Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna
The Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna ( Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis , HBV ) is a botanical garden founded in 1754 in the 3rd district of Vienna Landstrasse .
The Botanical Garden is a core facility of the Faculty of Life Sciences at the University of Vienna and is located behind the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research on Rennweg. It is around 8 hectares in size, with 1500 m² of greenhouse space, and is home to around 11,500 species.
The Botanical Garden's tasks include university research and teaching, the preservation of endangered plant species and the exchange of seeds and plants with other institutions. A large part of the garden adjacent to the Belvedere Gardens is open to the public and therefore also serves as a recreational area in the inner city. Of the greenhouses, only the tropical house in the center of the greenhouse complex is open to the public.
history
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The botanical garden was founded in 1754 as a " Hortus Medicus " (medicinal plant garden ) on 1 hectare. For this purpose, Maria Theresia - at the suggestion of her personal physician Gerard van Swieten - bought a 2 hectare plot of land on Rennweg. Robert Laugier (1722–1793), who had been in Vienna since 1749, was commissioned to plan and design . After the property was acquired, Laugier became the first garden director (he held this position from 1754 until his resignation in 1768) and the first holder of the chairs for botany and chemistry, which were newly created.
As a result, it developed into a scientifically oriented botanical garden, the plants were arranged according to the Linnaeus system . Laugier's successor as director was Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (director 1768–1796). At that time the garden housed around 8,000 species, the area was enlarged to around 7.8 hectares. Jacquin's son Joseph Franz von Jacquin succeeded him as director (1796–1839).
From 1841 onwards, the open space was redesigned based on the English garden style according to the system of Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher , who was director from 1839 to 1849. An official section with 196 beds was laid out and the Botanical Museum was completed in 1844. 34 years later, however, the entire herbarium and parts of the library had to be given to the newly built Natural History Museum in Vienna . Head gardener Josef Dieffenbach continued the redesign of the garden in the spirit of Endlicher. At this time the concept of plant geographical groups, which was new for European botanical gardens, was developed.
Jacquingasse was laid out from 1883 to 1890, reducing the garden area to around 6 hectares. In 1890–1893, under director Anton Kerner von Marilaun (1878–1898), the greenhouse complex with tropical house was built. In 1904/05 the new building of the Botanical Institute and the establishment of the biological groups took place.
In 1930 the Botanical Garden was expanded to include the so-called Host's Garden at the southern end; as a result, the garden reached its present size of around 8 hectares. The adjoining alpine garden remained with the Belvedere garden. Richard von Wettstein was director from 1899 to 1931 . At the beginning of the 1940s, under director Fritz Knoll (1931–1945), the Alpinum was rebuilt on its current area.
Bomb damage during the Second World War , due to the proximity to the Südbahnhof (more than 40 hits), made it necessary to demolish the Botanical Museum and cut down over 200 trees. Until the 1970s, under director Lothar Geitler (1945–1969), the war damage was removed and the collections were rebuilt.
In 1970 the Host garden was opened to visitors. In 1975 the general renovation of the institute building (until 1992) and the greenhouses began. In the 80s the experimental house was built and new experimental areas laid out. In 1991 the Association of Friends of the Botanical Garden was founded.
From 1995 the renovation of the greenhouses continued and the tropical house was opened to the public. The Canary Islands group was established and the Austrian flora group expanded.
The botanical garden was closed on weekends in March 2010. The University of Vienna justified the closure with the fact that local recreation is not one of the core tasks of the university and thus 45,000 € in personnel costs can be saved. In April 2010, the garden could also be reopened on the weekends; the personnel costs were financed through company sponsorship. Since then, the garden has been open every day, with the exception of the period between December 24th and January 6th as well as in bad weather.
In January 2011 the Botanical Garden became the "Core Facility Botanical Garden" and is now a unit of the Faculty of Life Sciences and no longer the current Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research.
In the field, the systematic group according to the APG III system began at the end of 2015 . In order to preserve the historical component of the group, the “Endlicher-Fenzel-Kerner Weg” was opened on July 1st, 2015. There the systematic group is still arranged according to the systems that were devised or influenced by the three former garden directors.
Host's garden
Belvedere Palace , built by Eugen von Savoyen between 1700 and 1721 , was expanded to include a menagerie and kitchen garden in 1726. After Prince Eugene's death in 1736, his descendants sold the facility to Empress Maria Theresa .
