Splendid spar
| Splendid spar | ||||||||||||
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Astilbe × arendsii cultivar |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Astilbe | ||||||||||||
| Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don |
Astilbe ( Astilbe ), often in the German astilbe called, is a plant genus that the family of the Saxifragaceae belongs (Saxifragaceae). The homeland is mainly East Asia . In the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere , some species and their hybrids are planted in parks and gardens.
description
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Vegetative characteristics
In Astilbe TYPES is large, perennial , herbaceous plants that reach depending on the type stature heights of 150 to 200 centimeters. They form stocks with thick, underground rhizomes . From these rhizomes, on the one hand, large, basal leaves grow , on the other hand, the upright, flower-bearing stems with brown, single- to multicellular trichomes, with scaly to long hairs, whose alternate leaves become smaller towards the top.
The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf stalks have single to multicellular trichomes . The shiny leaf blades are usually one to multiple pinnate. The short-stalked leaflets are oval to rhombic or lanceolate and have single to multicellular trichomes. The largest, terminal leaflet is usually three-lobed. The edges of the leaflets are serrated or double-serrated, sharp to irregular. The stipules are membranous.
Generative characteristics
Astilbe species are usually dioecious, separate sexes ( diocesan ). The relatively large, terminal, often branched, feathery, paniculate inflorescences contain bracts and usually consist of very many (500 to 2000) flowers. The inflorescences look similarly feather-like as in the goat's beard , which is why the astilbe are sometimes called sham goose beards .
The short flower stalks curve backwards until the fruit is ripe. The small, white to purple or reddish flowers are five-fold and mostly unisexual, but there are also hermaphroditic. The mostly greenish-white flower cups (hypanthium) are fused to a quarter with the ovary, the free area is 1 mm long. The (four to) mostly five sepals are often white or, more rarely, red over pink to purple in the wild forms (in the cultivars, more intense colors were often selected). The number of small petals varies between none and five. There are usually two circles of four to five stamens (rarely there are only five in total). The mostly two, and often three carpels are usually a two- or three compartments Upper permanent ovary connate or free. The ovary is surrounded by a poorly differentiated nectar disc. There are many ovules . Most of the two or less often three styles each end in a scar.
Two to rarely three-beaked capsule fruits or follicles are formed. The small, brown seeds are winged and both ends are often twisted. The shimmering seed surface is streaked to slightly wrinkled.
The basic chromosome number is x = 7.
Locations
Most of the species are forest plants that prefer to grow in damp places along streams or rivers.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Astilbe was first published in 1825 by David Don on the basis of a manuscript by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton . Type species is Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. A synonym for Astilbe Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don is Hoteia C. Morren & Decne. The botanical name Astilbe comes from the Greek a - for without and stilbo luster, shimmer and refers to the fact that the leaves are otherwise similar to those of Aruncus .
The main distribution area of the astilbe species is in East Asia from Japan to Indonesia and west to the Himalayas and south to New Guinea . Only one species is native to eastern North America. So, of course, they only occur in the northern hemisphere.
There are 8 to 24 species of astilbe (selection):
- Appalachian splendor ( Astilbe biternata (Vent.) Britton , Syn .: Astilbe crenatiloba Small ): It is the only North American species. Its range extends from the southern Appalachians of Mingo County , through West Virginia , Virginia and Kentucky to the Carolinas, Tennessee and northwest Georgia .
- Chinese splendor spar ( Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. ): It thrives in forests, on the edges of forests, in meadows, valleys and along rivers at altitudes of 400 to 3600 meters in Japan, Korea, Russia and in eastern and eastern Germany Central China. It has dense, white to pink inflorescences, the panicles of which are narrow spike-like .
- Astilbe davidii (Franch.) A.Henry with pink- red , dense and narrow panicles and young leaves tinged with bronze. This species is often called Astilbe chinensis var. Davidii Franch. understood.
- Astilbe glaberrima Nakai : It is endemic to the Japanese Yakushima Island and thrives on rocks by mountain rivers.
- Astilbe grandis Stapf ex EHWilson (Syn .: Astilbe koreana (Kom.) Nakai ): It thrives in forests, bushes and swamps at altitudes of 400 to 2000 meters in Korea and eastern China.
- Japanese splendor spar ( Astilbe japonica (C.Morren & Decne.) A.Gray ): It thrives on rocks by mountain rivers on the Japanese islands of Honshū , Shikoku and Kyushu .
- Astilbe longicarpa (Hayata) Hayata : It thrives at low to medium altitudes in Taiwan .
- Astilbe macrocarpa Knoll : It thrives in bushes and meadows in gullies at altitudes of 500 to 1600 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Hunan and Zhejiang.
- Astilbe macroflora Hayata : This endemic thrives only in summit regions at altitudes of 3200 to 3800 meters in central Taiwan.
- Small-leaved splendor spar ( Astilbe microphylla Knoll ): This smaller species grows in moist, light locations on the Japanese islands of Honshū , Shikoku and Kyushu .
- Astilbe philippinensis A.Henry : It occurs in the Philippines .
- Bach splendor spar ( Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don ): It is the largest species with a stature height of up to 2.5 meters. It is also sometimes cultivated because of its large, overhanging, creamy-white inflorescences. The home of the varieties is Bhutan , northern India , Indonesia , Kashmir , Laos , northern Myanmar , Nepal , Thailand , Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Xizang and Yunnan .
- Red splendor spar ( Astilbe rubra Hook. F. & Thomson ): It thrives on the edges of forests at altitudes of around 2400 meters in India, in southern Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Hubei and in northwestern Yunnan.
- Single-leaved splendor spar ( Astilbe simplicifolia Makino ), a Japanese species with simple, serrated leaves.
- Thunberg-Prachtspiere ( Astilbe thunbergii (Sieb. & Zucc.) Miq. ): This Japanese species with some varieties was used as parent for many breeds.
- Hybrid splendor or garden astilbe ( Astilbe × arendsii Arends ) is a group of hybrids in which Astilbe astilboides , Astilbe chinensis , Astilbe japonica , Astilbe thunbergii are involved as parents.
use
Due to the feathery, pyramidal inflorescences, some species are cultivated as robust ornamental plants in parks and gardens, in particular various varieties of the Chinese splendor astilbe chinensis and many hybrids .
Most of the plants cultivated in the garden are hybrids between the species Astilbe astilboides , Astilbe japonica , Astilbe davidii and Astilbe thunbergii , whereby the most popular of these hybrids come from the plant breeder Georg Arends and are called " Arendsii hybrids".
The young, green parts of the plant are eaten by Astilbe chinensis . The young fruits are eaten at Astilbe longicarpa . With Astilbe thunbergii , the young leaves are eaten cooked and the leaves serve as a tea substitute.
swell
literature
- T. Lawrence Mellichamp: Astilbe. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 8: Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 , pp. 129 (English). , online.
- Pan Jintang, Hideaki Ohba: Astilbe. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 , pp. 274 (English). on-line.
- Yasaka Hayashi: Nihon-no yaso (Wild flowers of Japan). Yama to Keikokusha, Tôkyô 1983, ISBN 4-6350-9016-7 .
- Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 .
- Christian O. Lehmann: Saxifragales. In: Urania plant kingdom flower plants volume 1. Urania, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-3320-0496-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ David Don: Prodromus Florae Nepalensis. J. Gale, London 1825, pp. 210-211, digitized .
- ^ A b Astilbe in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Entries on Astilbe in Plants For A Future
