Red dogwood

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Red dogwood
Blood-red dogwood (Cornus sanguinea)

Blood-red dogwood ( Cornus sanguinea )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Dogwood-like (Cornales)
Family : Dogwood family (Cornaceae)
Genre : Dogwood ( Cornus )
Type : Red dogwood
Scientific name
Cornus sanguinea
L.

The Red dogwood ( Cornus sanguinea ) is a plant from the genus of dogwood ( Cornus ) in the family of Dogwood (Cornaceae). Its name comes from the red leaves in autumn and the hard, sometimes red wood of its branches. Other common names are blood-red dogwood , red leg , dogberry and red hornbeam .

description

bark
Bark and buds
Opposite leaves
illustration
The eponymous red color of the leaves in autumn
inflorescence
Inflorescence with four-fold flowers in detail
fruit

Appearance and wood

The red dogwood forms in Central Europe 3 to 4 meters high, wide and dense, deciduous shrubs . In southern Europe, the red dogwood can also grow tree-shaped and then reach heights of 6 meters.

The wood is tough and difficult to split, with vessels distributed in scattered pores. Unlike other dogwood species, sapwood and heartwood are of the same reddish-white color.

bark

Older trunks show a scaly bark . The bark of annual twigs is short-haired and colored bright red to brownish red. The red color is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins and is characteristic of the species. The bark of biennial twigs is olive-brown and bare.

Buds

Both the flower and the leaf buds are elongated with a length of up to 6 millimeters. They do not have any bud scales; instead, they are protected by the brown, tomentose, hairy leaves. The buds with the inflorescences appear at the branch ends and, in contrast to the leaf buds, thickened. In contrast to the Cornelian cherry ( Cornus mas ), the side buds lie on the branch and the tips are turned towards the branch.

leaf

The opposite leaves on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 8 to 15 millimeters long. The simple, entire leaf blade is 4 to 10 centimeters long and 2.5 to 5 centimeters wide and elliptical to ovoid with a wedge-shaped blade base and a pointed upper end. There are three to five pairs of nerves clearly raised on the underside of the leaf. The upper side of the leaf is dark green and has forked hairs , the lower side is lighter and curly haired, especially on the leaf veins.

Inflorescence and flower

The terminal, umbrella-like inflorescence has a diameter of 4 to 8 centimeters and there are 20 to 50 flowers on 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters long stems .

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and four-fold with a double flower envelope . There is a discus . The four very short sepals are fused. The four white petals are linear-lanceolate and hairy on the underside with a length of 4.5 to 6 millimeters. The four stamens are only slightly shorter than the petals and slightly project the stylus . The ovary is subordinate.

fruit

The black-blue drupes , dotted with white when ripe, have a diameter of 5 to 8 millimeters. The stone fruits contain an oily pulp and a spherical, smooth, two-seeded stone core.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.

Phenology

The flowering period extends from May to June. A peculiarity of the red dogwood is to form a second flower in some years in early August. Flowers and almost ripe fruits are then on the shrub at the same time. The fruits ripen in September.

ecology

The red dogwood can live to be 30 to 40 years old. The young twigs have a thin, assimilating, primary bark, which turns yellowish green in the shade, blood red on the sunny side and especially in autumn and winter due to the accumulation of anthocyanins . There is a VA mycorrhiza . The vegetative propagation takes place through root runners and through branches that are lowered as arched shoots, which easily take root under the leaves, especially in damp, shady forests, where the red dogwood hardly blooms. The red dogwood can also be easily propagated by cuttings .

From an ecological point of view, they are homogeneous, nectar-bearing disc flowers with an unpleasant fish-like odor, caused by methylamine . The pollination is done by larger insects such. B. by flies , wild bees of the genera Andrena , Lasioglossum , Osmia and beetles . Even self-pollination takes place.

The fruits are spread by birds such as song thrush , blackbird , fieldfare , robin , blackcap , starling , magpie , blue tit , bullfinch and pheasant .

Toxicity and Ingredients

The flowers and leaves contain a flavone glycoside , gallic acid and ellagic acid . Distillates from the leaves are rich in salicylic acid . The leaf hairs are coated with calcium carbonate , which can lead to irritation when it comes into contact with sensitive areas of the skin. Roots and branches contain verbenaline . Fresh fruits contain an anthocyanin complex . The fruits are inedible raw, but not poisonous. However, if eaten raw, they can potentially cause gastroenteritis in children .

Occurrence

The natural range of the Cornus sanguinea stretches from Europe through Asiatic Turkey and the Caucasus to Central Asia . The red dogwood grows in hedges and shrubbery areas, less often in species-rich forests. It grows in societies of the Prunetalia order, especially in those of the Berberidion Union. It thrives best on dry to fresh, slightly acidic to alkaline, sandy to loamy-humic, moderately nutrient-rich soils . It grows mainly in the flatlands, but you can find it in the Bavarian Alps at altitudes of up to 900 meters, in the Allgäu Alps up to 1100 meters, in Tyrol up to 1350 meters and in Valais up to 1550 meters.

Systematics and research history

The red dogwood ( Cornus sanguinea ) is a species from the genus of the dogwood ( Cornus ) within the family of the dogwood family (Cornaceae).

This species was already described in ancient times by Pliny as the cornus femina. The first scientific publication under the name Cornus sanguinea was made by Carl von Linné in 1753 in his work Species Plantarum .