In 1792, Nikolaus Thomas Host , then Imperial Councilor, suggested to Emperor Franz II to create a Flora austriaca vivia (Garden of the Crown Lands) on the site of the former kitchen garden . This idea was implemented by the emperor in 1793 and Host was appointed the first director of this garden. The garden initially included trees and medicinal plants from Host's private collection, but has been expanded over time. Above all, plants from Tyrol, Styria, Carinthia as well as Istria and Dalmatia found their place here. In 1918 the Republic of Austria became the owner of the Belvedere and the garden of the Crown Lands was managed by the Botanical Garden from that point on. In 1930 the garden officially became part of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna and the area has been called the “Host's Garden” ever since. The alpine garden remained in the possession of the republic and is administered by the federal gardens . At that time, the Host'sche Garden was part of the Botanical Garden, but it remained closed to the public until 1970. Since the 1990s, this part of the garden has again focused on plants that are found in Austria. At the former transition between the garden of the crown lands and the botanical garden is an extensive collection of wild species of the Hosta genus , which was named after Host, and the art installation "Hosta Superstar".
Botanical Museum and Herbarium
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In 1840 the previous curator of the kuk Hof-Naturalienkabinett , Stephan Endlicher , was appointed professor of botany and director of the botanical garden. He immediately urged the construction of a building that could accommodate the inadequately housed botanical collection of the natural history cabinet. After two years of construction, the botanical museum was completed in 1844. In addition to the herbarium of the garden and the fruits and seeds harvested in the garden, it also housed an auditorium. In 1845 the botanical collection and parts of the library were moved from the natural history cabinet to the botanical museum. When Eduard Fenzl retired in 1878, the management of the Imperial and Royal Botanical Court Cabinet was separated from that of the Botanical Garden. As a result, the entire herbarium (340,000 documents), including the documents that had belonged to the garden, had to be given to the court cabinet and the newly built Natural History Museum Vienna . Large parts of the library, the carpological and dendrological objects as well as the moist preparations remained in the garden. The division of the collection and transfer of the herbarium to the Natural History Museum was not completed until 1884.
The Botanical Garden tried to build a new herbarium, this succeeded through purchase, donation and exchange. In 1881 the exsiccata work " Flora exsiccata Austro-Hungarica " was published, which contained plants from Austria-Hungary - every year four centuria were exchanged for other herbarium specimens. The herbarium grew very quickly and in 1891 it again comprised over 100,000 documents. As a result, the botanical collection was continuously expanded, primarily through research trips and donations of valuable private collections. By 1901 at the latest, the collection and the herbarium were so extensive that large parts of them were stored in the institute.
During the Second World War, the herbarium and the collection were kept in the cellars of neighboring buildings, but some parts also remained in the Botanical Museum. When the National Socialist director of the garden and the Botanical Institute, Fritz Knoll , learned of the destruction of the Botanical Museum in Berlin in 1944, he gave the museum four boxes with material from the collection. These were first brought to the museum's salvage site and did not reach Berlin until 1948. Also in 1944 two boxes with herbarium specimens were shipped to Chicago, but they were destroyed on the way there. The background and the exact contents of the boxes are unknown. On February 13, 1945, the museum in the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna was badly damaged and the left wing was almost completely destroyed. For financial reasons, the decision was made to demolish the museum in 1951, which some people regret. Eva Schönbeck-Temesy wrote for the Zoological-Botanical Society in 1992 :
- " This destroyed a triple birthplace, that of the university's plant collection, the famous herbarium of the Natural History Museum and that of the Zoological-Botanical Society. "
Since then, the herbarium (Herbarium Code: WU) has been stored in the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research and is assigned to it as a separate unit even after the garden was separated. It is constantly being expanded and today comprises 1.4 million documents. For comparison: the most extensive herbarium in the world in the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (Herbarium Code: P, PC, PAT, PCU) comprises 10 million specimens and the Natural History Museum Vienna (Herbarium Code: W) has 5.5 million specimens seventh largest herbarium.
The genetic display group found its place at the place where the Botanical Museum stood and later the tent of the educational institution “Green School” of the garden was set up there. The Botanical Garden is currently planning to build a building there again. This should enable the Green School to hold events independent of the weather.
