wilhelm the One-Eyed as well as the brothers Friedrich the arguing , Wilhelm the Rich and Georg for 1100 shock, who were still under the tutelage of their mother at that time Freiberg Groschen was acquired. In the division of Chemnitz , the princes had divided the land between themselves, but wanted to continue mining Freiberg together. So the tunnel was made available to the area free of charge by them and their successors. When the tunnel was muted , however, is unknown. Even then it was the heir to what is now known as the “Alte Reichen Zeche”. The first silver finds were made on this passage in 1168.

Originally the old Fürstenstolln had been driven with a steep rise, so that it soon no longer met the requirements. 2 Around 1540, under Simon Bogner, attempts were therefore made to reach a greater depth, first by tearing and later by creating a deeper tunnel bottom, the Tiefen Fürstenstollen . The point where the two tunnels separate from each other is in the area of ​​the Erasmus pit , about 1 km behind the mouth hole. First, in the recorded tracks still the old Prince Stolln (above the conversation narrow distinction) from the depths Prince Stolln (under the conversation Enge), but in the 16th century came the formulation age and Deeper Prince Stolln on. The distinction was later given up entirely and simply called the Alter Tiefer Fürstenstolln .

Expansion in the 16th-18th centuries century

While one of the adit locations on the main adit was long after Freiberg, the other was driven at Reicher Trost first on spar tunnels over the Methuselah mine about 1 km to the southeast and reached the Peterschächten in 1567 . Here on the Hohebirkner Stand it was quickly driven forward as the Tiefer Fürstenstolln in Emanuel on the SSW traversing corridor : in 1605 the Hohebirkner Fundgrube was reached , in 1630 its upper (southern) 7th and 8th measure and in 1647 the Zscherper Fundgrube .

Already in 1612 the Freiberg chief miner Martin Weigel had been entrusted with the elector Johann Georg Stolln , who, at Hohebirke Fundgrube from the Tiefen Fürstenstolln in Emanuel, going westwards and finally turning south, u. a. the pits bestowed luck and Duke August, as well as Murder Pit , Unity and Drei Eichen to the southeast .

From 1693, the western wing was also driven through the Neue Tiefen Fürstenstolln at the expense of the tax authorities .

Measures to relieve the main tunnel

Relief of the tunnel system became more and more urgent. Already in the 16th century Simon Bogner expressed the fear that the tunnel would soon no longer be able to carry the burden. Even in the 17th century proposals have been expressed repeatedly, but other than a brush-down of ridges and an increase in the Wassersaige to 14.5 cubits (about 8.2 meters) near the mouth hole, nothing happened. In the 18th century, the realization grew that if a tunnel were to break on the Alten Tiefen Fürstenstolln, practically the entire Freiberg mining would come to a standstill for a long time. However, the first attempts to come to the aid of the tunnel failed for various reasons.

Therefore, the Thurmhofer auxiliary tunnel was started in 1752 under the direction of Carl Eugenius Pabst von Ohain , after initial efforts had been made 10 years earlier. A special feature of this project was that it was not just driving a new tunnel, but connecting existing tunnels that were previously independent of each other. In some cases, old tunnels were cleared and the number of old tunnels was reduced. Unknown tunnels encountered by chance during the excavation were included if they were suitable. On the other hand, longer distances was aufgewältigt or propelled and then but left lying again. All of this indicates that a more precise plan of progress was not in place. In the Luciae quarter of 1771, the lower 6th dimension at Thurmhof was penetrated about 3 m below the structure of the Old Tiefen Fürstenstolln. In addition to the improved dewatering of the already important pits to the south, this also laid the foundations for dewatering for the later important Ascension, including the Abraham treasure trove . In addition to protecting the mountain buildings from drowning , this tunnel also created the possibility of sludging out the Alte Tiefen Fürstenstollen without the entire area having to let the water arts rest. These repeatedly necessary operations required 400–500 workers who had to be provided by the pits.

Around 1810, the independent mountain building Compatible Society , which was built on the Kirschbaum , an extension of the Hohebirkner Standing , became successful . There were now three mouth holes available through which the water could be cut off into the Rote Graben.

The last major project to relieve the pressure was the main adit cut-up which was laid out between 1822 and 1850 . This upheaval became necessary because the main adit was created together with the numerous mines in the seiger falling vein. In order not to endanger the lower-lying structures, the draining water had to be routed in sections over wooden channels . Water that seeped away had to be laboriously lifted up again. In addition, the pits connected to the main tunnel and its extensions were still in danger of drowning, as only the pits to the east could be drained via the Thurmhofer auxiliary tunnel. From 1822 the driveway started from the Muldental, between 40 m and 60 m next to the passage in the deaf rock . In 1850, the main adit was plowed at the newly sunk shaft of the Rote Grube 8 m below the old adit level. There the additional gradient could be used for the installation of a sweeping and artificial bike . With the upheaval, however, only a 2.1 km long section of the Altes Tiefen Fürstenstolln could be thrown off , while the upper section still had to be maintained because of the water brought in from the Ascension of Julius Shaft.

