UK demographics
The United Kingdom is with a population of about 66 million inhabitants in 2017 to 21st place in the ranking of the most populous nations. This population does not include those living in the British overseas territories . The population density is 259 people per square kilometer, with England having a significantly higher population density than Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland . Almost a third of the population lives in south-east England, which is mostly made up of cities and suburbs . Around 9 million people live in the capital London , which is by far the largest population center. The population density here reaches up to 5,000 inhabitants per square kilometer and is one of the most densely populated regions in Europe. The population growth was 0.6 percent in 2018.
The population of the United Kingdom is seen as an example of a population that has undergone demographic change , that is, the transition from a pre-industrial population structure with high birth and death rates and slow population growth to a stage of declining mortality and rapid population growth rates to a stage below Birth and death rates with, in turn, lower population growth rates. The UK was the first country to make this change. In the past few decades the country has experienced a demographic renewal due to increasing migration from abroad and a higher fertility rate , which is causing profound social change.
Compared to most European countries, the United Kingdom is therefore experiencing a more dynamic population development and a younger average age. This is due to high net migration and a relatively high fertility rate compared to other European countries, which was around 1.8 children per woman in 2016 (since then it has fallen to 1.7). The average number of children per woman in 2016 was 1.95 in Northern Ireland, 1.81 in England, 1.74 in Wales and 1.52 in Scotland. The part of England also receives the most migrants, which should exacerbate existing inequalities. A population of 77.8 million is expected for 2050. Older studies even assumed an increase to over 82 million, which would overtake Germany. However, recent demographic trends have made this much less likely since then.
Historical development
The British Isles have been inhabited by human populations for approximately 25,000 years. The population in England is around 5,000 BC. Estimated at approx. 60,000. Celtic tribes were among the first to inhabit the British Isles .
The Roman Britain had at the end of the second century. Chr. An estimated population 2.8 to 3 million inhabitants. By the end of the fourth century it rises to an estimated 3.6 million, of which 125,000 were made up of the Roman army and their families and loved ones. The Roman era also saw the founding of today's capital, London, under the name of Londinium . Britain's population declined noticeably after the end of the Roman occupation, possibly dropping to a million and a half. The end of Roman rule also caused a significant decline in the standard of living and the level of education. In the age of the migration of peoples , which correlates with the end of Roman domination, the Angles , Saxons and Jutes immigrate to the British Isles.
During the Norman conquest of England in the 11th century , England was conquered by the Normans descended from the Vikings . Many members of this people settled in England and formed a land-owning elite there, which caused the population composition to experience another change. The Normans also carried out the first population survey, the Domesday Book from 1086. At the beginning of the 13th century , the population of the Kingdom of England was estimated at around 4 million and thus exceeded the number from the Roman era after more than 1000 years. By 1348 it rose to around 4.8 million, before it was reduced by almost half as a result of the plague (see: Black Death ). It again took more than 300 years for the population to recover to pre- epidemic levels . There was constant expansion in the 17th century. The colonization of America from the British Isles began, driven by growing population pressures and religious conflicts in the motherland.
During the industrial revolution took infant mortality sharply. The proportion of children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730-1749 to 31.8% in 1810-1829. This increased the population of England and Wales , which was roughly constant at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, increased massively after 1740. During this time, the theories of the economist Thomas Malthus spread among the country's political elite, warning of sustained population growth and establishing modern demographic research. The Census Act of 1800 passed the first modern census, which began in 1801 every 10 years. The 1801 census showed a population of 10.9 million in the United Kingdom (excluding Ireland), of which 8.3 million were in England, 1.6 million in Scotland, 0.5 million in Wales and 0.5 million were nationals the army and navy .
Contrary to what Malthus suggested, growth continued over the next few decades as agricultural productivity increased and new colonies opened up. The United Kingdom was the first society in the world to achieve population growth with a simultaneous increase in per capita income and became the dominant world power in the 19th century. The 1841 census put the populations of England and Wales at 15.9 million and Scotland at 2.6 million. The population of Ireland in 1841 was 8.2 million. During the 19th century, the UK increased its proportion of the European population dramatically. In the pre-industrial period, France had three times the population of Great Britain. This happened despite the constant migration to the New World . In the course of the 19th century, the general level of education began to rise through various government measures. The proportion of people who can read and write rose from 53% in 1820 to 76% in 1870.
