Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime

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The Association of Persecuted Persons of the Nazi Regime (BVN) is a Christian Democratic and decidedly anti-communist split from the Association of Persecuted Persons of the Nazi Regime (VVN) , initiated in 1950 by the emigrant Peter Lütsches . The influence of the CDU- affiliated umbrella organization remained limited. In 1954, individual national associations of the BVN and non-communist small groups organized themselves in the Central Association of Democratic Resistance Fighters and Persecuted Organizations (ZDWV).

overview

While the VVN, founded in 1946, saw itself as a non-partisan community of solidarity that united the persecuted and resistance fighters from Christian and Social Democrats to Communists and other groups, the tensions of the Cold War ensured that the Bund of the Persecuted was formed in Düsseldorf on February 4, 1950 of the Nazi regime , mainly Christian Democrats , which had been in the making since 1948. The Working Group of Formerly Persecuted Social Democrats (AvS) had already been founded two years earlier . The BVN was anti-communist - even in its letterhead it identified itself as “The anti-communist organization of persecuted people” - and was above all close to the CDU, but also to the FDP .

Regional associations of the BVN were founded in the federal states, and he was particularly active in West Berlin - the monthly magazine Die Maehn was published there from 1953 to 1964 . Central organ of democratic resistance fighters and persecuted organizations . -, but also in the Hamburg and Düsseldorf / North Rhine-Westphalia regions . In some cases they were named differently and / or operated independently, such as in Hesse ( Association for Freedom and Human Dignity eV (VFM)) and in Bavaria ( State Councilor for Freedom and Law = BVN in Bavaria; successor organization: Federation of Resistance and Persecution (BWV)).

The BVN received financial support from the CDU-led Federal Ministry of the Interior (around 80,000 DM in grants from the federal government in 1950 ) and from US secret services. Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (CDU) supported the split in advance and promoted Lütsches especially in early 1950. According to Spernol, the BVN was part of the “information-political network of relationships” of the CDU-affiliated Working Group on Democratic Circles (ADK). In SPD circles, the association's closeness to the government was criticized. The Schuman Plan and the governing parties at the time were apparently advertised in brochures ; Lütsches also discredited the AvS in the Chancellery as a “sub-organization of the KPD”. The position of SPD functionaries like Franz Neumann met with resistance from representatives of the US Army . After the remaining Social Democrats had left the BVN, which its leadership denied, the SPD party executive spoke in 1953 of "deliberate misleading". At the suggestion of the SPD federal executive under Erich Ollenhauer , an incompatibility decision was now issued . The journalist Karl Marx from the Allgemeine Wochenzeitung für Juden in Deutschland criticized Lütsche's lack of consultation with Jewish representatives. The scope of action of the BVN was limited despite the successful anti-communist containment of the VVN. There was no sudden increase in membership. Both the VVN and the counter-organization BVN were members of international umbrella organizations for victims of Nazi persecution.

First National Chairman (1950-1953) was a journalist and out of the center has come CDU politician Peter Lütsches , who had previously belonged to the VVN. The other members and functionaries of the BVN, some of whom came from the ranks of the VVN, include: a. to mention: Karl Ibach , Karl Arnold , Josef Gockeln , Walther Hensel , Friedrich Middelhauve , Franz Glienke , Max Köhler , Adolf Benscheid , Eugen Budde , Philipp Auerbach , Wolfgang Müller , Werner Goldberg and Bernt Engelmann . The Protestant theologian Heinrich Grüber became an honorary member.

