Artland (landscape)

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The location of the historic Artland landscape in the Osnabrück region

The term Artland has three meanings in relation to the area around the town of Quakenbrück in the district of Osnabrück in Lower Saxony :

  1. The term Artland stands for the joint municipality Artland (see there).
  2. It refers to the 180 km² Artland landscape in the Osnabrück district , which consists of the Artland community and the Gehrde community .
  3. It is a synonym for the Quakenbrücker Basin natural area , an Ice Age tongue basin , which is framed by the Bersenbrück-Dammer terminal moraine arch with the terminal moraines of the Ankumer Höhe in the south-west and the Dammer mountains in the east and south-east as well as their roofing sanders. In this physical landscape that begins north of Bramsche there are also Dinklage and parts of the neighboring villages of Lohne , Vechta and Bakum in the district of Vechta , which adjoins the district of Osnabrück to the east, as well as the Land an der Hase in the south of the district of Cloppenburg and the extreme east of the district of Emsland . The areas just mentioned that are outside of the Osnabrück district today belonged to the Niederstift Münster until 1803 .

The Artland was never a political entity; his parishes did not even belong to the same offices of the bishopric of Osnabrück . Rather, economic, cultural and family ties led to Artland as a unit. In the sparsely populated region, more than 700, often listed, half-timbered farms in individual layers dominate between meadows , fields, the hedgerows , field trees and woods typical of North German geest landscapes .

The name Artland for this area is first documented for the year 1309.

Natural structure

The Quakenbrück basin is structured as follows:

This tongue basin landscape is southwest and southeast to east by Bersenbrück-Dammer Endmoränenbogen (585.0) with the terminal moraines Ankum Heights (585.00) and Dammer Berge (585.03) and their abdachenden Sandern framed that in the extreme south of the Artland at the Valley of the Rabbit Bersenbrück, however, separates it into two non-touching arcs. The northern edge valleys of the basin border directly on parts of the Cloppenburger Geest (593), Ems-Hunte-Geest (59). To the southwest of the Ehrener Feld is the narrow seam to the neighboring western main unit Lingener Land (586).

history

Hase inland delta near Quakenbrück around 1903

The hare in the north of Osnabrücker Land branches out into many arms and forms an inland delta, a relic of the last Ice Age around 180,000 years ago. The Dammer Mountains and Ankumer Mountains were pushed back by the Ice Age glaciers. After the ice had melted, initially a deep hollow remained, a large inland lake was created in today's Artland, sometimes up to 60 m deep, which was later partially refilled with alluvial sand. Due to the temperature changes, the lake silted up more and more. A swamp landscape formed through which the hare meandered with numerous arms and often looked for new paths. The primeval landscape of the Hasetal, formed in the Ice Age, has constantly changed its face over the millennia, even without human intervention.

The areas created in this way enable productive agriculture, which over the centuries has shaped the rural landscape that is still today. However, the frequent flooding of the waters in the Quakenbrücker Basin before the start of the extensive hydraulic engineering work that has continued to this day repeatedly led to devastating crop failures and even earlier to damage to structures. The structural damage became increasingly significant due to the growing population, so that over the centuries the motivation to protect settlements (especially Quakenbrück, Essen and Löningen) from flooding increased.

The name Artland , which first appeared in 1309 for this area, has been used to varying degrees over the centuries; there have never been clear, permanent territorial boundaries.

The prerequisites for the economic independence of the Artland were the natural spatial conditions , which were initially unreservedly rated as “good”, and the very productive soils in the “Quakenbrücker Basin”. Due to its low incline in the plains below Bersenbrück, the hare was responsible for the deposition of fertile alluvial sands (alluvial sand) from the Osnabrück mountainous region, from which very fertile arable land could develop. The higher ash soils were upgraded by means of pest management , which was taken from the rich meadows. In addition to the cattle breeding that prevailed in the entire Osnabrück region up to the Thirty Years' War , arable farming has always been practiced in Artland , whereby in addition to oats and rye , the more demanding and coveted barley could be grown. Nowadays, however, the cultivation of maize crops predominates, as in the rest of the Weser-Ems region. This productive arable land, which in contrast to the rest of the Osnabrück region, which often suffered from a lack of grain, led to the development of a wealthy rural upper class with numerous individual courtyards in the "granary of the Osnabrück Monastery", which together with hedges, forests and oak ridges created a park-like landscape.