By 1901 the population rose to over 38 million, who increasingly live in urban centers. London became the largest city in the world as early as 1850 and remained that way until 1925 when it was overtaken by New York City . In the first half of the 20th century, despite two world wars, the population grew to 50 million. In the post World War II period, natural population growth began to slow and Great Britain received significant immigration from the former colonies , concentrated in cities such as London, Birmingham and Manchester . From the 1980s onwards, the country recorded constant net immigration, which raised the population to around 66 million in 2016.
| year | Population (according to census) |
year | Population (according to census) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 10,900,000 | 1931 | 46,038,000 |
| 1851 | 27,368,800 | 1951 | 50,225,000 |
| 1861 | 28,917,900 | 1961 | 52,807,000 |
| 1871 | 31,484,000 | 1971 | 55,928,000 |
| 1881 | 34,934,500 | 1981 | 56,357,000 |
| 1891 | 37,802,400 | 1991 | 57,439,000 |
| 1901 | 38,237,000 | 2001 | 59,113,000 |
| 1911 | 42,082,000 | 2011 | 63,182,000 |
| 1921 | 44,027,000 | 2018 | 66,430,000 (estimate) |
* 1801: England, Wales and Scotland only
* From 1851 to 1891: including what is now the Republic of Ireland
* From 1901: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
Ethnic groups
The UK at the beginning of the 21st century is a country with diverse local identities and an increasingly multicultural population. The ethnic identifications are often fluid and not clearly delineated, with the main groups being British, English, Scots, Welsh and Irish. According to the 2011 census, 51.4% of the population indicate their national identity as English, 18.8% describe themselves as British, 7.8% as English and British, 5.9% as Scottish, 3.3 as Welsh, 1 , 3% as Irish, 0.8% as Northern Irish and 6.9% as Other. An increasing proportion of the population belongs to colored minorities or comes from other European countries. Significant minorities in Great Britain have immigrated from the Indian subcontinent , East Asia , the Caribbean , Sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe . The minorities who come from former colonies often prefer a British identity over a specifically English identity. The minorities reach the highest percentage in the big cities. They make up 40% of the population in London and 42% in Birmingham. Among the major cities, Leicester has the highest proportion of non-white minorities at 49%.
In the 2011 census, ethnicity was divided into different groups: White , Roma or Pavee , Black, Asian, Mixed, and Other. According to the 2011 census, the ethnic composition of the United Kingdom was as shown in the table below:
| Ethnic group | Population (2011) | Population share |
|---|---|---|
| white | 55.010.359 | 87.1 |
| Roma or Pavee (Irish Traveler) | 63.193 | 0.1 |
| Asians: Indian | 1,451,862 | 2.3 |
| Asians: Pakistani | 1,174,983 | 1.9 |
| Asians: Bangladeshi | 451,529 | 0.7 |
| Asians: Chinese | 433.150 | 0.7 |
| Asians: Other Asians | 861.815 | 1.4 |
| Asians | 4,373,339 | 6.9 |
| black | 1,904,684 | 3.0 |
| Mixed | 1,250,229 | 2.0 |
| Other | 580.374 | 0.9 |
| Total | 63.182.178 | 100 |
religion
The traditional religion in the UK is Christianity . In England, the established Church is the Church of England (Anglican). In Scotland, the Church of Scotland (a Presbyterian Church) is considered a "national church" but there is no established church. The Church in Wales is part of the Anglican Church. In Northern Ireland and parts of Scotland there is some sectarian divide between the Roman Catholic and Protestant communities. Due to immigration from Poland , the proportion of Catholics in the Christian population is increasing.
Religions that also have a significant following in the country are Islam , Hinduism , Sikhism , Judaism and Buddhism . While Judaism can look back on a long history in Great Britain, the other religions only gained a presence in the country through recent waves of immigration and are still growing. The group of Muslims shows particularly strong growth , mainly due to a higher birth rate. The name Mohammed (if you take different spellings into account) was the most popular name for newborns in 2017.
Like many other western countries, the country is experiencing increasing secularization and an ever lower proportion of churchgoers. In 2018, 53% of the adult population described themselves as non-religious. Among the young people between the ages of 25 and 34 it was three quarters.
| religion | 2001 | 2011 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| number | % | proportion of | % | |
| Christians | 42,079,417 | 71.58% | 37,583,962 | 59.49% |
| Muslims | 1,591,126 | 2.71% | 2,786,635 | 4.41% |
| Hindus | 558.810 | 0.95% | 835.394 | 1.32% |
| Sikhs | 336.149 | 0.57% | 432,429 | 0.68% |
| Jews | 266.740 | 0.45% | 269,568 | 0.43% |
| Buddhists | 151.816 | 0.26% | 261,584 | 0.41% |
| Other religions | 178.837 | 0.30% | 262.774 | 0.42% |
| No religion | 16,221,509 | 25.67% | ||
| No information | 4,528,323 | 7.17% | ||
| (No religion or no information) | 13,626,299 | 23.18% | 20,749,832 | 32.84% |
| total | 58,789,194 | 100% | 63.182.178 | 100% |
languages
English is the most widely spoken language in the UK in various dialects, but some regional languages are also spoken. 14 indigenous languages are used in the British Isles: 5 Celtic, 3 Germanic, 3 Romance and 3 sign languages. There are also many immigrant languages spoken in the British Isles, mainly in cities. These languages include Polish , Punjabi , Bengali , Arabic , Hindi , Urdu, and Chinese .