List of gardening directors
The starting order is chronological.
| director | time |
|---|---|
| Robert Laugier | 1754-1768 |
| Nicholas Joseph by Jacquin | 1768-1796 |
| Joseph Franz by Jacquin | 1796-1839 |
| Stephan Endlicher | 1840-1849 |
| Eduard Fenzl | 1849-1878 |
| Anton Kerner from Marilaun | 1878-1898 |
| Richard Wettstein | 1898-1931 |
| Fritz Knoll | 1931-1945 |
| Heinrich Lohwang | 1945 |
| Josef Kisser | 1945-1946 |
| Lothar Geitler | 1947-1969 |
| Friedrich Ehrendorfer | 1970-1995 |
| Michael Hesse | 1995-1997 |
| Death of Stuessy | 1997-2005 |
| Michael Kiehn | 2006+ |
Garden structure
The botanical garden shows plants outdoors in ten different display groups, which are marked in color in the garden plan. In addition to the display groups, there are also meadow areas, water basins and operating areas in the open air. The greenhouse complex and the experimental greenhouse are located near the main entrance.
Display units
Alpinum
The Alpinum is located directly at the main entrance to the garden. There over 800 species are cultivated on approximately 1,000 m². The focus is on montane , subalpine and alpine plants from the Alps, but plants from other mountains in Europe and Asia are also shown. The Alpinum is divided into small subgroups, which clarify the location requirements or geographical distribution of plants. This display group also shows plants that are currently being researched at the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research / Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany.
Arboretum
There are some very old trees in the entire area of the garden. The term arboretum or wood collection describes the area in the southern part of the garden. There are a total of 850 trees in the garden, with around 600 different species. In the area of the woody group, especially those species can be found that come from the former crown lands . There is a rhododendron collection to the south of the arboretum .
Geographical group
The geographical group is located in the northwestern part of the garden and thus in the part that is no longer publicly accessible today. The group was set up shortly before the end of the 19th century and has meanwhile largely had to give way to the cultural areas for research and teaching.
Medicinal, useful and poisonous plants group
The medicinal , useful and poisonous plants group is the oldest thematic group, but has been recreated three times over the years. It is currently located along Jacquingasse in the east of the garden. The approx. 360 species shown are primarily used for teaching, university and non-university.
Kalthausgruppe
In winter these plants are in the so-called " Kalthaus " at the main entrance, which is not open to the public. In summer the plants, around 150 species, are in several areas in the area of the main entrance. The mainly woody plants shown there have in common that they do not require high temperatures or humidity, but are not frost-resistant.
Koniferetum
In Koniferetum be gymnosperm trees, especially conifers shown. The fern collection and a deadwood area are also located there.
Ecological, morphological and genetic group
The group is located near the main entrance and shows different strategies of plants with z. B. To deal with pollination or dispersal ecology. In the genetic group, topics such as hybridization are covered.
Pannonian group
The group in the southern part of the garden shows the species native to Austria from the Pannonian flora province . This threatened dry vegetation from the east of Austria is not only presented to visitors in the Botanical Garden, but there are also cultivations of some species. This includes, for example, the highly endangered Austrian dragon head . Sometimes, for optical reasons, plant labels are only on the edge of the path and not in the group.
Succulent display group
In the succulent group directly at the main entrance, a total of 150 species from the Old World and the New World are shown. In the display group, confused taxa such as aloes and agaves or cacti and succulents can often be compared. The plants can only be seen outdoors in summer and housed in the greenhouse opposite in winter. The greenhouse is not open to the public, but a viewing window at the west end allows a view into the greenhouse.
Systematic group
The systematic group takes up most of the garden and is again organized into subgroups. Systematic groups are often an important part of botanical gardens that are part of a university because they are arranged according to relationship. Research on relationships has a long tradition at the University of Vienna and this group is correspondingly large. However, it is not only important because of its size, but also because of its importance in the history of science. The group was created by Stephan Endlicher on the basis of ancestry 20 years before Charles Darwin published " On the Origin of Species " . The systematic group has been restructured according to the APG III system since winter 2015 . This is intended to represent the modern state of taxonomy . The restructuring, which is expected to be completed by the end of 2016, will mainly affect herbaceous plants and shrubs. Trees are replanted if necessary, but the old stock remains unchanged. In order to preserve the historical component, the historical structure is still visible on one of the paths, the “Endlicher-Fenzel-Kerner Weg”. On the one hand, this concerns the taxonomic arrangement, on the other hand, the original type of presentation has also been restored.