The joint municipality of Artland, founded in 1972, includes Quakenbrück, Menslage and Badbergen, only part of the original heartland to which Gehrde also belongs, which, like Menslage, Quakenbrück and Badbergen, benefited from the fertile Haseniederung. Nortrup, on the other hand, is not part of the Artländer heartland. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that it broke away politically and ecclesially from Ankum , where the first Catholic parish was founded in 1908. Ankum is also often included in the Artland ( Artländer Dom ), but for centuries the place was the center of the Farngau , to which Nortrup also belonged.

Surname

The origin of the name Artland is controversial. On the one hand , as can be seen from a large number of old writings , artland was generally the name for “arable land” or generally fertile land and was derived from the Old High German ard / art or ord / ort or the Latin arare for “plow”. This general designation could have emerged as a name specifically for this region, which is strikingly fertile due to the frequent flooding of the Hase Inland Delta, in contrast to the adjacent areas, especially since the first settlers were called Ortland , a name that is still used in Artland today.

Another interpretation suggests a connection with the old Germanic orte , which referred to settlement areas and headlands and should be understood here as a settlement pushed forward into the lowlands.

Ultimately, there is also speculation about whether the name has anything to do with the Low German aort ( Ortstein or lawn iron stone as a solid soil layer was present in the area).

Early travel reports

In 1800 the preacher Johann Gottfried Hoche (1762–1836) from Gröningen near Halberstadt traveled to Artland and reported:

You can see beautiful meadows and ridges here, the grain grows tall and full. The peasant's cheerful look, which is otherwise not common to people of this class in Niederwestphalen, his freer, open nature betrays a better condition.

Artland cultural treasure

Advertising for the Artland cultural treasure on the Open Monument Day 2009
Artland cultural treasure, farm in Badbergen-Grönloh

The Artland cultural treasure project , which the district of Osnabrück set up in cooperation with the German Foundation for Monument Protection, is primarily dedicated to the farm culture and the building-historical substance of the region. This farm culture is characterized by a large number of magnificent, centuries-old half-timbered courtyards and their interiors. They have their very own architecture, which is clearly different from other half-timbered styles.

More than 100 of these one-roof courtyards (Lower Saxony houses) are listed ; the total number of listed buildings in this room is over 6,000. Doors and gates of the buildings are often crowned by splendid half rosettes . Rosettes can also be found on the ornate Artländer furniture, whereby the richly designed fronts of oak furniture, for example tunnel or chest chests - mostly bridal chests are conspicuous. Up to the middle of the 17th century, the six-pointed star appeared on this as the only ornament, while the oldest dated chest with carved rosettes dates from 1656, which is likely to have been a seamless transition. Towards the end of the 17th century, a motif appeared that became a key function for Arland furniture culture: the wavy tendril with a dragon's head, which appears exclusively in flat carving on stollen chests.

The so-called Artländer dragon

The wavy tendrils dragon head ornaments come from pattern books of the 16th century by ornament engravers, such as Cornelis Floris and Vredeman de Vries , who also shaped the hardware style of the Weser Renaissance and whose ornaments are found on the facades of castles and town houses in the Weser area and beyond in large parts of Lower Saxony and find Westphalia. Popular art also drew inspiration from these decorative forms. The church and choir stalls of St. Sylvester's Church in Quakenbrück , built around 1572, are one of the most striking examples. A comparison of the decor shapes in the Sylvester Church and on Artländer furniture shows that a number of motifs and arrangements have been adopted without significant changes.

According to the investigations of the group around Helmuth Ottenjann and the museum village of Cloppenburg , the wave tendril dragon head ornament appears for the first time in 1602 on a piece of furniture from the Badbergen parish , but only became widespread from 1660 and was retained until the end of the 18th century.