There are some subspecies depending on the author:

  • Cornus sanguinea L. subsp. sanguinea
  • Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis ( CAMey. ) Jav. : From Cornus sanguinea subsp. sanguinea , the subspecies Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis by the following characteristics: It has ovate and spiky-pointed leaves up to 8 cm long, which are initially hairy on the underside, later they are hairy on both sides. The fruits are dark purple in color and about 5 millimeters in diameter. The distribution area of ​​this subspecies extends from Central Europe eastward to Central Asia .
  • Cornus sanguinea subsp. cilicica (Wangerin) DFChamb. : It occurs in the area of ​​Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.
  • Cornus sanguinea subsp. czerniaewii Grosset : It occurs in Austria, the Czech Republic and the Ukraine.
  • Cornus sanguinea subsp. hungarica (Kárpáti) Soó : It occurs in Germany, Austria, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, the former Yugoslavia , Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Belarus and the Ukraine.

use

The red dogwood is often used as an ornamental plant because of its remarkable flowers . It also serves as a bee pasture . Despite reports to the contrary, the fruits are not poisonous, but inedible raw. They contain high levels of vitamin C and are used to make fruit juices and jams. In warmer areas, the species is used to afforest problematic locations, for example in Bologna for the greening of heavily eroded clay slopes or in Hungary as preparation for later afforestation with oak and beech. Up until the 18th century, 40 to 45 percent of the oil contained in the seeds was also used for burning purposes. Baskets were woven from the branches and the hard, tough and strong wood was used for turning .

Common names

The other German-language trivial names Arlitzbaum ( Middle High German ), Rotes Beinholz, Beinweide ( Salzburg , Bern ), Beinweidli (Bern), Beinwüdli (Bern), Blutruothe ( St. Gallen in the Rhine Valley ), Blutaruthis (St Gallen in the Rhine Valley), Blutruthen ( Graubünden ), Boanweig (Werfen), Wilde Dirntel ( Austria ), Dürlitzenstrauch, Erlisbaum (Middle High German), Erlischbaum (Middle High German), Erlizbaum, Geishasla (St. Gallen), Grungel (Bern), Haberspies ( Henneberg), Härtern, Haritugil ( Old High German ), Harlbam ( Göttingen ), Hartbaum ( Silesia ), Hartbom (Silesia), Hartbömken ( Prignitz ), Hartdrogiln (Middle High German), Hartdrugil (Middle High German), Harterugilin (Old High German), Hartelbom (Göttingen), Hartjebam (Göttingen), Hardreder ( Thuringia ), Hartredel, Hartregel (Middle High German), Hartriegel (Mark, Württemberg ), Hartrigel (Middle High German), Hartröthern, Hartrügeln (Middle High German), Hartrugel (Middle High German) Tsch), Hartrugil (Old High German), Hartboum (Old High German), Hartstrauch (Silesia), Hartweide (Silesia), Harttrügel (Middle High German), Harttrugelin (Old High German), Hartwigilin (Middle High German), Heckenbaum (Silesia), Heckholz (Silesia), Heresken, Herzbaum, Herzbeerstaude, Horlizen, Horlske, Hundsbeerstaade ( Swabia , Austria), Hundsbeerstrauch (Swabia, Austria), Isebaum ( Switzerland ), Iseholz (Switzerland), Iseruthe (Switzerland), Rot Kerngerten, Kiengerte (Bern), Kingerte (Bern), Pumpkin tree, Ladstock wood, Röthern (Silesia), Rotcherngert (St. Gallen near Werdenberg ), Rothbeinholz, Rothgerten (Silesia), Redwood, Schiesbeeren (Silesia), Schusterholz, Teufelsbeeren (Silesia), Teufelsmättern ( Bavaria ), Teufelsmatten (Swabia), Teufelsmettern, Todtentraub ( Eifel near Kelberg ), Roode Wilge (Oldenburg) and Zeigelruthe (Switzerland).

proof

literature

  • Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Encyclopedia of Bushes . Nikol, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-937872-40-X .
  • Peter Schütt , Hans Joachim Schuck, Bernd Stimm (eds.): Lexicon of tree and shrub species. The standard work of forest botany. Morphology, pathology, ecology and systematics of important tree and shrub species . Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8 , pp. 61-66 (reprinted 1992).
  • Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use . 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , pp. 218 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Ulrich Hecker: BLV Handbook Trees and Bushes (=  The reliable nature guide ). BLV, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0021-5 , p. 354-355 .
  • Peter A. Schmidt, Ulrich Hecker: Pocket dictionary of trees. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2009, ISBN 978-3-494-01448-7 .
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Poison Plants - Plant Poisons. Occurrence, effect, therapy, allergic and phototoxic reactions. With a special section about poisonous animals. 6th, revised edition, special edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Illustration by Jacob Sturm from Johann Georg Sturm: Germany's flora in illustrations. 1796.
  2. ↑ a b c d Schütt u. a .: Encyclopedia of Shrubs. P. 62.
  3. ↑ a b Schütt u. a .: Encyclopedia of Shrubs. P. 63.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Schütt u. a .: Encyclopedia of Shrubs. P. 65.
  5. ↑ a b c d e Roloff u. a .: flora of woody plants. P. 218.
  6. ↑ a b Hecker: Trees and bushes. P. 354.
  7. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 725 .
  8. ↑ a b Cornus sanguinea at Plants For A Future . Retrieved March 25, 2015.
  9. ↑ Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Toxic Plants, Plant Poisons . 4th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 1994, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 , pp. 267 .
  10. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 291.
  11. ↑ a b Cornus sanguinea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  12. ↑ a b c d data from World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (2010), copyright © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew at data sheet Cornus sanguinea In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . Berlin 2011.
  13. ↑ a b Schütt u. a .: Lexicon of tree and shrub species. P. 121.
  14. ^ Hecker: Trees and Bushes. P. 355.
  15. ↑ Schütt u. a .: Encyclopedia of Shrubs. P. 66.
  16. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882, p. 112 f. ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Red Dogwood ( Cornus sanguinea )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files