The official organ (1950–1956) - following on from the VVN-Nachrichten - became the 20th century sheet , which was published irregularly by the Society for Book Printing and Publishing in Düsseldorf-Gerresheim and published by Lütsches, or the newspaper without a name (subtitle: non-partisan sheet for Freedom, Law and Human Dignity ), later renamed The Free Word . For freedom, justice and human dignity . This was also financially supported by the state, but here Lütsches faked the circulation of 4,000 copies. Lütsches' expense reports were criticized, and the association itself was accused of misappropriating the association by the chairman. Lütsches was further accused of having destroyed documents related to the bookkeeping . Günter Beaugrand referred to the free word as a “battle sheet against right and left radicalism ”. In 1952 the magazine was expanded to include the European Forum supplement, which was later published in several languages . a. Alfred Mozer , Martin Dehousse , Henri Frenay , Carlo Schmid , Hermann Schützinger , Theodor Plievier , Franz Ballhorn , Alfred-Serge Balachowsky , Alexander Wiley , Norris Poulson and Franz Etzel . In 1953/54 the social supplement appeared. Reparation, tax law, labor law, housing issues . In addition, the newsletter became Freedom and Justice . The voice of the resistance fighters established for a free Europe , which was to take on the role of The Free Word in 1955 , which was discontinued for financial reasons. In 1972 it became the organ of the Central Association of Democratic Resistance Fighters and Persecuted Organizations (ZDWV), in which the BVN was involved from 1954. Ibach edited the paper for a long time.

Beaugrand, who himself worked for Das Freie Wort , reported as a contemporary witness on a "VVN campaign against BVN conducted in the worst tones". And further: "Through the dispute with the VVN, BVN and the editorial team had experienced first hand the extent of the ideological hardening of the Communists following the Stalinist course and the SED line in the organization of the persecuted". The BVN actively ran a campaign against the North Rhine-Westphalian Ministerialrat Marcel Frenkel , a lawyer of Jewish origin who headed the NRW compensation authority and was a member of the KPD. From the point of view of the VVN, Frenkel criticized the competition association and its compensation concepts as well as that of the CDU (1951). The BVN campaigned for a Federal Compensation Act (Federal Act on Compensation for Victims of National Socialist Persecution), which included the reinstatement of formerly persecuted officials. However, as early as June 1950 he demanded the recall of Frenkel, since the budget of the State Office for Reparation was supposedly "70% spent on religious Jews, communists, socialists". According to Spernol it can be shown that the BVN argued in practice for the "exclusion of communists". The BVN became a member of the Young German Freedom Front (JDFF) in Hamburg in 1951 , which, in addition to democratic youth organizations, also joined the right-wing extremist, later banned Association of German Youth (BDJ). In the same year, the BVN demanded that the federal government take into custody " SED agents" until the release of the journalist Alfred Weiland, who was abducted by the Soviet secret police and who worked with the BVN . Spernol generally attested the BVN an "aggressive [] anti-communist propaganda"; the alarmism that emerged ultimately served as self-legitimation.

In 1950, the BVN - as well as the Senate of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg and the Central Council of Jews in Germany - supported a boycott of the massively criticized film Immortal Beloved by Jud-Süß director Veit Harlan . Through its organs, the BVN criticized the way the West German judiciary dealt with Nazi crimes because of the course of the proceedings against the former SS Standartenführer Walter Huppenkothen , a member of a task force .

In 1952, together with the Fédération Internationale Libre des Déportés et Internés de la Résistance (FILDIR), an international organization for resistance fighters and the persecuted, the BVN organized the congress “Congress of Free Peoples” - a beginning and an attempt ”in Düsseldorf German and European personalities such as Alexander Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (brother of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg ), Ernst Tillich , Klaus-Peter Schulz , Anton Hilckman and Jos Serrarens gave lectures and at the u. a. the writer Alfred Döblin took part. On the occasion of the BVN's tenth anniversary celebrations in the state parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia , the writer Heinrich Böll gave a speech in which he called for civil society engagement against right-wing radicalism and warned against renewed political opportunism by Germans. From 1962, the BVN, together with the umbrella organizations FILDIR and ZDWV, organized the commemorations for the anniversary of July 20, 1944 in the Beethoven Hall in Bonn.