The official language of the United Kingdom is English, spoken by approximately 59.8 million residents, or 98% of the population, over three years. According to the 2011 census data, 864,000 people in England and Wales reported speaking little or no English. An estimated 700,000 people in the UK speak Welsh , an official language in Wales alongside English. Approximately 1.5 million people in Great Britain speak Scottish or Ulster Scots - although there is some debate as to whether these are separate languages or are variants of English. Both languages are official languages in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Scottish Gaelic in Scotland and Irish (Gaelic) in Northern Ireland also have official status . English is the only language an official language in all four parts of the country and is spoken or understood by a majority of the population in all parts of the country.
migration
Even in the premodern period, the British Isles were shaped by various waves of migration, including those of the Romans, Anglo-Saxons and Normans. The Huguenots , French Protestants who faced a wave of persecution in the 17th century, began to settle in England around 1670. King Charles II offered refuge to around 50,000 of them. In the age of industrialization, many Irish immigrated from their impoverished homeland, as did a good number of Jews from Eastern Europe. London was a haven for many intellectuals and political dissidents from abroad in the 20th century. So published Karl Marx here in 1848, the Communist Manifesto . However, the proportion of the population with foreign roots remained relatively low and in 1901 was 1.5% of the population.
This changed with the end of World War II and the independence of the British colonies and the creation of the Commonwealth of Nations . As early as 1948, the British Nationality Act of Parliament allowed over 800 million subjects of the British Empire to live and work in the United Kingdom without the need for a visa. Migration should first help fill gaps in the UK labor market with skilled and unskilled labor, including in public services such as the newly created National Health Service . In the 1970s, an average of 72,000 Commonwealth immigrants settled in Britain each year. In the 1980s and early 1990s that number fell to around 54,000 a year, only to rise again to around 97,000 by 1999. Most of them came from India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Nigeria and Jamaica . In 1972, the country also took in almost 30,000 Indian refugees from Uganda who had been expelled from the country by Idi Amin . Before the turn of the millennium, several hundred thousand Chinese came from the former crown colony of Hong Kong .
Since the EU enlargement on May 1, 2004, Great Britain has taken in large numbers of immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe, most of whom came from Poland , Romania , Bulgaria and Lithuania. From the turn of the millennium, immigration reached historic highs and the proportion of the foreign-born population rose from 8.8% in 2001 to 13.4% in 2011. A 2010 estimate for the whole of the UK found that 4.76 million people (7.7 percent) were born outside the EU and 2.24 million (3.6 percent) in another EU Member State. By 2017 the proportion rose to 14.3% of the population. Rising migratory pressures are also seen as one of the main reasons for the UK to leave the EU . In 2019, the media reported a significantly tightened visa issuing practice, also for foreign academics at universities and their family members.
In addition to immigration, Great Britain also experienced significant emigration, particularly between 1600 and 1900. The United States has up to 50 million people of British descent (including 5 million of Scottish and 3 million of Scottish-Irish ancestry). Much of the current population of Australia , New Zealand and Canada is descended from British settlers.
Social situation
Even if the situation of the poorer sections of the population has improved significantly since the beginning of the industrial revolution and a modern welfare state was established, British society still has a dedicated class structure . There are therefore high inequalities in terms of income, education and health between individual social groups and geographical regions. The regions with the highest prosperity are London, South East England and East of England , with a strong concentration of income and jobs in the London metropolitan area. In contrast, Wales, Northern Ireland and parts of northern England have fallen behind (north-south divide) and are struggling to move away from heavy industry. The poverty rate in 2015/16 was 22% of the population. Common social problems are child poverty, which was over 30% over the same period, and teenage pregnancies. Sections of the lower class have been hit hard by austerity measures since the financial crisis in 2007 .
The high literacy rate in the UK (99% over the age of 15) is due to general public education, which was introduced in primary education in 1870 (Scotland in 1872, free in 1890) and in secondary education in 1900. The education system is decentralized and organized differently in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. In the 2015 PISA ranking , British students ranked 27th out of 72 countries in math, 15th in science and 21st in reading comprehension, slightly above the OECD average . The country's universities also achieve top positions worldwide. The problem is the widespread inequality in the education system.