Meadow areas
In the botanical garden there are numerous meadow areas, especially in the systematic group. These are seen as an important part of the garden concept. Both native species and species “immigrated” from the beds can be found in the meadows. The high diversity of plants and animals is also promoted by a special mowing regime tailored to the garden; in some areas the first mowing does not take place until the beginning of June. This z. B. Given enough time for spring flowers and in spring there are large populations of Galanthus nivalis in the garden .
The meadows also have an important function in teaching, as illustrative material and for the presentation of different ecosystems. In order to improve awareness of local meadows, the Königstettener Wiese, a meadow typical of the Vienna Woods , has been in existence for some time . The Pannonian group, which is run as a show group, is also a meadow.
Water basin
In the botanical garden there are several small ponds or wet spots, e.g. B. in the Alpinum, Host's garden and at the entrance to the Alpine garden, and several water basins. Most of the water basins are only occupied in summer and filled with leaves in winter. The largest basin is located between the systematic group and the coniferetum. This basin is still in its original form, but it has been leaking since the Second World War. The damage was never repaired and there are currently several small basins with aquatic and marsh plants. There are also three smaller basins, similar in design to the large one, in which Nelumbo , Nymphaea and Nuphar lutea are shown every year . Another pool of this type is located in the non-public area. The Victoria Basin is of a different design and is located in front of the tropical house. The pool built in the 1970s is a functional building and therefore does not resemble the representative pools in other gardens. This basin cannot be heated, which is why the water is drained in autumn. The shown Victoria amazonica is accordingly sown anew every year.
Greenhouses
The greenhouse complex consists of a total of 17 greenhouses on 1500 m² and also includes office and work rooms. Most of the greenhouses were built between 1890 and 1893, only individual greenhouses were built later. With the exception of the tropical house, the greenhouses are not freely accessible, but there are two viewing windows that give an insight into the cactus and orchid collection. The greenhouses contain the most important collections of the Botanical Garden and with 17,000 plants of 6,500 species, more than half of the species in the garden. Parts of the collections in the greenhouses can be seen outdoors in summer, including cold house plants, cacti and succulents as well as cycads. In the summer, changing events take place in the then vacant Kalthaus. In summer, selected plants from the greenhouses are also presented in the showcases in front of the greenhouses.
Operating areas
Most of the business area is near the main entrance behind the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research. In addition to a parking lot and company buildings, these areas also contain the growing beds for plants that are shown in the garden or used in teaching or research. This also includes the experimental greenhouse, which contains plants that are used for research and experiments at the department. The remains of the geographic group and some of the garden's oldest trees are also on the site. In addition to this area, there is also an operating area in the south of the garden on which the compost is located. The operating areas are not accessible to the public.
Notable plants
The American climbing trumpet ( Campsis radicans ) is, as the name suggests, a climbing plant that grows up on a support. However, it can also grow shrub-like. The large bush-shaped specimens in the Botanical Garden (group 7) are a specialty.
The tree moth ( Aristolochia arborea ) in the tropical house has been in cultivation in the Botanical Garden since the 1990s and the remarkable flowers that imitate a mushroom can be seen almost every year. As with almost all plants in Europe, the cuttings, the plant that may already have died out in the natural habitat, come from the Botanical Garden in Bogor.
Since around 1950 there have been orchids of the family Bulbophyllum in the Botanical Garden . This collection has been expanded over the past 25 years and with 400 species (2500 plants), of around 1200 known, it is now one of the most important in the world. Some species can be seen in the tropical house, but most of the collection is in the non-public area.
The hardy Asimina triloba ( Asimina triloba ) is a native North American species of the family of annonaceous ( Annonaceae ). The aroma of the fruits is comparable to that of the cherimoya , but has no scales, but a thin, smooth, edible skin. The three-lobed papau is the only annon species that thrives in a cool climate and is therefore probably the only fruit with an aroma comparable to tropical fruits. The plant is in group 31 in the garden.
A grafting experiment was carried out on one of the ginkgo trees ( Ginkgo biloba ) on the main avenue. Before the genome was discovered, it was not clear how sex was determined. Hence a female branch was grafted onto a male tree; if the sex were determined by sap, the branch would have become male. Since the sex is determined in the genome, he remained female.
In the Botanical Garden there are two unusually large specimens of the mammoth leaf ( Gunnera manicata ) in group 19, for the winter cold Central Europe, but in warmer regions they can become significantly larger. In Vienna they are protected in winter by a structure made of wood, reed mats and leaves. During the day, however, you have to ventilate well on warmer winter days.