Expansion in the 19th century

But also during this time the existing tunnel system was further expanded. The figures for 1803 give an idea of ​​the extent of the efforts, although some of them also include the Thelersberger Stolln :

  • The expenses amounted to 41,836 thalers 10 gr. 5 pfennigs.
  • The driving was carried out on 44 Stollörtern and made 431 2 / 16 Lachter out, d. H. about 860 m. About 475 people were involved, among them 122 double men , 32 apprentices, 99 servants, 33 bricklayers and 115 carpenters. The work was supervised by 28 risers .
  • 133 shafts reached down to the bottom of the tunnel, 54 of which could be used for maintenance.

However, there was also a benefit. There were “31 Fundgrübner Baue” on the Tiefen Fürstenstolln, which earned 133,766 thalers from silver sales.

The last major expansion project was the Moritzstolln . In 1791, the trades of the important mines brought luck and blessings to Duke August to develop larger depths. For this purpose, a tunnel should come in about 30 m below the Elector Johann Georgen tunnel. The Moritzstolln, which later became very important for the entire southern area, was finally funded by the tax authorities with 50%. After 27 years of construction, however, only a height difference of 16 m was reached at the Drei-Brüder-Schacht, so that the original plan to hang two artificial bikes on top of each other could only be implemented indirectly. In 1820, Beschert Glück was also reached. An important mining site was driven towards the old murder pit , where it arrived in 1838. At the same time, the main adit was driven over the pits amused instruction with the Hörnig shaft and Matthias ( consolidated into the unity pit in 1850 ) to the Himmelsfürster Revier, where it brought in the Frankenschacht 76 m across from the Thelersberger adit . Finally, the tunnel was driven to United Field behind Erbisdorf.

Around the time of completion, the new law on shelf mining came into force. The tunnels were handed over to the property of the district by the tax authorities.

Later uses

With the commissioning of the Rothschönberger Stolln in 1877, the tunnel system lost some of its importance. It is still important to this day for the drainage of water penetrating from above ground.

After mining ceased in 1899/1913, the Moritzstolln was incorporated into the power station of the Drei-Brüder-Schacht . A raid formed the upper limit of the 1.5 million cubic meter underground reservoir, with which the water flowing down the Rothschönberger adit powered the Pelton turbines .

Even today water flows off over the main adit. The outflow reaches about 33 l / s.

Remarks

1The exact total length is not known. Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich von Trebra are 1,804 too entertaining length of 33,448 1 / 16 Lachter of km, or about the 66th August von Herder gives 36,283.65 laughs (72.6 km) for 1835. However, the Moritzstolln was still being driven at that time. In addition, it can withstand the Thurmhöfer auxiliary tunnel with 5368.310 Lachter (about 10.7 km) separately.
2In addition to the lack of scientific expression of the mine surveying system , another reason could play a role here: in order to improve ventilation, the ancients deliberately created the tunnels with a greater gradient. Sometimes even blasts (in terms of steps) were created.

literature

  • KR Bornemann: Freiberg's mining and metallurgy . 2nd Edition. 1893, p. 122-134 ( digitized version ).
  • Johann Jacob Ferber : New contributions to the mineral history of different countries . tape 1 . Hinz, Mietau 1778, p. 80–87 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  • Moritz Ferdinand Gätzschmann : Remarks on the historical and other circumstances of some of the older mines and pits of the Freiberg district . In: Yearbook for mining and metallurgy in the Kingdom of Freiberg to the year 1876 . 1876, p. 8-25, 48 f., 50 f . ( tu-freiberg.de [PDF; 18.6 MB ]).
  • Franz Heucke: Contributions to the Freiberg mountain chronicle from 1831 to 1900. In addition to reports on earlier events, the history of Freiberg mining . In: Messages from the Freiberg Antiquities Association . No. 48 , 1913, pp. 152-156 .
  • Jens Kugler : History of the "Thurmhofer auxiliary tunnel" near Freiberg with the report by CE Pabst von Ohain from 1772 . In: files and reports from the Saxon mining industry . 2nd Edition. No. 4 , 1998.
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich von Trebra: peculiarities of the deep Hauptstölln of the mining district Freyberg . Electoral Hofbuchdruckerey, Dresden 1804 ( digitized version ).
  • Otfried Wagenbreth , Fritz Hofmann: Old Freiberg mine buildings and mine systems . In: Freiberg research books . D 19. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1957, p. 157-160 .
  • Otfried Wagenbreth, Eberhard Wächtler (ed.): The Freiberg mining industry . Technical monuments and history. 2nd Edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-342-00117-8 .