The state's National Health Service (NHS) is responsible for public health care in the UK. The life expectancy in the UK was in the period 2010-2015 81.0 years (women 82.8 years, men 79.0), slightly ahead of Germany. Life expectancy in the UK increased more slowly than in other comparable countries. Austerity and underfunding of the NHS and welfare are blamed for this. In 2018, life expectancy in the UK stopped rising for the first time since 1982. Health problems are also caused by the population's above-average consumption of alcohol and tobacco in an OECD comparison. In 2016, 27.8% of the population had a body mass index of over 30 and are therefore considered obese , which is one of the highest rates in Europe.
statistics
Births and Deaths since 1900
Annual development of births and deaths:
|
Average population |
Births | Deaths |
Natural change |
Birth rate (per 1,000 inhabitants) |
Death rate (per 1,000 inh.) |
Change (per 1,000 inhabitants) |
Fertility per woman | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 1,089,487 | 695 867 | 393 620 | 3.53 | ||||
| 1901 | 1 092 781 | 655 646 | 437 135 | 3.49 | ||||
| 1902 | 1 103 483 | 636 650 | 466 833 | 3.44 | ||||
| 1903 | 1 113 086 | 613 726 | 499 360 | 3.40 | ||||
| 1904 | 1 109 542 | 651 301 | 458 241 | 3.35 | ||||
| 1905 | 1 092 108 | 617 516 | 474 592 | 3.30 | ||||
| 1906 | 1,098,475 | 629 955 | 468 520 | 3.24 | ||||
| 1907 | 1,077,851 | 625 271 | 452 580 | 3.19 | ||||
| 1908 | 1 102 345 | 621 427 | 480 918 | 3.14 | ||||
| 1909 | 1 073 781 | 614 910 | 458 871 | 3.07 | ||||
| 1910 | 1 051 240 | 578 091 | 473 149 | 2.99 | ||||
| 1911 | 1,033 395 | 620 828 | 412 567 | 2.92 | ||||
| 1912 | 1,025,828 | 580 977 | 444 851 | 2.90 | ||||
| 1913 | 1,032,286 | 600 554 | 431 732 | 2.93 | ||||
| 1914 | 1,032,734 | 611 970 | 420 764 | 2.88 | ||||
| 1915 | 956 877 | 666 322 | 290 555 | 2.59 | ||||
| 1916 | 922 085 | 599 621 | 322 464 | 2.60 | ||||
| 1917 | 790 736 | 589 416 | 201 320 | 2.10 | ||||
| 1918 | 787 427 | 715 246 | 72 181 | 2.03 | ||||
| 1919 | 826 202 | 602 188 | 224 014 | 2.31 | ||||
| 1920 | 1 126 849 | 555 326 | 571 523 | 3.08 | ||||
| 1921 | 1 001 725 | 544 140 | 457 585 | 2.69 | ||||
| 1922 | 924 740 | 579 480 | 345 260 | 2.44 | ||||
| 1923 | 900 130 | 526 858 | 373 272 | 2.38 | ||||
| 1924 | 865 329 | 563 891 | 301 438 | 2.28 | ||||
| 1925 | 842 405 | 558 132 | 284 273 | 2.20 | ||||
| 1926 | 825 174 | 536 411 | 288 763 | 2.15 | ||||
| 1927 | 777 520 | 568 655 | 208 865 | 2.01 | ||||
| 1928 | 783 052 | 543 664 | 239 388 | 2.01 | ||||
| 1929 | 761 963 | 623 231 | 138 732 | 1.95 | ||||
| 1930 | 769 239 | 536 860 | 232 379 | 1.95 | ||||
| 1931 | 749 974 | 573 908 | 176 066 | 1.89 | ||||
| 1932 | 730 079 | 567 986 | 162 093 | 1.83 | ||||
| 1933 | 691 560 | 579 467 | 112 093 | 1.72 | ||||
| 1934 | 711 483 | 558 072 | 153 411 | 1.76 | ||||
| 1935 | 711 426 | 561 324 | 150 102 | 1.75 | ||||
| 1936 | 720 129 | 580 942 | 139 187 | 1.77 | ||||
| 1937 | 723 779 | 597 798 | 125 981 | 1.79 | ||||
| 1938 | 735 573 | 559 598 | 175 975 | 15.5 | 1.84 | |||
| 1939 | 726 632 | 581 857 | 144 775 | 15.2 | 1.84 | |||