According to the former Lower Saxony Prime Minister Christian Wulff has "a unique rural building culture [...] the region UNESCO - World Heritage site level and is considered from the perspective of historic preservation as a figurehead for the whole of Lower Saxony." However, in 2006 Harald presented Plachter, Alexandra Kruse and Helmut Kruck mountain in an expert opinion for the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation states:

“For example, sites or landscapes that reflect rural culture or traditional craft cultures are missing [in the UNESCO list of world heritage sites]. [...] As everyone knows, agriculture has long made extraordinary cultural contributions to humanity. However, these achievements are not always properly rewarded in the public consciousness. The attempt made years ago to classify the Osnabrück farmhouse cultural landscape Artland as a world cultural heritage failed. The Artland, which includes over 600 complete half-timbered farms from the 16th to 19th centuries, is a unique testimony to the rural building culture in north-western Europe. As one of the advocates of Artland, the former Cloppenburg museum director , Helmut Ottenjann , suspects, there was obviously no supportive lobby. "

As a regional contribution to the Germany-wide Open Monument Day , around 25 Artlandhöfe and monuments that are usually not open to the public open every second weekend in September. The event has been taking place regularly since 2004 and now attracts more than 10,000 visitors.

As part of the “ PROLAND ” program, the state of Lower Saxony funded the “Future Model Historical Heritage - Village Renewal Network Planning Artland” project between 2000 and 2006. Since the structural change in agriculture is threatening the rural cultural landscape of Artland, a citizens' initiative has been formed in the four municipalities of Artland to address the problem of empty buildings in the courtyards. The preservation of the cultural and historical heritage is only possible through sustainable economic use of the rural farm real estate. In addition to securing previous agricultural use, “New ways for old farms” are to be sought, found and shown within the framework of the Artland village renewal network.

  • Farmhouse in Langen

  • Farmhouse in Vehs

  • Farm in Grönloh

  • Farm in Lechterke

  • Pin on a farmhouse in Wulften

  • Entrance hall of a farmhouse in Vehs

  • Cottage garden on a farm in Wulften

  • In the museum village Cloppenburg rebuilt "Wehlburg" (original location: Wehdel)

tourism

Basic print on the left by Groß Mimmelage with a copy of a painting by Beate Kliche
Plastic "Wings grow over the delta" by Carola Wedell at the junction of the attack hare

It was not until the 1990s that advertising for the peculiarities of the landscape and culture of the Artland began slowly. The Artland Business Agency (WAAL) and the ARTour (Artland Touristik) were founded to promote the economy and tourism in the region. Every year, many courtyards and other buildings in Artland can be visited on the “Open Monument Day” (second weekend in September).

The 142 km long holiday route called the " Artland Route " begins and ends in Quakenbrück . The sights of Artland can also be explored on special cycle paths (on the “Gable Tour”, the “Art Tour” and the “Garden Tour”). The specialty of the “Art Tour” is that twelve reproductions of paintings by the Artland painter Beate Kliche are set up on its edge , depicting exactly what the viewer can see at the respective location in the real landscape at the appropriate time of year. The Hasetal Art Route cycle path also leads through Artland . The second station on the route from Bersenbrück to Meppen , the sculpture "Wing over the Delta" by Carola Wedell, is located at the junction of the attack hare at the former Schützenhofwehr .

Others

The name of the Artland Dragons basketball team from Quakenbrück derives from the characteristic tradition of carving the dragon's head on the oak wood of house beams and representative old furniture, which only affects the Artland region .

