Arabs in Germany

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Areas of origin of the Arabs

As Arabs in Germany people are called, or whose ancestors came from Arabic-speaking countries come and in Germany are domiciled. Statistically, the Arabs in Germany include members of ethnic minorities in their country of origin, such as Arameans and Assyrians , Armenians , Cathedral , Kurds or Turkmens .

history

Educational and labor migration

Arab students from Lebanon at the Technical University in Dresden (GDR), 1958

The first Arabs, almost exclusively men, came to the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR as students after the Second World War . A considerable number of them stayed after their studies and among them many binational marriages emerged, mostly with German women. In 1966 the German-Arab Society (DAG) was founded, with the aim of expanding and improving German-Arab relations in political, economic and cultural terms.

During the economic boom in the 1950s and 1960s, there was an urgent need for workers in Germany. Following recruitment agreements with Italy , Greece , Yugoslavia , Portugal , Spain , South Korea and Turkey , West Germany concluded corresponding agreements with the Arab states of Morocco in 1963 and Tunisia in 1965 . At first it was not considered that the workers referred to as guest workers should stay in Germany permanently. They worked mainly in the iron and steel industry as well as in the construction industry. In the years that followed, after the recruitment ban in 1973, women and children followed suit. There are now great-grandchildren of the first generation of migrants who are Moroccan or Tunisian citizens, although their parents were born in Germany.

In the GDR, too, there was a shortage of local workers from the 1950s onwards. From the 1960s onwards, workers were brought in from then socialist countries such as Cuba , Hungary , Vietnam , the People's Republic of Mozambique and the People's Republic of Poland , and later workers from the Arab states of Algeria and Syria . Many of the workers referred to as contract workers left Germany after reunification .

Escape from war

The war refugees are the largest group among the Arabs. Most of them came to the Federal Republic of Germany as asylum seekers after 1975 during the Lebanese civil war and after Iraq came to power by Saddam Hussein in 1979 . Entry was mostly illegal via East Berlin ; The refugees received a transit visa for the GDR at Schönefeld Airport and took the S-Bahn to West Berlin , where they applied for asylum. The German authorities did not control the borders due to the special status of Berlin. Persecuted Kurds were also recorded in the statistics as “citizens of Iraq”, so that it is not clear from them how many Arabs fled Iraq. Since the late 1980s, refugees came from Somalia due to the civil war . Whether these refugees should be considered Arabs, according to the self-image of many Somali , is disputed. Algerians also came to Germany as asylum seekers in the 1990s as a result of the civil war . In the 2000s, during the occupation of Iraq , more refugees came to Germany. In addition, due to the Syrian civil war that has been going on since 2011 and the Iraqi civil war since 2014, refugees came from these countries. The wave of refugees in 2015 brought not only people who fled from war zones in Syria and Iraq, but also economic refugees from Tunisia , Morocco and Algeria who also sought asylum to Germany , mostly unsuccessfully. Due to the unwillingness of the countries of origin to take them back, the majority of people from the Maghreb countries who are not entitled to asylum remain in Germany.

Demographics

Citizens of Arab countries in Germany

As of December 31, 2018
Country of origin people
SyriaSyria Syria 745.645
IraqIraq Iraq 247,800
MoroccoMorocco Morocco 76,200
SomaliaSomalia Somalia 42,445
LebanonLebanon Lebanon 41,000
TunisiaTunisia Tunisia 35,560
EgyptEgypt Egypt 32.505
AlgeriaAlgeria Algeria 18,575
LibyaLibya Libya 14,780
JordanJordan Jordan 12,080
other arab countries 33,985
total 1,300,575

The Arabs in Germany are not a homogeneous group because they come from different Arab countries. They bring different cultures and speak different Arabic dialects . It should be noted that some of the migrants from the Maghreb , especially from Morocco and Algeria , are also native Berber speakers . Strictly speaking, descendants of indigenous peoples can only be called “Arabs” if they have sufficiently assimilated into the surrounding Arab culture prior to migration .

The official number of citizens of Arab countries living in Germany was 1,300,575 at the end of December 2018. It is estimated that over 1.5 million people with a migration background have family roots in the Arab states.

At the end of June 2017, 133,961 people with an Arab migration background were living in Berlin . The country of origin from which most Berliners with an Arab migration background come is Syria with 35,403 people, followed by Lebanon with 27,866 people.