The sea-green leaf bamboo ( Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens ) grows in the botanical garden on an area of approximately 300 m² and has been recorded on this site since 1893. This is the largest type of bamboo that is hardy in Austria, but dryness can occur in cold and long winters.
There are some old trees in the botanical garden, but one of the oldest is no longer in the garden. The Jacquin or Mozart plane tree ( Platanus orientalis ) is a Viennese natural monument and grows in front of the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research. She is now on the sidewalk in front of the department due to the relocation of properties.
A botanical peculiarity, the branch symphysis, can be easily observed in the parrotia ( Parrotia persica ), group 4, in the garden. The rubbing between two branches causes damage to the bark. The tissue that is now in contact can then grow together and form a dense network.
In 1994, wollemia ( Wollemia nobilis ) was discovered in Australia , which until then was only known from fossils. On the occasion of the 250th anniversary of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna in 2004, the garden received a Wollemie as a gift from Australia, this was the first Wollemie to be shown on the European mainland. This plant can now be seen on permanent loan in the Schönbrunn Palm House . In the garden, the non-hardy plant is part of the cold house group.
Animals in the garden
Inner-city gardens are often a retreat for many animals. In order to record this for the Botanical Garden, studies on different animal groups were carried out between 2002 and 2004.
Overview of the number of species found in the Botanical Garden between 2002 and 2004
| Animal species group | Species number | annotation |
| Soil microarthropods | 108 | 10 initial proofs for Austria (AT) |
| Epigeic spiders | 45 | - |
| Harvestmen | 12 | - |
| Millipedes and ground insects | 34 | 4 initial proofs for AT |
| Ground beetle | 21st | - |
| Bed bugs | 171 | 2 initial proofs for AT, 11 for Vienna |
| Grasshoppers | 8th | - |
| Butterflies | 104 / of which 21 butterflies | 1 initial verification for Vienna |
| Hoverflies | 24 | - |
| Wild bees | 131 | see text below |
| Housing snails | 7th | - |
| Small mammals | 6th | see text below |
| Birds | 28 | Sighting the blood woodpecker |
When the small mammal fauna was recorded , six different species were found ( garden shrew , squirrel , field mouse , wood mouse , eastern house mouse , stone marten ). Hedgehogs and rats could not be detected, but there are reports of sightings. Even if there are few rats in Vienna compared to other large cities, it is unlikely that there will be no rats in the Botanical Garden.
131 different species of wild bees have been identified in the botanical garden, but it has been estimated that there could be around 150 species. 131 species are around a fifth of the species native to Austria and the number of species is very high compared to other European botanical gardens. With Bombus laesus , a species could be detected that had been considered lost in Austria since the 1960s, but 14 species that Wettstein described for the garden in 1912 could no longer be found despite intensive research.
No reptiles were recorded as part of the project, but there is at least one Aesculapian snake in the Botanical Garden . How the harmless animal got into the Botanical Garden is not known. The relatively high number of initial records for Austria and Vienna are mainly due to poorly investigated groups and less to special substrates in the botanical garden.
Conservation projects
The Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna is involved in both ex situ and in situ species protection, as well as in international and national projects. For CITES , the Botanical Garden is the Austrian specialist agency for plant affairs and in cooperation with the Department for Botany and Biodiversity Research, a “Checklist for Bulbophyllum ” was drawn up to make customs work easier, and a study on the Bromeliaceae in connection with the CITES listing criteria carried out. In addition to CITES, the Botanical Garden is also involved in the implementation of the Biodiversity Convention (CBD), the Global Strategy for the Protection of Plants (GSPC) and the International Plant Exchange Network (IPEN).
For several years now, the dry grass locations in Lower Austria have been an important concern of the garden. In addition to the preservation of this habitat, the Botanical Garden is particularly committed to the forest steppe mugwort and the Austrian dragon head . There are cultivations of both species in the botanical garden and plants of the former are already being planted in their natural habitat.
Art in the garden
There are currently three art installations in the Botanical Garden that were implemented in cooperation with the University of Applied Arts Vienna , Institute for Landscape Art . In addition, there are always temporary exhibitions and installations by students of the University of Applied Arts.
Bamboo path
The bamboo grove in the Botanical Garden should be accessible to visitors and experienced without damaging the bamboo; this was set as a task for the landscape design class. Against the background of feasibility, the design by Jessica Gaspar and Nikola Schuberth of a permeable walkway prevailed and was implemented.