At the Hansaring in Cologne , the BVN had a stone slab erected for the victims of the National Socialist tyranny in 1951. In 1953, in response to the memorial stone for the victims of Stalinism on Charlottenburger Steinplatz, one of the first memorials for the victims of National Socialism in West Berlin was erected by the BVN. In the 1960s, a regional group put up a memorial plaque for the victims in Niederhagen concentration camp . From 1982 various organizations such as BVN, VVN, League for Human Rights , Jewish Community etc. supported initiatives to establish a memorial in the house of the Wannsee Conference . From the end of the 1980s, they were also involved in the redesign of the Prince Albrecht site .

Nikoline Hansen is the chairwoman of the Association of People Persecuted by the Nazi Regime and the editor and author of the "warning", the central organ of BVN Berlin .

Publications (selection)

Editorships:

  • One year BVN . Published by the Federal Secretariat of the Federation of Victims of the Nazi Regime, Düsseldorf 1950
  • Resistance. Yesterday and today . Edited by the Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime, n.d. 1950
  • We must not be silent. Highlights from the political prisons in the Soviet zone . Ed .: Investigative Committee of Freedom Lawyers in the Soviet Zone, Berlin-Zehlendorf; Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime, Düsseldorf; Combat group against inhumanity , Berlin-Nikolassee; o. O., o. J. [1951].
  • The “Wannsee Protocol” for the final solution to the Jewish question and some questions for those who are concerned . Published by the Federal Board of BVN, Düsseldorf 1952

Work orders:

  • Aurel Billstein : One falls, the others move up…. Documents of resistance and persecution in Krefeld 1933–1945 (= library of resistance ). Compiled on behalf of the Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (VVN-Bund der Antifaschisten), the Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (BVN) and the Jewish Community of Krefeld, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1973