| 1940 | 701 875 | 673 253 | 28 622 | 15.2 | 1.74 | |||
| 1941 | 695 726 | 627 378 | 68 348 | 15.5 | 1.72 | |||
| 1942 | 771 851 | 562 356 | 209 495 | 17.4 | 1.93 | |||
| 1943 | 810 524 | 585 582 | 224 942 | 18.5 | 2.03 | |||
| 1944 | 878 298 | 573 570 | 303 728 | 20.1 | 2.25 | |||
| 1945 | 795 868 | 567 027 | 228 841 | 18.1 | 2.05 | |||
| 1946 | 955 266 | 573 361 | 381 905 | 20.3 | 2.47 | |||
| 1947 | 1 025 427 | 600 728 | 424 699 | 21.2 | 2.69 | |||
| 1948 | 905 182 | 546 002 | 359 180 | 18.2 | 2.39 | |||
| 1949 | 855 298 | 589 876 | 265 422 | 17.1 | 2.26 | |||
| 1950 | 818 421 | 590 136 | 228 285 | 16.2 | 2.08 | |||
| 1951 | 50 286 900 | 796 645 | 632 786 | 206 509 | 15.8 | 12.6 | 3.2 | 2.10 |
| 1952 | 50 429 200 | 792 917 | 573 806 | 219 111 | 15.7 | 11.4 | 4.3 | 2.15 |
| 1953 | 50 592 900 | 804 269 | 577 220 | 227 049 | 15.9 | 11.4 | 4.5 | 2.20 |
| 1954 | 50 764 900 | 794 769 | 578 400 | 216 369 | 15.7 | 11.4 | 4.3 | 2.26 |
| 1955 | 50 946 100 | 789 315 | 595 916 | 193 399 | 15.5 | 11.7 | 3.8 | 2.33 |
| 1956 | 51 183 500 | 825 137 | 597 981 | 227 156 | 16.1 | 11.7 | 4.4 | 2.40 |
| 1957 | 51 430 200 | 851 466 | 591 200 | 260 266 | 16.6 | 11.5 | 5.1 | 2.48 |
| 1958 | 51 652 500 | 870 497 | 604 040 | 266 457 | 16.9 | 11.7 | 5.2 | 2.55 |
| 1959 | 51 956 300 | 878 561 | 606 115 | 272 446 | 16.9 | 11.7 | 5.2 | 2.63 |
| 1960 | 52 372 500 | 918 286 | 603 328 | 314 958 | 17.5 | 11.5 | 6.0 | 2.71 |
| 1961 | 52 807 400 | 944 365 | 631 788 | 312 577 | 17.9 | 12.0 | 5.9 | 2.78 |
| 1962 | 53 291 800 | 975 635 | 636 051 | 339 584 | 18.3 | 11.9 | 6.4 | 2.87 |
| 1963 | 53 624 900 | 990 160 | 654 288 | 335 872 | 18.5 | 12.2 | 6.3 | 2.90 |
| 1964 | 53 990 800 | 1 014 672 | 611 130 | 403 542 | 18.8 | 11.3 | 7.5 | 2.95 |
| 1965 | 54 349 500 | 997 275 | 627 798 | 369 477 | 18.3 | 11.6 | 6.7 | 2.88 |
| 1966 | 54 642 700 | 979 587 | 643 754 | 335 833 | 17.9 | 11.8 | 6.1 | 2.80 |
| 1967 | 54 959 000 | 961 800 | 616 710 | 345 090 | 17.5 | 11.2 | 6.3 | 2.69 |
| 1968 | 55 213 500 | 947 231 | 655 998 | 291 233 | 17.2 | 11.9 | 5.3 | 2.61 |
| 1969 | 55 460 600 | 920 256 | 659 537 | 260 719 | 16.6 | 11.9 | 4.7 | 2.51 |
| 1970 | 55 632 200 | 903 907 | 655 385 | 248 522 | 16.2 | 11.8 | 4.4 | 2.44 |
| 1971 | 55 928 000 | 901 648 | 645 078 | 256 570 | 16.1 | 11.5 | 4.6 | 2.40 |
| 1972 | 56 096 000 | 833 984 | 673 938 | 160 046 | 14.9 | 12.0 | 2.9 | 2.20 |
| 1973 | 56 223 000 | 779 545 | 669 692 | 109 853 | 13.9 | 11.9 | 2.0 | 2.03 |
| 1974 | 56 235 000 | 737 138 | 667 359 | 69 779 | 13.1 | 11.9 | 1.2 | 1.92 |
| 1975 | 56 225 000 | 697 518 | 662 477 | 35 041 | 12.4 | 11.8 | 0.6 | 1.81 |
| 1976 | 56 216 000 | 675 526 | 680 799 | −5 273 | 12.0 | 12.1 | −0.1 | 1.74 |
| 1977 | 56 189 000 | 657 038 | 655 143 | 1 895 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 0.0 | 1.69 |
| 1978 | 56 178 000 | 686 952 | 667 177 | 19 775 | 12.2 | 11.9 | 0.3 | 1.75 |
| 1979 | 56 240 000 | 734 572 | 675 576 | 58 996 | 13.1 | 12.0 | 1.1 | 1.86 |
| 1980 | 56 329 000 | 753 708 | 661 519 | 92 189 | 13.4 | 11.7 | 1.7 | 1.90 |
| 1981 | 56 357 000 | 730 712 | 657 974 | 72 738 | 13.0 | 11.7 | 1.3 | 1.82 |