Jacquin Grove
On the occasion of Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin's 250th birthday in 1977, the tombstones of him and his son were brought to the Botanical Garden. The graves were originally in the grave grove in Waldmüllerpark in Matzleinsdorf (Vienna) and have not been preserved. In 2010 Sarah Glaser and Mario Terzic from the Institute for Landscape Art presented a concept for redesigning the area around the Jacquin Fountain. Since the two gravestones threatened to fall over at their old location, an expanded concept was started in 2011 and the two gravestones were relocated.
Super Hosta / Hosta Superstar
In memory of Nikolaus Thomas Host , the Botanical Garden planned an installation at the entrance to the former Host's garden. This was implemented in 2011, the 250th birthday of Host, by a group of students under the guidance of British artist Tony Heywood.
Events
Rarities Exchange
The largest event in the garden on the 3rd weekend in April is the rarities exchange. This is a plant exchange organized by the Botanical Garden where you can buy plants that are not usually available in gardening shops. The event began in 2002 on the occasion of an event by the Austrian Horticultural Society with four stands at the time. As a result, the events have grown significantly and in 2015 there were a total of 99 stands (81 plant dealers, 5 information stands, 4 catering stands, 2 children's program stands, 1 exhibition and 6 stands with garden accessories). Exact information on the number of visitors on the three days is not available. The rarities exchange can be classified as a Signature Event of the Botanical Garden.
Garden tours
In the botanical garden, free garden tours are offered at regular intervals in summer, these are led by employees of the garden or the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research. In addition, with the “Green School” there is a facility that offers guided tours for a fee on various topics for all age groups and throughout the year.
Events in the Kalthaus
In the spring, after the rarities exchange, the plants of the Kalthaus group are brought from the Kalthaus to the corresponding open-air area. Over the summer, the cold house is then used as a venue for exhibitions and other events. In addition to regular exhibitions such as the PalArt and the Vienna School of Botanical Illustration, there are also events with changing cooperation partners, such as Noah's Ark or the Gregor Mendel Institute .
literature
- Dietrich Fürnkranz: Small guide through the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna. Institute for Botany and Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna, 2003.
- Michael Kiehn: 250 Years of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna - Guide to the exhibition. Inst. For botany of the Univ. Vienna, 2004.
- Alexander Pernstich and Harald W. Krenn: The animal world of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna - an oasis in the middle of the city. Inst. For Applied Biology u. Environmental education, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-200-00246-8 .
- Barbara Knickmann, Michael Kiehn (Ed.): The Botanical Garden. Core Facility Botanical Garden, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 2015 (1st edition), ISBN 978-3-200-04040-3
Web links
- Website of the Botanical Garden
- Entry on the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna in the Austria Forum (in the Heimatlexikon)
- Android app of the Botanical Garden
Individual evidence
- ↑ Facts and plans botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ↑ University of Vienna closes the Botanical Garden on weekends derstandard.at, accessed on September 14, 2015
- ^ Eddy around the closure of the Botanical Garden wien orf.at, accessed on September 14, 2015
- ↑ Botanical Garden open on weekends wien orf.at, accessed on September 14, 2015
- ↑ Visitor information / opening times botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on September 15, 2015
- ↑ a b Bundesgärten-Belvederegarten bmlfuw.gv.at, accessed on August 20, 2015
- ↑ Academy of Sciences - Biography Host ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. oeaw.gv.at, accessed on August 20, 2015
- ↑ Barbara Knickmann, Michael Kiehn (Ed.): The Botanical Garden. Core Facility Botanical Garden, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 2015 (1st edition), p. 73.