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Harald Schmid: "reparation" and memory. The emergency community of those affected by the Nuremberg Laws . In: Katharina Stengel, Werner Konitzer (Ed.): Victims as actors. Interventions by former Nazi victims in the post-war period (= yearbook on the history and effects of the Holocaust . 2008). On behalf of the Fritz Bauer Institute , Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 2008, ISBN 978-3-593-38734-5 , pp. 27-47, here: p. 30.
  2. ↑ Constantin Goschler : Dealing with the victims of National Socialism in Germany . In: Günther Heydemann , Clemens Vollnhals (Ed.): After the dictatorships. Dealing with the victims in Europe (= writings of the Hannah Arendt Institute . Vol. 59). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-647-36971-6 , p. 30 f.
  3. ↑ a b Andreas Eichmüller: No general amnesty. The criminal prosecution of Nazi crimes in the early Federal Republic (= sources and representations on contemporary history . Vol. 93). Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-70412-9 , p. 168, fn. 108.
  4. ↑ Bertram Wieland Archive Düren: BVN leaflet from 1950: This is how the BVN was founded and BVN leaflet from 1950: Call! with declaration of membership
  5. ↑ a b c d Günter Beaugrand : Contemporary witness at the editorial table. The association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (VVN) and the Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (BVN) in the mirror of their press organs . In: Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 4 (1997) 1, pp. 261–282, here: p. 265, doi : 10.7788 / hpm.1997.4.1.261 .
  6. ↑ Johannes Großmann: Origin and Consolidation . In: The International of Conservatives. Transnational elite circles and private foreign policy in Western Europe since 1945 (= Studies on International History . Vol. 35). De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-76507-6 , p. 106, fn. 57.
  7. ^ Regina Hennig: Compensation and Representation of the Interests of the Nazi Victims in Lower Saxony, 1945–1949 (= Hannoversche Schriften zur Regional- und Lokalgeschichte . Vol. 4). Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 1991, ISBN 3-927085-43-X , p. 90 f.
  8. ^ A b Richard Stöss : Antifascism - Problems and Perspectives . In: The extreme right in the Federal Republic: Development - Causes - Countermeasures . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1989, ISBN 3-531-12124-3 , p. 245.
  9. ^ Heiko Scharffenberg: Victory of Thrift. The reparation of National Socialist injustice in Schleswig-Holstein (= IZRG series of publications . Vol. 7). Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2004, p. 71.
  10. ↑ a b Katharina Stengel: People persecuted by the Nazis and their organizations in the early post-war period . In: Hermann Langbein: An Auschwitz Survivor in the Political Memory Conflicts of the Post-War Period (= Scientific Series of the Fritz Bauer Institute . Vol. 21). Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2012, p. 117.
  11. ↑ Boris Spernol: The 'Communist Clause '. Reparation Practice as an Instrument of Anti-Communism . In: Stefan Creuzberger , Dierk Hoffmann (ed.): "Spiritual danger" and "Immunization of society". Anti-communism and political culture in the early Federal Republic (= series of the quarterly books for contemporary history . Special issue). Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-74708-9 , p. 263.
  12. ↑ In Luke publishing one will reprint installation: ISSN  0025-0511 .
  13. ↑ a b c Gilad Margalit : Guilt, Suffering, and Memory: Germany Remembers Its Dead of World War II . Translated by Haim Watzman, Indiana University Press, Bloomington et al. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-253-35376-4 , p. 128 f.
  14. ↑ a b c d e Boris Spernol: The 'Communist Clause '. Reparation Practice as an Instrument of Anti-Communism . In: Stefan Creuzberger , Dierk Hoffmann (ed.): "Spiritual danger" and "Immunization of society". Anti-communism and political culture in the early Federal Republic (= series of the quarterly books for contemporary history . Special issue). Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-74708-9 , p. 257.
  15. ↑ a b c Constantin Goschler : reparation. West Germany and the persecuted by National Socialism 1945–1954 (= sources and representations on contemporary history . Vol. 34). Oldenbourg, Munich a. a. 1992, ISBN 3-486-55901-X , pp. 195 f.
  16. ↑ a b c d Günter Beaugrand : Contemporary witness at the editorial table. The association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (VVN) and the Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (BVN) in the mirror of their press organs . In: Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 4 (1997) 1, pp. 261–282, here: p. 268, doi : 10.7788 / hpm.1997.4.1.261 .
  17. ↑ a b c Boris Spernol: The 'Communist Clause '. Reparation Practice as an Instrument of Anti-Communism . In: Stefan Creuzberger , Dierk Hoffmann (ed.): "Spiritual danger" and "Immunization of society". Anti-communism and political culture in the early Federal Republic (= series of the quarterly books for contemporary history . Special issue). Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-74708-9 , p. 258 f.
