Arthrobacter bussei
| Arthrobacter bussei | ||||||||||||
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Arthrobacter bussei |
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| Arthrobacter bussei | ||||||||||||
| Flegler et al. 2020 |
Arthrobacter bussei (bus'se.i. NL gen. N. Bussei, from Busse; named after the German microbiologist Hans-Jürgen Busse) is a pink, aerobic , coke-shaped , gram-positive , oxidase-positive and catalase isolated from cheese -positive bacteria. A. bussei is immobile and does not form spores . The bacterium does not show a complex life cycle with a change in cell morphology like some other Arthrobacter species, in which they develop from cocci into rods . The size is between 1.1 and 1.5 µm in diameter . On trypticase soy agar it forms pink colored, raised, round colonies having a diameter of 1.0 mm after 5 days at 30 ° C have. The genome of the strain A . bussei KR32 T has been completely sequenced.
features
morphology
The cells of A. Bussei are kokkenförmig. The bacterium is Gram positive . The cells are 1.1-1.5 μm in diameter . A rod-cocci life cycle is not observed. The species is not flagellated and therefore not motile . Endospores are not formed. The cells grow into very small colonies on casein soy peptone agar . Its diameter is 1.0 mm after 5 days at 30 ° C . These are pink in color, appear opaque, and are soft. When viewed from above, the colonies are round in shape and clearly delimited. Viewed from the side, the colonies are raised.
Growth and metabolism
A. bussei's metabolism is based on breathing . The species is aerobic , so it needs oxygen to grow. The oxidase test and catalase test are positive. Furthermore, the metabolism is to be characterized as chemoorganotrophic and heterotrophic . A. bussei uses organic compounds as an energy source and also to build up the cells' own substances. The pH for best growth is 8.0. Growth occurs at pH values between 7.0 and 8.0. The optimal temperature for growth is 28-30 ° C. Growth occurs within 1 to 45 ° C. A. bussei tolerates a concentration of up to 7.5% sodium chloride . A content of 2.5% sodium chloride in the nutrient medium is optimal for growth. For cultivation is trypticase soy agar or casein soybean peptone broth suitable. Growth continues to occur on Columbia blood agar with alpha hemolysis , but not on crystal violet bile glucose agar (VRBD). The bacterium shows no proteolytic and lipolytic activity.
A . bussei is able to hydrolyze esculin but not gelatine . The bacterium is positive for alkaline phosphatase , esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin , naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, α-galactosidase , β-galactosidase , α-glucosidase , β-glucosidase and α-mannosidase. It is negative for α-chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase , β-glucuronidase , N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, α-fucosidase, arginine dihydrolase and urease . As part of the chemoorgano-heterotrophic metabolism can A . bussei use numerous organic compounds as a source of carbon. These include carbohydrates ( pentoses , hexoses and oligosaccharides ), sugar alcohols and amino acids . For example, D- glucose is used under aerobic conditions without the formation of acid, as would be typical for fermentation . Other usable substrates are glycerine , L- arabinose , D- xylose , D- galactose , D-glucose, D- fructose , D- mannose , L- rhamnose , D- mannitol , N-acetylglucosamine , arbutin , aesculin, salicin , D- Cellobiose , D- maltose , D-melibiose, sucrose , D- trehalose , D- raffinose , starch , glycogen , D-turanose, potassium gluconate and potassium 5-ketogluconate. The amino acids leucine and valine are also assimilated.
Carbohydrates that cannot be used are erythritol , D- arabinose , D- ribose , L- xylose , D- ribitol , methyl-β-D-xylopyranoside, L- sorbose , galactitol , inositol , D-sorbitol, methyl-α -D-mannopyranoside, methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, amygdalin , D- lactose , inulin , D- melezitose , xylitol , gentiobiose , D- lyxose , D- tagatose , fucose , arabitol and potassium-2-ketogluconate. It cannot reduce nitrate to nitrite .