| 1982 | 56 290 000 | 718 999 | 662 081 | 56 918 | 12.8 | 11.8 | 1.0 | 1.78 |
| 1983 | 56 315 000 | 721 238 | 659 101 | 62 137 | 12.8 | 11.7 | 1.1 | 1.77 |
| 1984 | 56 409 000 | 729 401 | 644 918 | 84 483 | 12.9 | 11.4 | 1.5 | 1.77 |
| 1985 | 56 554 000 | 750 520 | 670 656 | 79 864 | 13.3 | 11.9 | 1.4 | 1.79 |
| 1986 | 56 683 000 | 754 805 | 660 735 | 94 070 | 13.3 | 11.7 | 1.6 | 1.78 |
| 1987 | 56 804 000 | 775 405 | 644 342 | 131 063 | 13.7 | 11.3 | 2.4 | 1.81 |
| 1988 | 56,916,000 | 787 303 | 649 178 | 138 125 | 13.8 | 11.4 | 2.4 | 1.82 |
| 1989 | 57 076 000 | 777 036 | 657 733 | 119 303 | 13.6 | 11.5 | 2.1 | 1.79 |
| 1990 | 57 237 000 | 798 364 | 641 799 | 156 565 | 13.9 | 11.2 | 2.7 | 1.83 |
| 1991 | 57 438 000 | 792 269 | 646 181 | 146 088 | 13.8 | 11.2 | 2.6 | 1.82 |
| 1992 | 57 584 000 | 780 779 | 634 238 | 146 541 | 13.6 | 11.0 | 2.6 | 1.79 |
| 1993 | 57 713 000 | 761 526 | 658 194 | 103 332 | 13.2 | 11.4 | 1.8 | 1.76 |
| 1994 | 57 862 000 | 750 480 | 626 222 | 124 258 | 13.0 | 10.8 | 1.2 | 1.74 |
| 1995 | 58 024 000 | 731 882 | 641 712 | 90 170 | 12.6 | 11.1 | 1.5 | 1.71 |
| 1996 | 58 164 000 | 733 163 | 638 879 | 94 284 | 12.6 | 11.0 | 1.6 | 1.73 |
| 1997 | 58 314 000 | 726 622 | 632 517 | 94 105 | 12.6 | 10.8 | 1.8 | 1.72 |
| 1998 | 58 474 000 | 716 888 | 627 592 | 89 296 | 12.3 | 10.7 | 1.6 | 1.71 |
| 1999 | 58 684 000 | 699 976 | 629 476 | 70 500 | 11.9 | 10.7 | 1.2 | 1.68 |
| 2000 | 58 886 000 | 679 029 | 610 579 | 68 450 | 11.5 | 10.4 | 1.1 | 1.64 |
| 2001 | 59 113 000 | 669 123 | 604 393 | 64 730 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 1.1 | 1.63 |
| 2002 | 59 365 000 | 668 777 | 608 045 | 60 732 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 1.1 | 1.63 |
| 2003 | 59 636 000 | 695 549 | 612 085 | 83 464 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 1.4 | 1.70 |
| 2004 | 59 950 000 | 715 996 | 584 791 | 131 205 | 11.9 | 9.8 | 2.1 | 1.77 |
| 2005 | 60 413 000 | 722 549 | 582 964 | 139 585 | 12.0 | 9.6 | 2.4 | 1.76 |
| 2006 | 60 827 000 | 748 563 | 572 224 | 176 339 | 12.3 | 9.4 | 2.9 | 1.82 |
| 2007 | 61 319 000 | 772 245 | 574 687 | 197 558 | 12.6 | 9.4 | 3.2 | 1.87 |
| 2008 | 61 823 000 | 794 383 | 579 697 | 214 686 | 12.8 | 9.4 | 3.4 | 1.96 |
| 2009 | 62 260 000 | 790 204 | 559 617 | 230 587 | 12.7 | 9.0 | 3.7 | 1.89 |
| 2010 | 62 759 000 | 807 721 | 561 666 | 246 055 | 12.9 | 8.9 | 4.0 | 1.92 |
| 2011 | 63 285 000 | 807 776 | 552 232 | 255 544 | 12.8 | 8.7 | 4.1 | 1.91 |
| 2012 | 63 705 000 | 812 970 | 569 024 | 243 946 | 12.8 | 8.9 | 3.9 | 1.92 |
| 2013 | 64 105 000 | 778 803 | 575 458 | 203 345 | 12.1 | 9.0 | 3.1 | 1.83 |
| 2014 | 64 596 000 | 776 352 | 570 341 | 206 011 | 12.0 | 8.8 | 3.2 | 1.82 |
| 2015 | 65 110 000 | 777 165 | 602 782 | 174 383 | 11.9 | 9.3 | 2.6 | 1.80 |
| 2016 | 65 648 000 | 774 835 | 595 659 | 179 176 | 11.8 | 9.1 | 2.7 | 1.79 |
| 2017 | 66 040 200 | 755 066 | 607 172 | 147 894 | 11.4 | 9.2 | 2.2 | 1.74 |
| 2018 | 66 436 000 | 731 200 | 610,000 | 121 200 | 11.0 | 9.3 | 1.7 |
Life expectancy from 1733 to 2015
Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations .
1733-1950
| year | 1733 | 1738 | 1743 | 1748 | 1753 | 1758 | 1763 | 1768 | 1773 | 1778 | 1783 | 1788 | 1793 | 1798 | 1803 | 1808 | 1813 | 1818 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 36.3 | 35.3 | 34.3 | 36.5 | 39.8 | 38.1 | 35.4 | 36.2 | 39.1 | 37.7 | 35.8 | 39.0 | 37.9 | 38.9 | 40.0 | 40.6 | 41.3 | 40.8 |
| year | 1823 | 1828 | 1833 | 1838 | 1842 | 1843 | 1844 | 1845 | 1846 | 1847 | 1848 | 1849 | 1850 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 40.5 | 41.4 | 40.9 | 40.6 | 41.0 | 41.6 | 41.2 | 42.2 | 40.2 | 38.5 | 39.9 | 37.7 | 42.8 |
| year | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 | 1860 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 41.0 | 40.4 | 40.0 | 39.5 | 40.7 | 42.5 | 40.9 | 39.5 | 40.4 | 41.9 |
| year | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 | 1870 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 41.6 | 42.1 | 40.4 | 39.6 | 39.8 | 40.1 | 42.0 | 41.7 | 41.3 | 40.6 |
| year | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 41.1 | 42.7 | 43.3 | 42.1 | 41.5 | 42.7 | 43.7 | 42.0 | 43.5 | 43.0 |
| year | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 45.1 | 44.0 | 44.0 | 43.6 | 44.6 | 44.6 | 45.1 | 46.3 | 45.9 | 44.1 |
| year | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 | 1900 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 44.4 | 45.6 | 44.7 | 48.3 | 45.4 | 47.1 | 46.4 | 46.1 | 45.2 | 45.6 |
| year | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 46.9 | 48.3 | 49.5 | 48.1 | 49.9 | 49.6 | 50.6 | 51.0 | 51.7 | 53.3 |
| year | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 51.2 | 54.3 | 53.4 | 53.2 | 51.2 | 54.2 | 54.2 | 47.3 | 54.3 | 57.3 |
| year | 1921 | 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926 | 1927 | 1928 | 1929 | 1930 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 58.1 | 57.0 | 59.3 | 58.1 | 58.4 | 59.6 | 59.0 | 59.9 | 57.6 | 60.8 |
| year | 1931 | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 | 1935 | 1936 | 1937 | 1938 | 1939 | 1940 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 60.0 | 60.5 | 60.6 | 61.3 | 62.0 | 61.8 | 62.3 | 63.2 | 63.6 | 60.9 |
| year | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 | 1949 | 1950 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in the UK | 61.4 | 64.0 | 64.0 | 64.8 | 65.8 | 66.3 | 66.3 | 68.4 | 68.1 | 68.6 |
1950-2015
| Period | Life expectancy in years |
Period | Life expectancy in years |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950-1955 | 69.4 | 1985-1990 | 75.1 |
| 1955-1960 | 70.6 | 1990-1995 | 76.3 |
| 1960-1965 | 71.0 | 1995-2000 | 77.2 |
| 1965-1970 | 71.7 | 2000-2005 | 78.4 |
| 1970-1975 | 72.2 | 2005-2010 | 79.7 |
| 1975-1980 | 73.0 | 2010-2015 | 81.0 |
| 1980-1985 | 74.2 |
Source: UN World Population Prospects
age structure
| Age group | 1976 | 1986 | 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0-15 years (%) | 24.5% | 20.5% | 18.9% |
| 16–64 years (%) | 61.2% | 64.1% | 63.1% |
| over 65 years (%) | 14.2% | 15.4% | 18.0% |
Individual evidence
- ↑ Overview of the UK population - Office for National Statistics. Retrieved July 23, 2019 .
- ↑ Population growth (annual%) | Data. Retrieved July 24, 2019 .
- ↑ Population in Europe by country from 2019 to 2080. Accessed on July 24, 2019 .
- ↑ UK to have Europe's biggest population: Migration will force us ahead of Germany, says UN. Retrieved July 24, 2019 .
- ^ Joan P. Alcock, A Brief History of Roman Britain , page 260 , Hachette UK
- ^ Lord Andrew Green: A summary history of immigration to Britain. Retrieved July 23, 2019 .