  18. ↑ Keith R. Allen: Inquiry - Verification - Control. The reception of GDR refugees in West Berlin until 1961 (= contributions to the history of the Wall and the escape ). Links, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86153-722-9 , p. 106 f.
  19. ^ A b Kristina Meyer: Persecution, repression, mediation: The SPD and those persecuted by the Nazis . In: Norbert Frei , José Brunner, Constantin Goschler (eds.): The practice of reparation: history, experience and impact in Germany and Israel (= series of publications by the Minerva Institute for German History at Tel Aviv University . Vol. 28). Wallstein, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8353-0168-9 , p. 171.
  20. ↑ Boris Spernol: The 'Communist Clause '. Reparation Practice as an Instrument of Anti-Communism . In: Stefan Creuzberger , Dierk Hoffmann (ed.): "Spiritual danger" and "Immunization of society". Anti-communism and political culture in the early Federal Republic (= series of the quarterly books for contemporary history . Special issue). Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-74708-9 , p. 256.
  21. ^ Peter Monteath: Organizing Antifascism: The Obscure History of the VVN . In: European History Quarterly 29 (1999) 2, pp. 289-303, here: p. 299.
  22. ^ Christof Brauers: The FDP in Hamburg from 1945 to 1953. Start as a bourgeois left party (= DemOkrit . 3). With a foreword by Hildegard Hamm-Brücher , M-Press Meidenbauer, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-89975-569-5 , p. 460.
  23. ^ Glienke, Franz Richard Hugo . In: Hermann Weber , Andreas Herbst (ed.): German communists. Biographical Handbook 1918 to 1945 . 2nd revised and greatly expanded edition, Dietz, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-320-02130-6 , p. 298 f.
  24. ↑ Koehler, Max . In: Hermann Weber , Andreas Herbst (ed.): German communists. Biographical Handbook 1918 to 1945 . 2nd revised and greatly expanded edition, Dietz, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-320-02130-6 , p. 466 f.
  25. ^ Benscheid, Gustav Adolf . In: Hermann Weber , Andreas Herbst (ed.): German communists. Biographical Handbook 1918 to 1945 . 2nd revised and greatly expanded edition, Dietz, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-320-02130-6 , p. 102.
  26. ↑ a b Constantin Goschler : reparation. West Germany and the persecuted by National Socialism 1945–1954 (= sources and representations on contemporary history . Vol. 34). Oldenbourg, Munich a. a. 1992, ISBN 3-486-55901-X , p. 241.
  27. ↑ Margalit (2010) incorrectly speaks of Werner Müller , but what is meant is Wolfgang Müller : Gilad Margalit : Guilt, Suffering, and Memory: Germany Remembers Its Dead of World War II . Translated by Haim Watzman, Indiana University Press, Bloomington et al. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-253-35376-4 , p. 128; Regina Hennig: Compensation and representation of interests of the Nazi persecuted in Lower Saxony, 1945–1949 (= Hannoversche Schriften zur Regional- und Lokalgeschichte . Vol. 4). Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 1991, ISBN 3-927085-43-X , p. 90 f.
  28. ↑ Norbert Beleke (Ed.): Who is who? . The German Who's Who . 37th edition (1998/99), Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 1998, ISBN 3-7950-2024-7 , p. 450.
  29. ^ Stefan Appelius : Pacifism in West Germany. The German Peace Society 1945–1968 . Volume 1, 2nd edition, Mainz, Aachen 1999, ISBN 3-89653-461-0 , p. 111.
  30. ^ Gerd Kühling: School camp or research facility ?. The dispute over a documentation center in the house of the Wannsee Conference (1966/67) . In: Zeithistorische Forschungen / Studies in Contemporary History 5 (2008), pp. 211–235, here: p. 222.
  31. ↑ ZDB -ID 987602-9
  32. ↑ ZDB -ID 716874-3
  33. ↑ Boris Spernol: The 'Communist Clause '. Reparation Practice as an Instrument of Anti-Communism . In: Stefan Creuzberger , Dierk Hoffmann (ed.): "Spiritual danger" and "Immunization of society". Anti-communism and political culture in the early Federal Republic (= series of the quarterly books for contemporary history . Special issue). Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-74708-9 , p. 258.
  34. ↑ Note the spelling differences in the names: Günter Beaugrand : contemporary witness at the editorial table. The association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (VVN) and the Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (BVN) in the mirror of their press organs . In: Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 4 (1997) 1, pp. 261–282, here: pp. 281 f., Doi : 10.7788 / hpm.1997.4.1.261 .
  35. ↑ ZDB -ID 2044868-5
  36. ↑ a b c d Günter Beaugrand : Contemporary witness at the editorial table. The association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (VVN) and the Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (BVN) in the mirror of their press organs . In: Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 4 (1997) 1, pp. 261–282, here: pp. 265 f., Doi : 10.7788 / hpm.1997.4.1.261 .
  37. ↑ ZDB -ID 525683-5
