Cold ironing

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Shore power supply principle

Cold ironing (also: Alternative Maritime Power (AMP) , Shore Power , High Voltage Shore Connection (HVSC) or onshore power supply (OPS) ) is a country electricity by ships while in the port to the air pollution by emissions from shipping to reduce.

If there is no shore power supply available, ships must also keep their generators running in port for their own energy supply .

history

The term cold ironing goes back to the time of coal-fired steamships . The stokers had to heat the boiler to prevent it from cooling down.

development

Shore power supplies are already used in shipyards in order to be able to operate the electrical systems during maintenance work on the ship's machines. In ports, Directive 2005/33 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 amending Directive 1999/32 / EC with regard to the sulfur content of marine fuels , together with MARPOL Annex VI, is the The aim is to use marine fuels with a maximum of 0.1% sulfur content or to use a shore power supply system available at the port.

technology

The establishment of a shore power supply is a not insignificant expense for the port operator as well as the ship manufacturer. On land, transformer stations and lines to the quay have to be built, which are usually brought on board via booms and connected at one or more points. At the connection point on the quay, the tidal range and the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code must be taken into account.

The connected loads for cruise ships vary depending on the size of the ships and are today for medium-sized units (3,000–4,000 passengers) around 10 to around 12  megavolt amperes (MVA), for reefer container ships up to 6,000  twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) and up to 2,500 reefers -TEU, larger container ships (6,000–12,000 TEU) up to 6.5 MVA and for large RoRo ships and ferries at 2–4 MVA. In the case of ferries, the electrical energy requirement depends on the number of refrigerated containers and trailers with refrigerated cargo, as these are often connected to the on-board network.

In the port of Hamburg since October 2014 LNG Hybrid Barge into operation on with LNG -powered (LNG) special Caterpillar engines over five generators of Zeppelin Power Systems power with a capacity of 7.5 MW (50/60 Hz) can be generated. This barge can be brought close to the berth of the ships to be supplied - initially AIDA Cruises cruise ships  . The electricity is routed to the berth via a cable connection installed there and to the ship to be supplied via a crane-like device. Port service providers in the Port of Hamburg are also planning to use a power barge from 2015.

Since the ship's electrical systems work with different voltages and frequencies, a shore power system must be able to deliver either 6,600 or 11,000 volts at either 50 or 60 Hertz . The shore power system must therefore have a transformer and a frequency converter. Older ships that work with 400 or 440 volts on-board voltage must have their own transformer on board in order to be able to use shore power.

use

Shore power connection at the Norway quay in the port of Kiel

A selection of ports that are already equipped with a shore power supply:

The advantage of shore power supply systems lies in the reduction of exhaust gases, noise in the port and CO 2 . The ship operators save fuel for the generators; however, shore power is more expensive than if they had generated it themselves. In order to be able to use shore power on an unprepared ship, a specially installed system is required. The shore power systems on land are also expensive.

Another disadvantage is the lack of international standards for the execution, so there are different systems on the part of the electrical engineering companies. Asea Brown Boveri called his shore power supply system "High Voltage Shore Connection (HVSC)," Siemens Energy Sector calls his "Siharbor" and the American US to Group L-3 Communications company, which belongs SAM Electronics calls his country power "SAMCON". The World Ports Climate Initiative (WPCI), founded in 2008, tries to create a uniform standard for shore power supply.

A selection of ships that are already equipped with a shore power supply on board:

Shore power in inland shipping

Shore power supply Schiffs-TankE in Rheinauhafen Cologne

In the inland waterways , mainly on the Rhine, charging stations will be installed. Eleven flood-proof pillars were installed in Cologne's Rheinauhafen and three in the Niehler Hafen for freight shipping. The CEE connections with 16, 32 and 63 amperes can be activated by SMS after prior registration. All ship's tank E-columns are controlled from a central control center in Cologne.

An EU directive stipulates shore power connections for the TEN-V network by 2025 .

Further development

As the majority of the ships, tankers, bulk carriers and container ships are charter ships , i. H. do not belong to those who carry cargo with them, these ships are often only active in the same trade for a few years. You will like B. chartered out the container ships that serve many ports to another shipping company, in whose area there may be other voltages and other network frequencies, if the ports have any possibilities for shore connection at all.

Cruise ships are predominantly owned by the operators, but often change their route due to the seasons. You are rarely in port for more than a day. In the summer you might travel in Northern Europe, in autumn, winter and spring in the Mediterranean or in the Caribbean. In the Caribbean, the ports of many islands that are called are small or not deep enough for the draft of large ships; these then anchor in the roadstead . Few of the ports have a shore connection.

Ferry ships, on the other hand, are often designed for one line and often only call at a few ports. The shore connection is of great use here, especially when the ports are near seaside resorts or large cities. Since the entry into force of the MARPOL Agreement, the sulfur content in the fuel of ships sailing there may not exceed 0.1%; before that, the limit was 3.5% on the Baltic Sea and 4.5% on the North Sea ; so it was 35 to 45 times higher. The regulations on maximum NO x values allowed for ships have been tightened in the EU.

The higher the proportion of wind power or solar power in the power mix , the more environmentally friendly the shore power is compared to the power that the ships themselves generate. Diesel generators on ships have efficiencies around 40%, German lignite power stations around 35% and hard coal power stations around 38% . There are transmission losses when transporting shore power .

literature

  • Rainer Plambeck: Use of shore power . In: Schiff & Hafen , issue 10/2013, pp. 44/45
  • Benefits of shore power connections . In: Ship & Offshore , Issue 5/2013, pp. 22–24, DVV Media Group, Hamburg 2013, ISSN  2191-0057 (English)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Shore power supply in the port - potentials and options for action ) (PDF) aknev.org@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.aknev.org
  2. ↑ Directive 2005/33 / EC (PDF)
  3. ↑ Eckhard-Herbert Arndt: "Hummel" now generates clean electricity · Power barge christened in Hamburg - LNG as an environmentally friendly fuel - entry into the alternative supply . In: Daily port report , October 21, 2014, p. 4
  4. ↑ Peter Kleinort: ZDS calls for exemptions from the EEG surcharge · Power barges should be taken into account in the amendment to the law . In: Daily port report , March 13, 2014, p. 2
  5. ↑ Feasibility of shore power systems at the Hamburg cruise terminals HafenCity and Altona . (PDF) 2011, report 90159-01e, p. 6 f.
  6. ↑ Hartmut Köhn: Lübeck experiences with cold ironing ( memento of October 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Stadtwerke Lübeck (accessed on October 19, 2013)
  7. ↑ Shore power system for ships in operation. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 4, 2016 ; accessed on July 24, 2019 .
  8. ↑ Shore power systems. Port of Kiel, accessed October 1, 2019 .
  9. ↑ Shore power for inland shipping. October 29, 2015
  10. ↑ Directive 2014/94 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 22, 2014 on the development of the infrastructure for alternative fuels
  11. ↑ destatis.de