Chemotaxonomic Features
The fatty acids found in the membrane lipids are iso-C 14: 0 , iso-C 14: 1 cis 9, C 14: 0 , iso-C 15: 1 cis 9, iso-C 15: 1 cis 4, iso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 15: 0 , iso-C 16: 1 cis 9, iso-C 16: 0 , C 16: 1 cis 9, C 16: 0 , C 17: 1 cis 10/11, C 17: 1 cis 9, iso-C 17: 0 and anteiso-C 17: 0 . The main fatty acids are anteiso-C 15: 0 and iso-C 15: 0 at 30 ° C. At low temperatures (10 ° C), mainly monounsaturated fatty acids are produced. A. bussei has menaquinone -9 (H 2 ), which is the main quinone in the genus Arthrobacter , menaquinone-8 (H 2 ) and menaquinone-9. The bacterium also has the polar lipids diphosphatidylglycerol , phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and monoacyldimannosyl-monoacylglycerol.
The pink coloration of the bacterium is due to the C 50 carotenoid bacterioruberin and a number of its mono-, di- and tetraglycosylated derivatives.
Phylogeny
A . bussei is classified in the "pink Arthrobacter agilis group" within the " Arthrobacter agilis group ", which forms a stable clade . The "pink Arthrobacter agilis group" includes the species Arthrobacter agilis , Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini , all of which have a pink color.
genetics
The genome of the A. bussei KR32 T bacterial strain was completely sequenced in 2019 and has a size of 3.63 megabase pairs and is available as a circular bacterial chromosome . There are 3086 proteins annotated . The genome contains, among other things, genes for the biosynthesis of the carotenoids and for two putative acyl-CoA desaturases with which the bacterium can synthesize monounsaturated fatty acids . The GC content (the proportion of nucleic acids guanine and cytosine ) in the bacterial DNA is 69.14 mol%.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Alexander Flegler et al .: Arthrobacter bussei sp. nov., a pink-colored organism isolated from cheese made of cow's milk . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 2020, doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.004125 ( microbiologyresearch.org [accessed March 31, 2020]).
- ↑ a b Hans-Jürgen Busse: Review of the taxonomy of the genus Arthrobacter, emendation of the genus Arthrobacter sensu lato, proposal to reclassify selected species of the genus Arthrobacter in the novel genera Glutamicibacter gen. Nov., Paeniglutamicibacter gen. Nov., Pseudoglutamicibacter gen. Nov., Paenarthrobacter gen. Nov. and Pseudarthrobacter gen. nov., and emended description of Arthrobacter roseus . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, . tape 66 , no. 1 , 2016, ISSN 1466-5026 , p. 9–37 , doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.000702 ( microbiologyresearch.org [accessed March 31, 2020]).
- ↑ CATHRIN KOCH, PETER SCHUMANN, ERKO STACKEBRANDT: Reclassification of Micrococcus agilis (Ali-Cohen 1889) to the Genus Arthrobacter as Arthrobacter agilis comb. nov. and Emendation of the Genus Arthrobacter . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, . tape 45 , no. 4 , 1995, ISSN 1466-5026 , pp. 837-839 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-45-4-837 ( microbiologyresearch.org [accessed March 31, 2020]).
- ↑ Qing Liu, Yu-Hua Xin, Xiu-Ling Chen, Hong-Can Liu, Yu-Guang Zhou: Arthrobacter ruber sp. nov., isolated from glacier ice . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, . tape 68 , no. 5 , 2018, ISSN 1466-5026 , p. 1616–1621 , doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.002719 ( microbiologyresearch.org [accessed March 31, 2020]).
- ↑ June-Young Lee, Dong-Wook Hyun, Pil Soo Kim, Hyun Sik Kim, Na-Ri Shin: Arthrobacter echini sp. nov., isolated from the gut of a purple sea urchin, Heliocidaris crassispina . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, . tape 66 , no. 4 , 2016, ISSN 1466-5026 , p. 1887–1893 , doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.000965 ( microbiologyresearch.org [accessed March 31, 2020]).