Web links

Commons : Alter Tiefer Fürstenstolln  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Montanregion Krušné hory - Erzgebirge, ops (ed.): Monuments of mining in the Montanregion Erzgebirge / Krušnohoří . 2014, Hornická krajina Brand-Erbisdorf / Montanlandschaft Brand-Erbisdorf, p. 92 (German, Czech, montanregion.cz [PDF; 5.9 MB ]).
  2. ^ A b Siegmund August Wolfgang von Herder : The deep Meissner Erbstolln. The only operating plan that secures the mining of the Freyberger Refier for the distant future . Brockhaus, Leipzig 1838, p.  49 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ^ O. Wagenbreth, F. Hofmann: Freiberger Forschungshefte D 19, p. 157.
  4. ^ O. Wagenbreth, F. Hofmann: Freiberger Forschungshefte D 19, pp. 158–160.
  5. ↑ Operation of the entire Revierstölln in the Freiberg Revier. Retrieved October 8, 2017 .
  6. ^ O. Wagenbreth, F. Hofmann: Freiberger Forschungshefte D 19, p. 64.
  7. ↑ a b Monument map of Saxony. Retrieved October 6, 2017 .
  8. ^ O. Wagenbreth, F. Hofmann: Freiberger Forschungshefte D 19, p. 68f.
  9. ↑ F. Heucke: Communications of the Freiberg Antiquities Association. 1913, p. 124.
  10. ^ Carl Wilhelm Weinhold: Plan of Freiberg with immediate surroundings. Scale 1: 4000, Freiberg: Craz & Gerlach, [approx. 1860].
  11. ↑ Konrad Knebel: The Saubach Valley and its surroundings. Local history research . In: Messages from the Freiberg Antiquities Association . No. 48 , 1913, pp. 87 f .
  12. ↑ F. Heucke: Communications of the Freiberg Antiquities Association. 1913, p. 156.
  13. ↑ No. 941. In: Document book of the city of Freiberg in Saxony. Codex diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae , vol. 2, p. 48 ( digitized version )
  14. ↑ Hermann Müller: The ore veins of the Freiberg mountain district . In: Explanations of the special geological map of the Kingdom of Saxony . Engelmann, Leipzig 1901, p. 7 .
  15. ↑ Enlightenment of various parts, old mining constitution. According to some documents . In: Johann Friedrich Klotzsch , Immanuel Grundig (Ed.): Collection of mixed news on Saxon history . tape  9 , 1774, pp. 273–325 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  16. ↑ Freiberger Land (= values ​​of our homeland . Volume 47). 1st edition. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1988, p. 118.
  17. ^ Helmuth Albrecht et al .: Implementation study of the Freiberg mining area . Establishment and definition of the world heritage areas and buffer zones as part of the Ore Mountains Mining Region project. Ed .: Förderverein Montanregion Erzgebirge eV SAXONIA location development and management company, Freiberg February 29, 2012, p.  101 .
  18. ↑ a b J. Kugler: History of the "Thurmhofer auxiliary tunnel", p. 7.
  19. ↑ a b J. Kugler: History of the “Thurmhofer auxiliary tunnel”, p. 6.
  20. ↑ JJ Ferber: Mineralgeschichte , p. 84.
  21. ↑ Sketch of the situation at the Rote Grube (Geo and Environment Portal Freiberg), accessed on October 16, 2017.
  22. ^ KR Bornemann, Freiberg's Berg- und Hüttenwesen, 1893, p. 127
  23. ↑ FWH Trebra: Oddities of the deep Hauptstölln. , 1804, p. 31.
  24. ↑ Michael Schönfeld: The water göpel in the Drei-Brüder-Schacht Zug near Freiberg 1824 - 1912. (PDF; 239 kB) October 30, 2002, accessed on October 8, 2017 .
  25. ^ MF Gätzschmann: Jahrbuch, 1876, p. 50f.
  26. ^ Draft for a mining law for the Kingdom of Saxony . Reinhold and Sons, Dresden 1850, p.  79 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  27. ↑ Thomas Degner: Forecast of the geochemical effects of the reuse of disused mining tunnel systems using the example of the Freiberg mine area. (PDF; 1.5 MB) October 2003, accessed on October 13, 2017 .
  28. ↑ FWH Trebra: Oddities of the deep Hauptstölln. , 1804, p. 28.
  29. ↑ Friedrich Jakob Richter, Abraham Gottlob Werner : Die Bergbaukunst, after Abraham Gottlob Werner's lectures, in the Königl. Saxon. Bergakademie in Freiberg, and based on my own experience . Arnold, Dresden 1825, p. 151 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

Coordinates: 50 ° 56 '24.7 "  N , 13 ° 22' 18.1"  E