- ↑ Object of the month Hosta longipes, June 2011 bibliothek.univie.ac.at, accessed on August 20, 2015
- ↑ Beck, G. Ritter v. (1888): History of the Vienna Herbarium (the botanical department of the natural history court museum in Vienna). - Bot. Centralbl. 33: 249-251, 280-283, 312-314, 378-380; lc34: 28-31.86-87.147-151
- ↑ Beck, G. Ritter v. and Zahlbruckner, A. (1894): Botanical Department of the Imperial and Royal Natural History Court Museum. - In: The Botanical Institutions of Vienna in 1894: 55-70. - Vienna: Gerold
- ^ Wettstein, Rv (1889): The botanical study at the Vienna University. - Austrian - Hungarian Revue, NF, 6: 170-174
- ↑ a b c Schönbeck-Temesy E. (1992): On the history of the herbarium of the Vienna University. In: Morawetz W., The botany on Rennweg. Treatises of the Zoological-Botanical Society Austria 26, 69-95
- ^ Gicklhorn, J., 1951: 100 years of the Zoological-Botanical Society in Vienna. - Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges.Wien 92: 7-24
- ↑ Herbarium WU herbarium.univie.ac.at, accessed on August 12, 2015
- ↑ Index Herbariorum sciweb.nybg.org, accessed on August 12, 2015
- ↑ Press release rarities exchange 2015 medienportal.univie.ac.at, accessed on August 12, 2015
- ↑ History of the Botanical Garden botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ↑ Barbara Knickmann, Michael Kiehn (Ed.): The Botanical Garden. Core Facility Botanical Garden, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 2015 (1st edition), pp. 9–45
- ^ Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany systematics.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ↑ a b projects botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ↑ Österreichischer Drachenkopf, pdf-file botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ^ A new system in the systematic group, pdf-file botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on February 12, 2016
- ↑ Barbara Knickmann, Michael Kiehn (Ed.): The Botanical Garden. Core Facility Botanical Garden, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 2015 (1st edition), p. 29
- ↑ Michael Kiehn: The animal world of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna from the perspective of the botanists in Alexander Pernstich and Harald W. Krenn: The animal world of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna - an oasis in the middle of the city. Inst. For Applied Biology u. Environmental education, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-200-00246-8
- ↑ Barbara Knickmann, Michael Kiehn (Ed.): The Botanical Garden. Core Facility Botanical Garden, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 2015 (1st edition), p. 50
- ↑ Neinhuis, C., Roth, D. & Barthlott, W. (1994): Aristolochia arborea : Biology and threats to a remarkable rainforest plant from Central America. The Palm Garden 58: 15-19
- ↑ Bulbophyllum, pdf-file botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ↑ Mammutblatt botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on September 15, 2015
- ↑ Bambushain botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ↑ Natural monuments 3rd district, pdf-file wien.gv.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ↑ Parrotie botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on September 15, 2015
- ↑ Wollemia, pdf-file botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ↑ Alexander Pernstich and Harald W. Krenn: The animal world of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna - an oasis in the middle of the city. Inst. For Applied Biology u. Environmental education, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-200-00246-8
- ↑ Ilse E. Hoffmann: The small mammal fauna of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna in Alexander Pernstich and Harald W. Krenn: The animal world of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna - an oasis in the middle of the city. Inst. For Applied Biology u. Environmental education, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-200-00246-8
- ^ "Rats conquer the land of plenty in Vienna" wienerzeitung.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ^ Wettstein vF 1912: The apid fauna of the Vienna Botanical Garden. Announcements from the Natural Science Association of the University of Vienna. 10 (4): 41-48.
- ↑ Gerald Hölzler: The wild bees of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna in Alexander Pernstich and Harald W. Krenn: The animal world of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna - an oasis in the middle of the city. Inst. For Applied Biology u. Environmental education, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-200-00246-8
- ↑ Äskulapnatter, pdf-file botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ↑ Der Bambusweg, pdf-file botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 8, 2015
- ^ The Jacquin tombstones, pdf-file botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 8, 2015
- ↑ The Jacquin Grove, pdf-file botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 8, 2015
- ↑ Hosta Superstar botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 8, 2015
- ↑ Heywood & Condie, Projects ( Memento of the original from July 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. heywoodandcondie.com, accessed July 8, 2015
- ↑ Barbara Knickmann, Michael Kiehn (Ed.): The Botanical Garden. Core Facility Botanical Garden, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 2015 (1st edition), p. 76
- ↑ "I don't need a garden to garden" derstandard.at, accessed on July 7, 2015
- ↑ rarities exchange botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on April 16, 2014
- ↑ "Where green thumbs begin to pulsate" derstandard.at, accessed on July 8, 2015
- ↑ List of exhibitors 2015, pdf-file botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 8, 2015
- ↑ Garden tours in the botanical garden botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 9, 2015
- ↑ Green School ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 9, 2015
- ↑ Exhibitions in the Botanical Garden botanik.univie.ac.at, accessed on July 9, 2015
Coordinates: 48 ° 11 ′ 33 ″ N , 16 ° 23 ′ 3 ″ E