Number of citizens of Arab countries in Germany

  • 1995: 260,784 1
  • 2000: 303,745 1
  • 2005: 288,936 1
  • 2010: 287,802 1
  • 2015: 762,498

1  including South Sudan

Religious affiliation

Most of the Arabs in Germany are Muslims . Sunnis form the majority among them , but there are also twelve Shiites . There are also Christians from various churches (including 40,000 to 50,000 Rum Orthodox , 17,000 to 18,000 Chaldeans , 10,000 Copts , 10,000 Eastern Syrians and 8,000 Maronites ) as well as Alawis , Druze , Ismailis , Jews , non-denominational and Mandaeans .

media

Since the beginning of the migration to Germany, media have been established that serve the needs of the respective group. The number and role of the media has changed significantly. In the beginning there were offers from public broadcasters and the first Arab print media such as Al-Hayat . Since the late 1980s, cable and satellite technology has enabled private broadcasters from Arab countries to establish themselves with a wide range of news and talk shows, series and Arab films. The third generation in particular is making increasing use of the Internet.

With Dunja Hayali is a German-Arab an established German television

crime

According to investigative authorities, there are problems in Berlin with large criminal Arab families such as the Abou-Chaker , Al-Zain and Remmo clan . Members of the clans, as intense perpetrators , engage in protection racket , drug and illegal drug trafficking . These clan members also commit fraud , abuse of services , robbery or car and shoplifting , trespassing , dangerous interference in road traffic , serious gang theft as well as violent and bodily harm offenses .   

See also

literature

  • Frank Gesemann, Gerhard Höpp , Haroun Sweis: Arabs in Berlin . Living together in Berlin, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-7896-0664-2
  • Ralph Ghadban : The Lebanon refugees in Berlin. For the integration of ethnic minorities . The Arabic Book, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-86093-293-4
  • Beatrix Pfleiderer-Becker : Tunisian workers in Germany. An ethnological field study on the relationship between social change in Tunisia and the work of Tunisian workers abroad . Verlag für Entwicklungspolitik, Saarbrücken 1978, ISBN 3-8815-6105-6
  • Renate Plücken-Opolka: On the social situation of Moroccan families in the Federal Republic of Germany. A documentation of the Foreigners Department of the Düsseldorf District Association of Workers' Welfare . EXpress Edition, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-8854-8356-4
  • Al-Maqam - Journal for Arabic Art and Culture, Issue 2, 2008: Arabic in Germany, ISSN  1431-7974

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ralph Ghadban , The Lebanon Refugees in Berlin. Berlin 2000. ISBN 3-86093-293-4 , reprint 2008, pp. 76-78
  2. ^ Alfred Hackensberger: Moroccans have no right to asylum in Germany. In: welt.de . January 18, 2016, accessed October 7, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Table “12 Foreign population on December 31, 2018 by nationality and selected characteristics”, pp. 145–151 Population and employment. Foreign population: results of the central register of foreigners. In: Fachserie 1 Reihe 2, 2018, Destatis. Federal Statistical Office, April 15, 2019, accessed on April 21, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b Residents in the State of Berlin on June 30, 2017 , page 17
  5. ↑ a b c d e Foreign population - results in the GENESIS online database
  6. ↑ Official website of the ACK : Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch (Rum Orthodox) , accessed on September 25, 2018
  7. ↑ Official website of the Archdiocese of Paderborn : Opportunities for cooperation with Chaldeans , accessed on October 3, 2017
  8. ↑ a b REMID : Membership Numbers : Orthodox, Oriental and United Churches , accessed on April 21, 2019
  9. ↑ Official website of the parish and university church St. Ludwig Munich : Maroniten , accessed on September 12, 2017
  10. ^ Zahi Alawi: Media use of the Arabs in Germany. An analysis of the effects of media usage on an ethnic minority in Germany . VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Saarbrücken 2007, ISBN 3-8364-5208-1
  11. ↑ https://web.de/magazine/unterhaltung/thema/dunja-hayali
  12. ^ Thomas Heise, Claas Meyer-Heuer: Arab Clans in Berlin. In: Spiegel TV , December 11, 2016, video, 53:20 min.
  13. ↑ Thomas Heise, Claas Meyer-Heuer: Interior views of a large Arab family. The Rammo family is one of the most powerful large Arab families in Berlin. ( Memento of the original from September 21, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.spiegel.tv archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Spiegel TV , September 17, 2018, video, 27:33 min.
  14. ^ Thomas Heise, Claas Meyer-Heuer: The real estate business of Arab clans. In: Spiegel TV , September 24, 2018, video, 27:34 min.
  15. ↑ Nora Gantenbrink, Andreas Mönnich, Uli Rauss, Hannes Roß, Oliver Schröm , Walter Wüllenweber : Bushido and the Mafia. ( Memento from June 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). In: Stern / henri-nannen-preis.de , October 10, 2013, No. 42, (PDF; 11 p., 1.5 MB); Article announcement in stern.de .