  38. ^ Günter Beaugrand : Contemporary witness at the editorial table. The association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (VVN) and the Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (BVN) in the mirror of their press organs . In: Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 4 (1997) 1, pp. 261–282, here: p. 277, doi : 10.7788 / hpm.1997.4.1.261 .
  39. ^ Günter Beaugrand : Contemporary witness at the editorial table. The association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (VVN) and the Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (BVN) in the mirror of their press organs . In: Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 4 (1997) 1, pp. 261–282, here: p. 278, doi : 10.7788 / hpm.1997.4.1.261 .
  40. ^ Constantin Goschler : reparation. West Germany and the persecuted by National Socialism 1945–1954 (= sources and representations on contemporary history . Vol. 34). Oldenbourg, Munich a. a. 1992, ISBN 3-486-55901-X , p. 230.
  41. ^ Peter Hüttenberger: North Rhine-Westphalia and the emergence of its parliamentary democracy . Siegburg 1973, p. 487.
  42. ↑ Peter Dudek , Hans-Gerd Jaschke : Origin and development of right-wing extremism in the Federal Republic. To the tradition of a particular political culture . Volume 1, Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1984, ISBN 3-531-11668-1 , p. 369.
  43. ↑ Michael Kubina: From Utopia, Resistance and Cold War. The untimely life of the Berlin councilor communist Alfred Weiland (1906–1978) . Lit, Münster u. a. 2001, ISBN 3-8258-5361-6 , p. 383.
  44. ↑ Susanne Muhle: Order: kidnapping. Kidnappings of West Berliners and German citizens by the Ministry for State Security of the GDR. [With 4 tables] (= analyzes and documents . Vol. 42). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-525-35116-1 , p. 334.
  45. ↑ Boris Spernol: The 'Communist Clause '. Reparation Practice as an Instrument of Anti-Communism . In: Stefan Creuzberger , Dierk Hoffmann (ed.): "Spiritual danger" and "Immunization of society". Anti-communism and political culture in the early Federal Republic (= series of the quarterly books for contemporary history . Special issue). Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-74708-9 , p. 272.
  46. ^ Werner Bergmann : Anti-Semitism in public conflicts. Collective learning in the political culture of the Federal Republic 1949–1989 (= series of publications by the Center for Research on Antisemitism Berlin . Vol. 4). Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-593-35765-8 , p. 105.
  47. ^ Andreas Eichmüller: The criminal prosecution of Nazi crimes and the public in the early Federal Republic of Germany 1949-1958 . In: Jörg Osterloh, Clemens Vollnhals (Hrsg.): Nazi trials and the German public. Occupation, early Federal Republic and GDR (= writings of the Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarian Research . Vol. 45). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-525-36921-0 , p. 62.
  48. ^ Günter Beaugrand : Contemporary witness at the editorial table. The association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (VVN) and the Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime (BVN) in the mirror of their press organs . In: Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 4 (1997) 1, pp. 261–282, here: p. 280, doi : 10.7788 / hpm.1997.4.1.261 .
  49. ↑ Cf. Wolfgang Stolz: The concept of guilt in the work of Heinrich Böll (= Cologne studies on literary studies . Vol. 17). Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-631-57986-2 , p. 120, fn. 670.
  50. ↑ Frauke Geyken: Freya von Moltke. A century of life, 1911–2010 (= Beck'sche series . 6023). Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63023-1 , p. 263, fn. 11.
  51. ↑ Christine Gundermann: The reconciled citizens. The Second World War in German-Dutch encounters 1945–2000 (= civil society processes of understanding from the 19th century to the present . Vol. 13). Waxmann, Münster a. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-8309-3129-4 , p. 75.
  52. ^ Stefanie Endlich: Nazi places of remembrance in divided Berlin . In: Günter Schlusche, Verena Pfeiffer-Kloss, Gabi Dolff-Bonekämper , Axel Klausmeier (eds.): Urban development in double Berlin. Contemporaries and places of remembrance (= contributions to the history of the Wall and the escape ). Links, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86153-810-3 , p. 140.
  53. ↑ Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 7: Niederhagen / Wewelsburg, Lublin-Majdanek, Arbeitsdorf, Herzogenbusch (Vught), Bergen-Belsen, Mittelbau-Dora. CH Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-52967-2 , p. 27.
  54. ↑ Stefanie Endlich: Ways to Remember. Memorial sites and locations for the victims of National Socialism in Berlin and Brandenburg . Metropol, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-938690-45-1 , p. 392.
  55. ^ Matthias Haß: Designed commemoration. Yad Vashem, the US Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Topography of Terror Foundation . Campus, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-593-37115-4 , p. 204 f.
  56. ↑ http://nikoline.de/