- ^ Working Life and the First Modern Census. Retrieved July 23, 2019 (UK English).
- ^ Population of the British Isles. Retrieved July 30, 2019 .
- ^ Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, Max Roser: Literacy . In: Our World in Data . August 13, 2016 ( ourworldindata.org [accessed July 25, 2019]).
- ↑ Max Galka: From Jericho to Tokyo: the world's largest cities through history - mapped . In: The Guardian . December 6, 2016, ISSN 0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed July 24, 2019]).
- ↑ UK Population Estimates 1851 to 2016 - Office for National Statistics. Retrieved July 10, 2017 .
- ↑ 2011 Census, England and Wales: National identity (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales
- ↑ 2011 Census, Scotland: National identity (detailed) ( Memento of the original from April 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 2011 Census, Northern Ireland: National Identity - Full Detail
- ^ Anil Dawar: White Britons are now a minority in 4 towns and cities. January 11, 2013, accessed July 24, 2019 .
- ↑ 2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom . Office for National Statistics. October 11, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ↑ Jennifer Meierhans, Rob England: Is Muhammad the most popular boys' name? September 26, 2018 ( bbc.com [accessed July 23, 2019]).
- ↑ Harriet Sherwood Religion correspondent: More than half UK population has no religion, finds survey . In: The Guardian . September 4, 2017, ISSN 0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed July 23, 2019]).
- ^ Religion (2001 Census) . data.gov.uk. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
- ↑ 2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales . ons.gov.uk. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
- ↑ Scotland's Census 2011: Table KS209SCa . scotlandscensus.gov.uk. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
- ↑ Census 2011: Religion: KS211NI (administrative geographies) . nisra.gov.uk. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
- ↑ Census 2011: Religion - Full Detail: QS218NI - Northern Ireland . nisra.gov.uk. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
- ↑ a b QS204EW (Main language (detailed)) - Nomis - Official Labor Market Statistics. Retrieved July 24, 2019 .
- ↑ What Languages Are Spoken In The United Kingdom? Retrieved July 24, 2019 .
- ^ Bethnal Green: Settlement and Building to 1836 | British History Online. Retrieved July 23, 2019 .
- ^ Lord Andrew Green: A summary history of immigration to Britain. Retrieved July 25, 2019 .
- ↑ 6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad. Retrieved July 23, 2019 .
- ↑ Statistics-population-country-birth | Migration Watch UK. Accessed July 31, 2019 .
- ↑ Immigration worries drove the United Kingdom and Gibraltar European Union membership referendum vote. Then attitudes changed. Washington Post, accessed July 24, 2019 .
- ↑ Children of the Oxford professor do not get a visa. In: Spiegel online. October 2, 2019, accessed October 5, 2019 .
- ^ Ancestry of US Population by Rank. Retrieved July 23, 2019 .
- ^ Richard Partington Economics correspondent: UK income inequality increasing as benefits cuts hit poorest . In: The Guardian . February 26, 2019, ISSN 0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed July 23, 2019]).
- ↑ Regional GDP per capita ranged from 29% to 611% of the EU average in 2016. Accessed on July 23, 2019 .
- ^ Poverty in the UK: a guide to the facts and figures. Retrieved July 23, 2019 .
- ↑ UK tops league of teenage pregnancy. Retrieved July 24, 2019 .
- ↑ UN expert criticises 'tragic' UK poverty . May 22, 2019 ( bbc.com [accessed July 24, 2019]).
- ^ PISA study - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Accessed April 14, 2018 .
- ↑ Michael Savage, policy editor: Coalition education reforms 'fueled inequality in schools' . In: The Guardian . June 30, 2018, ISSN 0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed July 23, 2019]).
- ^ A b World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations . Retrieved July 23, 2019.
- ^ UK among worst for life expectancy rises . August 7, 2018 ( bbc.com [accessed July 23, 2019]).
- ↑ Alex Therrien: UK life expectancy progress 'has stopped' . September 25, 2018 ( bbc.com [accessed July 23, 2019]).
- ↑ Health at a Glance 2015 How does the United Kingdom compare? Retrieved July 23, 2019 .
- ↑ WHO | Overweight and obesity. Retrieved July 23, 2019 .
- ↑ Vital statistics in the UK: births, deaths and marriages - 2018 update - Office for National Statistics. Retrieved July 24, 2019 .
- ^ BR Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750-1975.
- ↑ United Kingdom population mid-year estimate . Retrieved March 6, 2018.
- ↑ Vital statistics: population and health reference tables . Retrieved March 6, 2018.
- ^ Max Roser: Fertility Rate . In: Our World in Data . February 19, 2014 ( ourworldindata.org [accessed July 25, 2019]).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Life expectancy . Retrieved August 28, 2018.