literature

  • Rolf Berner: Settlement, economic and social history of the Artland up to the end of the Middle Ages. District Home Association Bersenbrück, 1965.
  • Heinrich Böning, Heiko Bockstiegel: The Artland in the picture. Badbergen, Menslage, Nortrup and Quakenbrück introduce themselves . Published by the Quakenbrück City Museum. Thoben, Quakenbrück 2006, 144 pp., ISBN 3-921176-98-0 (text in German, English and French)
  • Hermann Dettmer: Folk furniture from Artland and the neighboring areas . 4 volumes (text parts, color illustrations, sketches, maps). Cloppenburg, Museumsdorf, 1982–1998, series: materials on folk culture in north-western Lower Saxony, ed. by Helmut Ottenjann.
  • Marie-Luise Hopf-Droste: The rural diary. Celebrations and everyday life on an Artländer farm. 1873-1919 . Materials on folk culture in northwestern Lower Saxony (issue 3). At the same time dissertation (University of Münster). 2nd Edition. Schuster, Leer 1982, 203 pages, ISBN 3-7963-0208-4
  • Gudrun Kuhlmann: The Artland and the city of Quakenbrück in their historical development . Isensee, Oldenburg 2004, 430 pp., ISBN 3-89995-009-7
  • Christoph Reinders-Düselder: The Artland. Demographic, social and political developments between 1650 and 1850 in a region in the north of Osnabrück . Materials and studies on everyday history and folk culture in Lower Saxony (issue 32). Museumsdorf Cloppenburg, Cloppenburg 2000, 238 pages, ISBN 3-923675-82-8
  • Petra Reinken / Jutta Böning: Artland cultural treasure. CulturCon, 2009. ISBN 978-3-941092-16-7
  • Hermann Schettler: The ice age and post-ice age deposits in the water boreholes in the Quakenbrück city forest and in the deep boreholes in the Ortland and Quakenbrück oil fields. A contribution to the knowledge of the Quakenbrück interglacial and its distribution . In: Oldenburg Yearbook . Vol. 66 (1967), pages 123-134 ( online )
  • Claudia and Christian Wüst: The Artland. Cultural treasure in the northwest. Discover & experience. Badbergen, Menslage, Nortrup, City of Quakenbrück. Travel guide . Artland Atelier, Quakenbrück 2006, 130 pages, ISBN 978-3-00-018542-7 or ISBN 3-00-018542-9

Film documentaries

  • Artland . From the series Landpartie - On the road in the north . German television documentary by Achim Tacke with Heike Götz , NDR 2008, 90 minutes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lower Saxony State Agency for Water Management, Coastal Protection and Nature Conservation (NLWKN): Regional report for the Hase catchment area. Presentation of the groundwater situation (PDF; 8.6 MB); December 2012, p. 15 (in PDF p. 20)
  2. ↑ a b Kohnen: The origin of the name Art-Land. In: Osnabrücker Land 1974, p. 49 f.
  3. ^ Sofie Meisel: Geographical Land Survey: The natural spatial units on sheet 70/71 Cloppenburg / Lingen. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1959. → Online map (PDF; 7.0 MB)
  4. ↑ Heinz Kosanke: Natural spatial structure of the district of Cloppenburg . Heimatbund for the Oldenburger Münsterland. P. 6ff.
  5. ^ Lower Saxony State Office for Water Management, Coastal Protection and Nature Conservation (NLWKN): Explanatory report on the plan for the renewal of the dams and dykes on the Upscale Hase between Quakenbrück and Gehrde in the Osnabrück district . October 2013. p. 9
  6. ^ Berner: Settlement, Economic and Social History
  7. ^ Ottenjann: Building, economic and social structure.
  8. ↑ Old High German vocabulary. Volume 1. p. 401
  9. ^ Hoche: Journey through Osnabrück and Niedermünder to the Saterland, East Frisia and Gröningen. Bremen 1800. p. 44
  10. ↑ Joint municipality Artland about Artland cultural treasure
  11. ^ Hermann Dettmer: Folk furniture from Artland and the neighboring areas. Museum village of Cloppenburg. ISBN 3-923675-01-1 . P. 29.
  12. ^ Hermann Dettmer: Folk furniture from Artland and the neighboring areas. Museum village of Cloppenburg. ISBN 3-923675-01-1 . Pp. 29 and 47 ff.
  13. ^ Lower Saxony State Chancellery: Wulff opens Open Monument Day. The focus is on the Artland cultural region . 2004 Page no longer available , search in web archives:@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.stk.niedersachsen.de
  14. ↑ Harald Plachter / Alexandra Kruse / Helmut Kruckenberg: Screening of potential German natural values ​​for the UNESCO World Heritage Convention . 2006. p.35f. (PDF; 3.0 MB)
  15. ^ Lower Saxony Ministry for Rural Areas, Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection: Integrated rural development in Lower Saxony. The success of funding for rural areas . January 2007. p. 38 f.
  16. ↑ Helmut Ottenjann: The Wehlburg from the Bersenbrück district. Tasks and problems of the museum rescue in the Cloppenburg open-air museum of rural cultural monuments of Lower Saxony . In: Yearbook for the Oldenburger Münsterland 1970 . Pp. 145–160 ( online )
  17. ↑ Internet presence of the Artland business agency
  18. ^ Beate Kliche: Art route in Artland. With 12 works of art in reproduction

Web links

Commons : Artland  - collection of images, videos and audio files